Extended application of test results on durability of self-closing for doorsets and openable windows - Part 4: Durability of self-closing of fire resistance hinged and pivoted metal framed glazed doorsets and openable windows

This Europan Standard covers single and double leaf, hinged and pivoted metal framed, glazed doorsets or openable windows as covered by EN 15269 5.
This document prescribes the methodology for extending the application of test results obtained from durability self-closing test(s) conducted in accordance with EN 1634 1.
Subject to the completion of the appropriate self-closing test or tests the extended application may cover all or some of the following non-exhaustive list:
-   Integrity only (E), radiation (EW) or insulated (EI1 or EI2) classifications;
-   doorsets and openable windows
-   door / window leaf;
-   wall/ceiling fixed elements (frame/suspension system);
-   glazing and non-glazed panels in doorset and openable window;
-   items of building hardware;
-   decorative finishes;
-   intumescent, smoke, draught or acoustic seals;
-   alternative supporting construction(s).

Application étendue des résultats d’essais de durabilité de la fermeture automatique des blocs-portes et fenêtres ouvrantes - Partie 4 : Durabilité de la fermeture automatique des blocs-portes vitrés battants et pivotants à ossature métallique et des fenêtres ouvrantes à ossature métallique résistants au feu

La présente Norme européenne couvre les blocs-portes vitrés battants et pivotants à ossature métallique et les fenêtres ouvrantes à ossature métallique, à un ou deux vantaux, visés par l’EN 15269 5.
Ce document établit la méthodologie d’extension de l’application des résultats d’essai obtenus suite aux essais de durabilité de la fermeture automatique réalisés conformément à l’EN 1634-1.
Sous réserve de la réalisation de l’essai ou des essais appropriés de fermeture automatique, l’application étendue peut couvrir tout ou partie des éléments de la liste non exhaustive suivante :
-   classements d’étanchéité au feu uniquement (E), aux rayonnements (EW) ou à l’isolation thermique (EI1 ou EI2) ;
-   blocs-portes et fenêtres ouvrantes ;
-   vantail de bloc-porte/fenêtre ;
-   éléments fixes muraux/de plafond (structure/système de suspension) ;
-   vitrages et panneaux non vitrés d’un bloc-porte ou d’une fenêtre ouvrante ;
-   tout élément de quincaillerie de bâtiment ;
-   finitions décoratives ;
-   joints intumescents, joints d’étanchéité aux fumées, joints d’étanchéité à l’air ou joints acoustiques ;
-   autre(s) support(s).

Razširjena uporaba rezultatov preskusov trajnosti samozapiranja za vrata in okna, ki se odpirajo - 4. del: Trajnost samozapiranja požarno odpornih vrat z vrtljivim krilom, zastekljenih v kovinskih okvirjih, in oken, ki se odpirajo

General Information

Status
Not Published
Public Enquiry End Date
19-Sep-2016
Technical Committee
Current Stage
98 - Abandoned project (Adopted Project)
Start Date
27-Feb-2020
Due Date
03-Mar-2020
Completion Date
27-Feb-2020

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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 17020-4:2016
01-september-2016
Razširjena uporaba rezultatov preskusov trajnosti samozapiranja za vrata in okna,
ki se odpirajo - 4. del: Trajnost samozapiranja požarno odpornih vrat z vrtljivim
krilom, zastekljenih v kovinskih okvirjih, in oken, ki se odpirajo
Extended application of test results on durability of self-closing for doorsets and
openable windows - Part 4: Durability of self-closing of fire resistance hinged and pivoted
metal framed glazed doorsets and openable windows
Application étendue des résultats d’essais de durabilité de la fermeture automatique des
blocs-portes et fenêtres ouvrantes - Partie 4 : Durabilité de la fermeture automatique des
blocs-portes vitrés battants et pivotants à ossature métallique et des fenêtres ouvrantes
à ossature métallique résistants au feu
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 17020-4
ICS:
13.220.50 Požarna odpornost Fire-resistance of building
gradbenih materialov in materials and elements
elementov
91.060.50 Vrata in okna Doors and windows
oSIST prEN 17020-4:2016 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 17020-4
NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM

June 2016
ICS 13.220.50; 91.060.50
English Version

Extended application of test results on durability of self-
closing for doorsets and openable windows - Part 4:
Durability of self-closing of fire resistance hinged and
pivoted metal framed glazed doorsets and openable
windows

This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 33.

If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.


EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 17020-4:2016 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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Contents Page
European foreword . 3
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 6
4 Determination of the field of extended application . 6
4.1 General . 6
4.2 Procedure for evaluation . 6
4.3 Procedure for maximum field of extended application . 7
4.4 Interpretation of test results . 8
5 Extended application report . 8
6 Classification report . 8
Annex A (normative) Construction parameter variations . 9
Annex B (normative) Construction parameter variation simulation by applying additional
weights . 50

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European foreword
This document (prEN 17020-4:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 33 “Doors,
windows, shutters, building hardware and curtain walling”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
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Introduction
The EN 15269 series of standards covering extended application of test results for fire resistance
and/or smoke control for door, shutter and openable window assemblies, including their elements of
building hardware, does not include the durability of self-closing of the doorsets following an extended
application process. This document is one of a series of standards intended to be used for the purpose
of producing an extended application report based on the evaluation of one or more durability self-
closing tests. These European Standards may also be used to identify the best selection of test
specimens required to cover a wide range of product variations.
Before there can be any consideration for extended application, the doorset will need to have been
tested in accordance with EN 1634-1 resp. EN 1634-3 and EN 1191 to achieve a test result which could
generate a classification in accordance with EN 13501-2 at least equal to the classification subsequently
required from extended application considerations.
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1 Scope
This Europan Standard covers single and double leaf, hinged and pivoted metal framed, glazed doorsets
or openable windows as covered by EN 15269-5.
This document prescribes the methodology for extending the application of test results obtained from
durability self-closing test(s) conducted in accordance with EN 1634 1.
Subject to the completion of the appropriate self-closing test or tests the extended application may
cover all or some of the following non-exhaustive list:
— Integrity only (E), radiation (EW) or insulated (EI1 or EI2) classifications;
— doorsets and openable windows
— door / window leaf;
— wall/ceiling fixed elements (frame/suspension system);
— glazing and non-glazed panels in doorset and openable window;
— items of building hardware;
— decorative finishes;
— intumescent, smoke, draught or acoustic seals;
— alternative supporting construction(s).
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 1191, Windows and doors - Resistance to repeated opening and closing - Test method
EN 1363-1, Fire resistance tests - Part 1: General Requirements
EN 1634-1, Fire resistance and smoke control tests for door and shutter assemblies, openable windows and
elements of building hardware - Part 1: Fire resistance test for door and shutter assemblies and openable
windows
EN 1634-3, Fire resistance and smoke control tests for door and shutter assemblies, openable windows and
elements of building hardware - Part 3: Smoke control test for door and shutter assemblies
EN 13501-2:2007+A1:2009, Fire classification of construction products and building elements — Part 2:
Classification using data from fire resistance tests, excluding ventilation services
EN 15269-1:2010, Extended application of test results for fire resistance and/or smoke control for door,
shutter and openable window assemblies, including their elements of building hardware - Part 1: General
requirements
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EN 15269-5:2014, Extended application of test results for fire resistance and/or smoke control for door,
shutter and openable window assemblies, including their elements of building hardware - Part 5: Fire
resistance of hinged and pivoted metal framed glazed doorsets and openable windows
EN 15269-20, Extended application of test results for fire resistance and/or smoke control for door,
shutter and openable window assemblies, including their elements of building hardware - Part 20: Smoke
control for hinged and pivoted steel, timber and metal framed glazed doorsets
EN ISO 13943, Fire safety - Vocabulary (ISO 13943:2008)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1191, EN 1363-1,
EN ISO 13943, EN 1634-1, EN 1634-3, EN 15269-1, EN 15269-5 and EN 15269-20 and the following
apply.
3.1
full scale test
test of a full size doorset/openable window in accordance with EN 1191
4 Determination of the field of extended application
4.1 General
4.1.1 Before there can be any consideration for extended application the doorset/openable window
shall have been tested and classified in accordance with EN 1191 and EN 13501-2 in order to establish a
classification for the doorset/openable window. Before the extended application process can be applied
on a construction parameter variation it shall be ensured that the varied doorset/openable window is
able to self-close without restraint at least once.
4.1.2 A review of the doorset/openable window construction parameters can indicate that one or
more characteristics may be improved by a particular parameter variation. All evaluations shall be
made on the basis of retaining the classifications obtainable from testing to EN 1191, including those
with a lower number of opening and closing cycles. However, this shall never lead to an increased
classification for any specific parameter beyond that achieved by testing unless specifically identified in
the relevant Construction Parameter Variation tables.
4.1.3 All evaluations shall be made on the basis of retaining the classification obtained from testing to
EN 1191.
4.1.4 When following the extended application procedure, any part of the classified product, which
cannot be covered by the extended application rules, shall be omitted from the subsequent extended
application report and classification report.
4.2 Procedure for evaluation
4.2.1 Identify the variations from the original test specimen(s) which are required to be covered by
an extended application report.
4.2.2 Locate the variations in the appropriate parameter variation by reference to columns (1) and
(2) of Table A.1.
4.2.3 Establish from the contents of column (4) of Table A.1 whether any extended application is
available without the need for further testing.
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4.2.4 Where this is deemed to be possible this can be recorded in the extended application report
together with any appropriate restrictions and the stated rules from column (4) in Table A.1.
4.2.5 Where the variations required can only be achieved from additional testing according to column
(5), the additional test can be made on a similar specimen type to the original test against which the
extended application is sought. Alternatively, column (5) in Table A.1 identifies an option for alternative
testing and relevant test parameters.
4.3 Procedure for maximum field of extended application
4.3.1 It is possible to provide a limited field of extended application from the results of a single test.
However, where a manufacturer intends to produce a range of doorsets and openable windows
incorporating single doors and also double doors with or without glazing, with alternative elements of
building hardware, etc., it is recommended that careful consideration is given to the complete range of
doorset designs and openable window designs and options in order to minimize the testing required
before testing commences.
4.3.2 Establish all the parameter variations which are required to be part of the product range.
4.3.3 Determine which are the most important specification requirements and incorporate as many
as possible into the specimen(s) for the first tests in the series.
4.3.4 Conduct the first durability test or a series of tests and then establish which of the original
desired parameter variations have not been covered by this test(s).
4.3.5 Identify these parameter variations in Table A.1 and establish if any extended application is
possible without further testing.
4.3.6 Record this for the extended application report together with any restrictions and rules given in
column (4) in Table A.1.
4.3.7 Evaluate which, if any, of the desired parameter variations have not been covered by the initial
field of extended application derived from 4.3.6 above.
4.3.8 Determine if the product range is to include only single leaf doorsets or if the range is to also
include double leaf configurations. Where only single doorsets are to be part of the product range, the
outstanding construction parameter variations shall only be incorporated into specimens for the single
leaf doorsets. Where single leaf and double leaf doorsets are to be included in the product range, the
outstanding construction parameter variations for the extended application of single leaf doorsets may
be incorporated into either repeated single leaf doorset tests or, in the weakest option, as defined in
column (5) of the table in Table A.1, double leaf doorset configurations.
4.3.9 Select the required outstanding parameter variations from column (1) and column (2) of
Table A.1 and observe from column (5) in Table A.1 which are the most appropriate weakest specimen
options for further testing.
4.3.10 If the complete selection of required parameter variations has not been covered by the tests
completed in accordance with 4.3.8 and 4.3.9 above, then an appropriate test or tests may be carried
out with the additional product variations incorporated.
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4.4 Interpretation of test results
4.4.1 Where a series of tests have been conducted, the field of extended application shall be based on
the lowest performance achieved from the complete series of tests unless premature failure has been
attributed to one or more specific construction parameter variations.
4.4.2 Where it has been possible to identify specific parameter failures, the extended application for
all other construction parameter variations can be based on the performance achieved after isolating
the premature failure(s).
5 Extended application report
Prepare an extended application report in accordance with the requirements of
EN 15269-1:2010, Clause 6 based on the results of evaluations in accordance with the above.
6 Classification report
The classification report shall be determined from the results of the extended application report and
shall be presented in accordance with EN 13501-2:2007+A1:2009, Annex A.
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Annex A
(normative)

