E30.92 - Terminology

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These terms have application to forensic practice.  
3.1.1 For ASTM International standards, the standard designation is followed by a dash and a two-digit year designation in bold type, for example, E2161 - 19. The year citation references the year of publication of the standard from which the entry is taken, not necessarily the current year of publication of the standard.  
3.1.2 Citations from other than ASTM International standards may include an abbreviation and the standard number followed by a four-digit year designation in bold type, for example, ISO 9000:2015. The year citation references the year of publication of the standard from which the entry is taken. Such standards may also be referenced by a name followed by a year designation, for example, IUPAC Gold Book 2020 (1).5 Abbreviations are detailed under, “All terms sourced from other standards than Committee E30 standards are listed in Section 2.”  
3.1.3 For entries followed simply by a reference, for example, ISO 9000:2015 or E456 - 17, the reader can assume that the entry is accurately copied from the reference with no modifications except for ASTM International format conventions. For entries that are slightly modified versions of something from a known source, reference citations read, “Based upon definition by…” Following the “by” is the source name and year that the entry was taken or modified. The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of the terminology.  
3.1.4 For entries from textbooks, a reference following the entry has the name or title of the text, author(s), edition (if applicable), and the year of publication or copyright.  
3.1.5 An entry could have a definition of a term with one reference, and the discussion following the definition has a different reference.  
3.1.6 Citations from Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary (2) include the date retrieved from the online dictionary and the URL of the cited term and definition.  
3.1.7 Each defin...
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1.1 This terminology is the compilation of all terms used by Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences.  
1.1.1 This terminology consists mostly of definitions that are specific to forensic science and forensic practice. Meanings of the same terms used outside of forensic practice can be found in other compilations or dictionaries of general usage.  
1.1.2 The specific E30 subcommittee (SC) that has responsibility for each term is the first attribution noted, in square brackets, after the definition. The designation of the standard(s) in which the terms appear is given after the subcommittee. The wording of an entry cannot be changed without approval per the Committee E30 Bylaws. Users of this compilation should also review any SC terminology standard for more details or interpretations of these terms and their use by the SC.  
1.2 This terminology is a tool for managing the committee’s terminology. This includes finding, eliminating, and preventing redundancies in which two or more terms relating the same concept are defined in different words.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These terms have particular application to forensic practice. Entries for Section A of E1732 are chosen variously from Webster’s Online Dictionary, international standards, textbooks, and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions. The subcommittee develops definitions when conventional sources fail to yield suitable candidates. Reference citations include:  
3.1.1 For ASTM standards, the standard designation is followed by a dash and a two-digit year designation, e.g., E2161-19. The year citation references the year of publication of the standard from which the entry is taken, not necessarily the current year of publication of the standard.  
3.1.2 Citations from other than ASTM standards may include an abbreviation and the standard number followed by a four-digit year designation, e.g., ISO 9000:2015. The year citation references the year of publication of the standard from which the entry is taken. Such standards may also be referenced by a name followed by a year designation, e.g., IUPAC Gold Book 2020. Abbreviations are explicated under “2. Referenced Documents.”  
3.1.3 For entries created by members of E30, a brief statement to that effect and a year designation follows the entry, e.g., Created by E30 in 2021.  
3.1.4 For entries followed simply by a reference, e.g., ISO 9000:2015 or E456-17, the reader can assume that the entry is accurately copied from the reference with no modifications except for ASTM format conventions. For entries that are slightly modified versions of something from a known source, reference citations read, “Based upon definition by…” Following the “by” is the source name and year that the entry was taken, or modified, for inclusion in Section A.  
3.1.5 For entries from textbooks a reference following the entry will have the name or title of the text, author(s), edition (if applicable) and the year of publication or copyright.  
3.1.6 For entries of unknown origin currently in E1732 Section A, a statement declaring that a ...
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1.1 This terminology standard includes definitions of terms used in the forensic sciences.  
1.2 Legal and scientific and terms in common use that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included, except when dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for forensic science use.  
1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multiple areas of forensic science, whereas, the subsequent sections define terms pertaining to specific forensic science areas, as follows:    
Section A: General (Common) Forensic Science Terms  
The terms defined in Section A are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92, Terminology.  
Section B: Criminalistics  
The terms defined in Section B are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01, Criminalistics.  
