ABSTRACT
This specification covers doubled-reduced black plate tin mill products produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel, furnished in coils and cut sizes, for use predominantly in the manufacture of containers. The product, which is normally supplied with trimmed edges, may be specified "as rolled," without the removal of the rolling solution, and with no additional surface or oiling treatment, or "cleaned" with the rolling solution removed, with or without surface treatment and oiling. The rolling direction must be specified on cut lengths and will be indicated by underlining the slit (rolling width) dimension. Surfaces may polished in either the ground roll finish (base metal finish), or smooth finish with grit lines (7C finish).
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers double-reduced black plate, produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel, furnished in coils and cut sizes, for use predominantly in the manufacture of containers. The product may be specified “as rolled,” without the removal of the rolling solution, and with no additional surface or oiling treatment. It may also be specified “cleaned” with the rolling solution removed, with or without surface treatment and oiling. This product is normally supplied with trimmed edges.  
1.2 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A650) which is supplied in thicknesses 0.0050 in. to 0.0113 in. or SI units [as A650M] which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.127 to 0.287 mm.  
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers single-reduced black plate produced from low carbon, cold-reduced steel, furnished in coils and cut sizes, for use in the manufacture of containers, closures, signs, toys and other products, as well as for plating applications. The black plates shall be produced with ground roll and shot-blasted roll finishes and shall be furnished oiled or dry.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers single-reduced black plate produced from low carbon, cold-reduced steel, furnished in coils and cut sizes, for use in the manufacture of containers, closures, signs, toys and other products, as well as for plating applications.  
1.2 It may be supplied dry or oiled and with or without surface treatment. This product is normally supplied with a trimmed edge.  
1.3 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A625), which is supplied in thicknesses from 135-lb base weight (0.0149 in.) and lighter, or SI units (as A625M), which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.378 mm and lighter.  
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
20.1 This test method covers determination of the total tin in the sample tested and does not apportion the tin to one or the other side of the test specimen. The calculations appearing in Section 27 assume uniform distribution of tin over the two surfaces.  
20.2 This test method does not differentiate between free tin on the tinplate surface, tin combined with iron in the intermediate alloy layer, or tin alloyed with the steel as a residual tramp element.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods include four methods for the determination of tin coating weights for electrolytic tin plate as follows:    
Test Method  
Sections    
A—Bendix Test Method  
3 to 9    
B—Constant-Current, Electrolytic Test Method (Referee Method)  
10 to 17    
C—Sellar's Test Method  
18 to 27    
D—Titration Test Method  
28 to 36  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers single- and double-reduced tin mill black plate electrolytically coated with chromium and chromium oxide. The steel shall be furnished in coils and cut lengths for use in manufacture of cans, closures, crowns, and other products. The weights of the total coating which is made up of chromium metal and chromium oxides shall be determined. Single-reduced base steels shall be produced with ground roll finishes (type 7B-A for smooth finish containing fine grit lines and type 7C-A for smooth finish with grit lines), and shot-blasted and/or textured roll finishes (type 5C-A for shot-blasted finish for general applications and type 5D-A for special applications). Double-reduced base steels shall be produced only with ground roll finishes of type 7C-A. The steels shall be furnished with extremely thin oil film on both surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers single- and double-reduced tin mill black plate electrolytically coated with chromium and chromium oxide. The steel is furnished in coils and cut lengths for use in the manufacture of cans, closures, crowns, and other products.  
1.2 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A657) which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.0050 to 0.0149 in. or in SI units [as A657M] which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.127 to 0.378 mm.  
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents. Therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    8 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a group of common requirements which shall apply to tin mill products. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth, electric-furnace, or basic-oxygen process. The steel shall conform to specified chemical composition requirements. Rockwell 30T hardness test shall be done to the plates. This test forms the basis for a system of temper designation. The mechanical properties of continuously annealed plate and batch annealed plate of the same Rockwell 30T temper designation are not identical. It is important to keep in mind, that the Rockwell 30T test does not measure all various factors which contribute to the fabrication characteristics of the plate.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements, which unless otherwise specified in the purchase order or in an individual specification, shall apply to tin mill products.  
1.2 In case of any conflict in requirements, the requirements of the purchase order, the individual material specification, and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named.
Note 1: A complete metric companion to Specification A623 has been developed—Specification A623M; therefore no metric equivalents are presented in this specification.  