Construction parameter variations
Table A.1 below is designed to be used by experts competent in the field of fire and smoke resistance
and self-closing durability testing of hinged and pivoted metal framed glazed doorsets and openable
windows.
The table shall only be used to assess a field of extended application when at least one positive self-
closing durability test according to EN 1191 has generated a classification according to EN 13501 2.
The first two columns identify possible variations to the construction details of the specimen tested. It is
presupposed that the variation does not restrain the door/window closing.
Column (4) leads to the judgement of the possibility of extending the field of application.
Where additional tests are deemed to be necessary, the type of specimen approved for incorporation of
the changed parameter is defined in column (5). Where it is possible to use information from tests
performed on one configuration for evidence on a different configuration, this allowance has been made
in order to reduce the overall number of tests required for extended application evaluation e.g. single
action doorsets to double action doorsets.
Where an additional test is required in column (5), the test is a full scale test unless otherwise specified.
In order to maximize the possible field of application from a minimum number of tests, the parameter
changes have been spread over a series of test specimens. The recommended tests for each parameter
is depending upon the classification required and the preferred direction of testing as indicated in
column (5).
Where more than a single parameter variation is required, the influence on other variations shall also
be taken into account.
All the rules in Table A.1, with exception are applicable to doorsets and openable windows. However, in
the text only the word “doorset” is used. The word “doorset” can be replaced by “openable windows” in
every rule.
NOTE Column (1) contains titles that are identical to the ones of EN 15269–5:2014, Table A.1, without
reference to possible figures. For clarification the figures that are included in EN 15269–5:2014, Annex A may be
used.
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Table A.1 — Construction parameter variations
Influence of
variation on Additional Evidence
Construction Parameter Variation Possibility of extension
performance Required
characteristic
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
A  Door leaf
For double leaf door sets, both leaves shall be of the same basic construction.
A.1 General
Single leaf from Possible –
A.1.1 Number of leaves =
double leaf test
Double leaf from Not possible without additional test Additional test double leaf
A.1.2 Number of leaves <
single leaf test doorset
A.1.3 Intumescent seals between frame and Location towards Possible –
> = <
door leaf/leaves the frame rebate
Location away
A.1.4 Intumescent seals between frame and
from the frame > = < Possible –
door leaf/leaves
rebate
A.1.5 Intumescent seals between meeting
Location > = < Possible –
edges of the door leaves
A.1.6 Non intumescent seals between frame
and door leaf / leaves (draught / smoke
/ acoustic etc.) – (Reaction to fire Location = Possible –
class A1) e.g. ceramic products(fitted in
leaf or frame). See
A.1.7 Non intumescent seals between
meeting edges of the door leaves
Location > = < Possible –
(draught / smoke / acoustic etc.) –
(Reaction to fire class A1)
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Influence of
variation on Additional Evidence
Construction Parameter Variation Possibility of extension
performance Required
characteristic
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Possible providing the deformation of the seal will
A.1.8 Non intumescent seals between door
Additional test double for single
not increase during movement of the door
leaves and / or frames (draught /smoke
Location > = < and double leaf door sets or
leaf/leaves otherwise
/ acoustic etc.) – < Reaction to fire
single for single leaf doorsets
class A1 (fitted in leaf or frame)
not possible without an additional test
A.1.9 Non intumescent seals between door
leaves and / or frames (draught / Additional test double for single
smoke / acoustic etc.) – (Reaction to Add > = < Not possible without an additional test and double leaf door sets or
fire class A1), e.g. ceramic products single for single leaf doorsets
(fitted in leaf or frame)
A.1.10 Non intumescent seals between door
leaves and / or frames (draught /
smoke / acoustic etc.) – (Reaction to Remove = Possible –
fire class A1), e.g. ceramic products
(fitted in leaf or frame)
A.1.11 Non intumescent seals between door
Additional test double for single
leaves and / or frames (draught /
Add = Not possible without an additional test and double leaf door sets or
smoke / acoustic etc.) – < Reaction to
single for single leaf doorsets
fire class A1 (fitted in leaf or frame)
A.1.12 Non intumescent seals between door
leaves and / or frames (draught /
Remove = Possible –
smoke / acoustic etc. – < Reaction to
fire class A1 (fitted in leaf or frame)
possible providing the requirements of Annex B
Additional test single or double
are fulfilled
A.1.13 Ventilation grilles (louvres) in door leaf
leaf doorset
Add =
tested without ventilation grille otherwise