Section B1: Terms for Seized Drug Analysis  
Section B2: Terms for Gunshot Residue (GSR) Analysis and Smokeless Powder Analysis  
Section B3: Terms for Paint Analysis  
Section B4: Terms for Textile, Fiber, Cord, and Tape Examination  
Section B5: Terms for Glass Examination  
Section B6: Terms for Fire Debris  
Section C: Digital and Multimedia Evidence    
The terms defined in Section C are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.12, Digital and Multimedia Evidence.  
Section C1: Terms for Computer Forensics  
Section C2: Terms for Digital Image Processing and Multimedia Evidence Examination  
Section C3: Terms for Magnetic Card Reader Examination  
Section C4: Terms for Facial Image Examination  
Section D: Interdisciplinary  
The terms defined in Section D are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.11, Interdisciplinary Forensic Science Standards.  
...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These terms have particular application to the forensic sciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions were used in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Webster’s New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical dictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions  (1).10 The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard includes definitions of terms used in the forensic sciences.  
1.2 Legal and scientific and terms in common use that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included, except when dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for forensic science use.  
1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multiple areas of forensic science, whereas, the subsequent sections define terms pertaining to specific forensic science areas, as follows:    
Section A: General (Common) Forensic Science Terms  
The terms defined in Section A are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92, Terminology.  
Section B: Criminalistics  
The terms defined in Section B are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01, Criminalistics.  
Section B1: Terms for Seized Drug Analysis  
Section B2: Terms for Gunshot Residue (GSR) Analysis and Smokeless Powder Analysis  
Section B3: Terms for Paint Analysis  
Section B4: Terms for Textile, Fiber, Cord, and Tape Examination  
Section B5: Terms for Glass Examination  
Section B6: Terms for Fire Debris  
Section C: Digital and Multimedia Evidence    
The terms defined in Section C are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.12, Digital and Multimedia Evidence.  
Section C1: Terms for Computer Forensics  
Section C2: Terms for Digital Image Processing and Multimedia Evidence Examination  
Section C3: Terms for Magnetic Card Reader Examination  
Section C4: Terms for Facial Image Examination  
Section D: Interdisciplinary  
The terms defined in Section D are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.11, Interdisciplinary Forensic Science Standards.  
Section E: Questioned Documents    
The terms defined in Section E were formerly the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.02, Questioned Documents, and are currently the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.90, Executive Committee.  
1.4 Entries listed in Sections B–E reflect only those existing in Committee E30 standards current with the date of a once yearly review of Committee E30 standards. Changes to standards or entries following this date will appear in Sections B–E after the following year’s review date.  
1.5 An alphabetical list of the terms defined in this standard is given in Appendix X1, which also identifies the section(s) in which each term is defined.  
1.6 Definitions identical to those published by another standards-developing organization or ASTM committee are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.  
1.7 In some cases different usage of a term in different fields has been noted.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These terms have particular application to the forensic sciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions were used in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Webster’s New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical dictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions  (1).11 The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard includes definitions of terms used in the forensic sciences.  
1.2 Legal and scientific and terms in common use that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included, except when dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for forensic science use.  
1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multiple areas of forensic science, whereas, the subsequent sections define terms pertaining to specific forensic science areas, as follows:    
Section A: General (Common) Forensic Science Terms  
The terms defined in Section A are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92, Terminology.  
Section B: Criminalistics  
The terms defined in Section B are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01, Criminalistics.  
Section B1: Terms for Seized Drug Analysis  
Section B2: Terms for Gunshot Residue (GSR) Analysis and Smokeless Powder Analysis  
Section B3: Terms for Paint Analysis  
Section B4: Terms for Textile, Fiber, Cord, and Tape Examination  
Section B5: Terms for Glass Examination  
Section C: Digital and Multimedia Evidence    
The terms defined in Section C are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.12, Digital and Multimedia Evidence.  
Section C1: Terms for Computer Forensics  
Section C2: Terms for Digital Image Processing and Multimedia Evidence Examination  
Section C3: Terms for Magnetic Card Reader Examination  
Section C4: Terms for Facial Image Examination  
Section D: Interdisciplinary  
The terms defined in Section D are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.11, Interdisciplinary Forensic Science Standards.  
Section E: Questioned Documents    
The terms defined in Section E were formerly the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.02, Questioned Documents, and are currently the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.90, Executive Committee.  
1.4 Entries listed in Sections B–E reflect only those existing in Committee E30 standards current with the date of a once yearly review of Committee E30 standards. Changes to standards or entries following this date will appear in Sections B–E after the following year’s review date.  
1.5 An alphabetical list of the terms defined in this standard is given in Appendix X1, which also identifies the section(s) in which each term is defined.  