1.3 The following safety caveat covers Annex A3 through Annex A10 of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    39 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    39 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers single-reduced electrolytic tin plate produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel furnished in coils and cut sizes for use in the manufacture of cans, closures, crowns, and other products. The material shall conform to the coating weight [mass] test values. Details on standard heavy marking system for differential electrolytic tin plate shall be described. Standard light side marking system for differential electrolytic tin plate shall also be indicated. Chemical treatments such as cathodic sodium dichromate treatment and sodium dichromate dip treatment shall be applied after the tin coating has been deposited and immediately preceding the oiling, to control tin oxide formation and growth.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers single-reduced electrolytic tin plate produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel furnished in coils and cut sizes for use in the manufacture of cans, closures, crowns, and other products. It is furnished in commercially available tin coating weights [masses], and is normally supplied with a trimmed edge.  
1.2 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A624) which is supplied in nominal thicknesses from 0.0061 to 0.0149 in. or SI units [as A624M] which is supplied in nominal thicknesses from 0.155 to 0.378 mm.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    5 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    5 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers double-reduced electrolytic tin plate produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel furnished in coils and cut sizes for use predominately in the manufacture of cans. Double-reduced plate is relatively brittle and has very distinct directional properties. The rolling direction shall be specified on cut sizes and will be indicated by underlining the slit (rolling width) dimension. In sampling for tin coating weights [masses], the following procedure shall be used: a test strip shall be taken at random from a representative section of each coil across its width; from one or two coil lots, each coil shall be sampled; and a sheet shall be taken at random from each packages, each taken from different bundles from any one item of a specific shipment. X-ray fluorescence method shall be performed to determine the tin coating weight. Surface appearance shall be bright or matte depending on coating processes and the base metal finish shall have a smooth finish with grit lines. Chemical treatments for tin plate shall be cathodic sodium dichromate (CDC) treatment or sodium dichromate dip (SDCD/SDD) treatment. Electrolytic tin plate is furnished with an oil film applied to both surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers double-reduced electrolytic tin plate produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel furnished in coils and cut sizes for use predominately in the manufacture of cans. It is furnished in commercially available tin coating weights [masses] and is normally supplied with a trimmed edge.  
1.2 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A626) which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.0050 to 0.0118 in. or SI units [as A626M] which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.127 to 0.300 mm.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    6 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    6 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a group of common requirements which shall apply to tin mill products. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth, electric-furnace, or basic-oxygen process. The steel shall conform to specified chemical composition requirements. Rockwell 30T hardness test shall be done to the plates. This test forms the basis for a system of temper designation. The mechanical properties of continuously annealed plate and batch annealed plate of the same Rockwell 30T temper designation are not identical. It is important to keep in mind, that the Rockwell 30T test does not measure all various factors which contribute to the fabrication characteristics of the plate.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements, which unless otherwise specified in the purchase order or in an individual specification, shall apply to tin mill products.  
1.2 In case of conflict in requirements, the requirements of the purchase order, the individual material specification, and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named.
Note 1: A complete inch-pound companion to Specification A623M has been developed—Specification A623; therefore, no inch-pound equivalents are presented.  
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat covers Annex A1 through Annex A8 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    27 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    27 pages
    English language

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The definitions and procedures for measuring shape characteristics of tin mill products are provided so that purchasers and suppliers have common measuring procedures and definitions of shape characteristics. These procedures provide definitions and measuring techniques of shape characteristics. The intention of these definitions and measuring practices is not to provide a dimensional specification for shape characteristics, but rather common procedure(s) for quantifying shape anomalies.
SCOPE
1.1 Shape is a significant quality characteristic for tin mill products. Plate-shape is affected by mill process factors plus the temper, thickness, and width of the material supplied. It is the purpose of this practice to define accurately the different plate shape characteristics and to describe the practice(s) most commonly used to measure particular characteristics.  
1.2 Quantitative limits are not addressed and should be established on an individual producer and user basis, where appropriate.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers cold-rolled steel sheet in coils or in cut lengths, tin-coated by electrodeposition. The product is commonly known as electrolytic tin-coated sheet, and is for applications that need good solderability, good surface appearance, and a degree of corrosion resistance. The material shall conform to specified chemical composition requirements. The mechanical property requirements for structural steel, high-strength low-alloy steel with and without improved formability, commercial steel, and deep drawing steel are presented in details. The weight [mass] of coating shall conform to specified requirements fit for individual coating designations. The typical methods for determination of tin coating weights are described.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers cold-rolled steel sheet in coils or in cut lengths, tin-coated by electrodeposition. The product is commonly known as electrolytic tin-coated sheet, and is for applications that need good solderability, good surface appearance, and a degree of corrosion resistance. Tin-coated sheet is produced to various designations of tin coating, as outlined in Table 1.  
TABLE 1 Electrolytic Tin-Coated Sheets Coating Weight [Mass]
Note 1: Listed below are the commonly produced coating weights [mass] upon agreement between the producer and the purchaser. Other combinations of coatings may be specified and the appropriate minimum average test valuesA apply.    
Designation No.  