not possible without an additional test
A.1.14 Ventilation grilles (louvres) in door leaf Remove = Possible –
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Influence of
variation on Additional Evidence
Construction Parameter Variation Possibility of extension
performance Required
characteristic
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
A.1.15 Ventilation grilles (louvres) in the infill
Location in
of the door leaf tested with ventilation = Possible –
vertical direction
grille
A.1.16 Ventilation grilles (louvres) in the infill Location in
of the door leaf tested with ventilation horizontal = Possible –
grille direction
Location in
A.1.1.7 Ventilation grilles (louvres) in door leaf
horizontal and/or = Possible –
tested with ventilation grille
vertical direction
A.1.18 Ventilation grilles (louvres) in door leaf
Smaller size = Possible –
tested with ventilation grille
A.1.19 Ventilation grilles (louvres) in door leaf Larger size = possible providing the requirements of Annex B Additional test single or double
tested with ventilation grille are fulfilled leaf doorset
otherwise
not possible without an additional test
A.1.20 Rebate (door leaves to frames) Add = Possible –
Add
A.1.21 Rebate (meeting edges) = Possible –
(one rebate)
A.1.22 Rebate (door leaves to frames and
Remove = Possible –
meeting edges)
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Influence of
variation on Additional Evidence
Construction Parameter Variation Possibility of extension
performance Required
characteristic
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Change in Additional test double for single
A.1.23 Latched condition for single and double
latching = Possible in line with the following relationship: and double leaf doorsets or
leaf doorsets
condition single for single leaf doorsets.
tested with
tested tested with
a
without a a
 latch/lock
latch/loc latch/lock
but
k latched
unlatched
extension
Not
to: without a — Possible
possible
lock/latch
extension