1.6 Definitions identical to those published by another standards-developing organization or ASTM committee are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.  
1.7 In some cases different usage of a term in different fields has been noted.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These terms have particular application to the forensic sciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions were used in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Webster’s New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical dictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions  (1).10 The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard includes definitions of terms used in the forensic sciences.  
1.2 Legal and scientific and terms in common use that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included, except when dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for forensic science use.  
1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multiple areas of forensic science, whereas, the subsequent sections define terms pertaining to specific forensic science areas, as follows:    
Section A: General (Common) Forensic Science Terms  
The terms defined in Section A are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92, Terminology.  
Section B: Criminalistics  
The terms defined in Section B are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01, Criminalistics.  
Section B1: Terms for Seized Drug Analysis  
Section B2: Terms for Gunshot Residue (GSR) Analysis and Smokeless Powder Analysis  
Section B3: Terms for Paint Analysis  
Section B4: Terms for Textile, Fiber, Cord, and Tape Examination  
Section B5: Terms for Glass Examination  
Section C: Digital and Multimedia Evidence    
The terms defined in Section C are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.12, Digital and Multimedia Evidence.  
Section C1: Terms for Computer Forensics  
Section C2: Terms for Digital Image Processing and Multimedia Evidence Examination  
Section C3: Terms for Magnetic Card Reader Examination  
Section C4: Terms for Facial Image Examination  
Section D: Interdisciplinary  
The terms defined in Section D are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.11, Interdisciplinary Forensic Science Standards.  
Section E: Questioned Documents    
The terms defined in Section E were formerly the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.02, Questioned Documents, and are currently the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.90, Executive Committee.  
1.4 Entries listed in Sections B–E reflect only those existing in Committee E30 standards current with the date of a once yearly review of Committee E30 standards. Changes to standards or entries following this date will appear in Sections B–E after the following year’s review date.  
1.5 An alphabetical list of the terms defined in this standard is given in Appendix X1, which also identifies the section(s) in which each term is defined.  
1.6 Definitions identical to those published by another standards-developing organization or ASTM committee are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.  
1.7 In some cases different usage of a term in different fields has been noted.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These terms have particular application to the forensic sciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions were used in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical dictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions.8 The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.
SCOPE
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientific terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included.  
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion. It is reviewed every five years, and the year of last review or revision is appended.  
1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.2  
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are identified with an abbreviation.3  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These terms have particular application to the forensic sciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions were used in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical dictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions.8 The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.
SCOPE
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientific terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included.  
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion. It is reviewed every five years, and the year of last review or revision is appended.  
1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.2  
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are identified with an abbreviation.3  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These terms have particular application to the forensic sciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions were used in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical dictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions.8 The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.
SCOPE
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientific terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included.  
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion. It is reviewed every five years, and the year of last review or revision is appended.  
1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.2  
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are identified with an abbreviation.3  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These terms have particular application to the forensic sciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions were used in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical dictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions. The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.
SCOPE
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientific terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included.
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion. It is reviewed every five years, and the year of last review or revision is appended.
1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.  
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are identified with an abbreviation.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These terms have particular application to the forensic sciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions were used in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical dictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions. The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.
SCOPE
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientific terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included.
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion. It is reviewed every five years, and the year of last review or revision is appended.
1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.  
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are identified with an abbreviation.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These terms have particular application to the forensic sciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions were used in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical dictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions. The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.
SCOPE
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientific terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included.
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion. It is reviewed every five years, and the year of last review or revision is appended.
1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.  
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are identified with an abbreviation.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These terms have particular application to the forensic sciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions were used in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical dictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions. The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.
SCOPE
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientific terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included.
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion. It is reviewed every five years, and the year of last review or revision is appended.
1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.  
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are identified with an abbreviation.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These terms have particular application to the forensic sciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions were used in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical dictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions. The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.
SCOPE
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientific terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included.
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in notes. It is reviewed every five years, and the year of last review or revision is appended.
1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.  
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are identified with an abbreviation.

SCOPE
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientific terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included.
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in notes. It is reviewed every five years, and the year of last review or revision is appended.
1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are identified with an abbreviation.

SCOPE
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientific terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included.  
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in notes. It is reviewed every five years, and the year of last review or revision is appended.  
1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.  
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are identified with an abbreviation.