to: with
lock/latch Not
Possible —
but possible
unlocked/u
nlatched
extension
to: with a Not Not

lock/latch, possible possible
latched
A.1.24 Latching / locking Remove from
door leaf tested
= Possible –
with latching /
locking
A.2 Size variations
A.2.1 Size (area, width, height) Decrease > Possible
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Influence of
variation on Additional Evidence
Construction Parameter Variation Possibility of extension
performance Required
characteristic
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Possible providing the requirements of Annex B
Additional test double for single
are fulfilled
A.2.2 Height Increase = and double leaf doorsets or
otherwise
single for single leaf doorsets
not possible without an additional test
Possible by a maximum of 25 % providing that the Additional test double for single
A.2.3 Width Increase > = < requirements of Annex B are fulfilled otherwise and double leaf doorsets or
not possible without an additional test single for single leaf doorsets
Possible in line with A.2.2 and A.2.3
Additional test double for single
A.2.4 Area Increase > = < otherwise and double leaf doorsets or
single for single leaf doorsets
not possible without an additional test
A.3 Materials and constructions
Possible providing the requirements of Annex B
A.3.1 Density of infill of profile or core- Additional test double for single
are fulfilled
material in the panel (organic or Increase = and double leaf doorsets or
otherwise
Reaction to fire class A1) single for single leaf doorsets
not possible without an additional test
A.3.2 Density of infill of profile of core
material (organic or Reaction to fire Decrease = Possible –
class A1)
Change of
supplier/manufa
A.3.3 Type of infill of profile of core material cturer of identical
(single thickness or in combination of material with = Possible –
different layers) identical
composition and
properties
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Influence of
variation on Additional Evidence
Construction Parameter Variation Possibility of extension
performance Required
characteristic
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
A.3.4 Type of core material (single thickness Alternative Possible providing the requirements of Annex B
Additional test double for single
or in combination of different layers) composition are fulfilled
> = < and double leaf doorsets or
otherwise
single for single leaf doorsets
not possible without an additional test
2
A.3.5 Amount of adhesive/m – organic
Increase = Possible –
based ( 2
A.3.6 Amount of adhesive/m — organic
Decrease = Possible –
based ( 2
A.3.7 Amount of adhesive/m — inorganic
Increase = Possible –
based (Reaction to fire class A1)
2
A.3.8 Amount of adhesive/m — inorganic
Decrease = possible
based (Reaction to fire class A1)
Change of
manufacturer for
A.3.9 Type of adhesive = Possible –
identical
composition
Alternative
A.3.10 Type of adhesive = Possible –
composition
A.3.11 Additional overlapping edge at the
Add = Possible –
bottom of the door leaf
A.3.12 Overlapping edge at the bottom of the
Remove = Possible –
door leaf
A.3.14 Dimension of intumescent seals (leaf or
Increase = Possible –
frame fitted)
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Influence of
variation on Additional Evidence
Construction Parameter Variation Possibility of extension
performance Required
characteristic
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
A.3.15 Dimension of intumescent seals (leaf or
Decrease = Possible –
frame fitted)
Change of
A.3.16 Type of intumescent seals (leaf or frame
supplier/manufa = Possible –
fitted)
cturer
A.3.17 Type of intumescent seals (leaf or frame Alternative
= Possible –
fitted) material
Possible up to a maximum of 15 % in any cross
Additional test double for single
sectional dimension and up to a maximum of 10 %
A.3.18 Dimension of draught/smoke seals
and double leaf doorsets or
mass
(Reaction to fire class A1); e.g. ceramic Increase > = <
single for single leaf doorsets
products (leaf or frame fitted) otherwise
doorset
not possible without an additional test
A.3.19 Dimension of draught/smoke seals
(Reaction to fire class A1); e.g. ceramic Decrease = Possible –
products (leaf or frame fitted)
Possible up to a maximum of 15 % in any cross
Additional test double for single
sectional dimension and up to a maximum of 10 %
A.3.20 Dimension of draught/smoke seals
and double leaf doorsets or
mass
( = <
single for single leaf doorsets
frame fitted otherwise
set
not possible without an additional test
A.3.21 Dimension of draught/smoke seals
( frame fitted)
Change of
A.3.22 Type of draught/smoke seals (leaf or
supplier/manufa = Possible –
frame fitted)
cturer
16

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