Nominal Tin Coating
Weight [Mass]
(Each Surface)
lb/base box (g/m2)B  
Minimum Average Coating
Weight [Mass]
(Each Surface Test Value)
lb/base box (g/m2)B, C  
5 (0.6/0.6)  
0.025/0.025 (0.6/0.6)  
0.02/0.02 (0.5/0.5)  
10 (1.1/1.1)  
0.05/0.05 (1.1/1.1)  
0.04/0.04 (0.9/0.9)  
15 (1.7/1.7)  
0.075/0.075 (1.7/1.7)  
0.06/0.06 (1.4/1.4)  
20 (2.2/2.2)  
0.10/0.10 (2.2/2.2)  
0.08/0.08 (1.8/1.8)  
25 (2.8/2.8)  
0.125/0.125 (2.8/2.8)  
0.11/0.11 (2.5/2.5)  
50 (5.6/5.6)  
0.25/0.25 (5.6/5.6)  
0.23/0.23 (5.2/5.2)  
75 (8.4/8.4)  
0.375/0.375 (8.4/8.4)  
0.35/0.35 (7.8/7.8)  
100 (11.2/11.2)  
0.50/0.50 (11.2/11.2)  
0.45/0.45 (10.1/10.1) (A) Refer to Specifications A623 and A623M.(B) A base box is defined as a unit of area equivalent to 112 sheets 14 in. by 20 in. or 31 360 in.2 (refer to Specification A623).(C) The minimum single spot value shall not be less than 80 % of the minimum average tin coating weight [mass] (see 8.1 and 8.2).  
1.1.1 Electrolytic tin-coated sheet is customarily available as commercial steel (CS); drawing steel (DS); deep drawing steel (DDS); extra deep drawing steel (EDDS), and structural steel (SS). The tin coating is available as unmelted or melted.  
1.2 Limitations—This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A599), which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.015 in. to 0.036 in., or SI units [as A599M], which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.381 mm to 0.914 mm. For thicknesses lighter than 0.015 in. [0.381 mm], refer to A624/A624M [A624M].  
1.3 Unless the order shows the “M” designation [SI units], the product shall be furnished to inch-pound units. The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    3 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers single- and double-reduced tin mill black plate electrolytically coated with chromium and chromium oxide. The steel shall be furnished in coils and cut lengths for use in manufacture of cans, closures, crowns, and other products. The weights of the total coating which is made up of chromium metal and chromium oxides shall be determined. Single-reduced base steels shall be produced with ground roll finishes (type 7B-A for smooth finish containing fine grit lines and type 7C-A for smooth finish with grit lines), and shot-blasted and/or textured roll finishes (type 5C-A for shot-blasted finish for general applications and type 5D-A for special applications). Double-reduced base steels shall be produced only with ground roll finishes of type 7C-A. The steels shall be furnished with extremely thin oil film on both surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers single- and double-reduced tin mill black plate electrolytically coated with chromium and chromium oxide. The steel is furnished in coils and cut lengths for use in the manufacture of cans, closures, crowns, and other products.  
1.2 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A657) which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.0050 to 0.0149 in. or in SI units [as A657M] which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.127 to 0.378 mm.  
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents. Therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    8 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    8 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    8 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers doubled-reduced black plate tin mill products produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel, furnished in coils and cut sizes, for use predominantly in the manufacture of containers. The product, which is normally supplied with trimmed edges, may be specified "as rolled," without the removal of the rolling solution, and with no additional surface or oiling treatment, or "cleaned" with the rolling solution removed, with or without surface treatment and oiling. The rolling direction must be specified on cut lengths and will be indicated by underlining the slit (rolling width) dimension. Surfaces may polished in either the ground roll finish (base metal finish), or smooth finish with grit lines (7C finish).
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers double-reduced black plate, produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel, furnished in coils and cut sizes, for use predominantly in the manufacture of containers. The product may be specified “as rolled,” without the removal of the rolling solution, and with no additional surface or oiling treatment. It may also be specified “cleaned” with the rolling solution removed, with or without surface treatment and oiling. This product is normally supplied with trimmed edges.  
1.2 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A650) which is supplied in thicknesses 0.0050 in. to 0.0113 in. or SI units [as A650M] which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.127 to 0.287 mm.  
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers single-reduced black plate produced from low carbon, cold-reduced steel, furnished in coils and cut sizes, for use in the manufacture of containers, closures, signs, toys and other products, as well as for plating applications. The black plates shall be produced with ground roll and shot-blasted roll finishes and shall be furnished oiled or dry.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers single-reduced black plate produced from low carbon, cold-reduced steel, furnished in coils and cut sizes, for use in the manufacture of containers, closures, signs, toys and other products, as well as for plating applications.  
1.2 It may be supplied dry or oiled and with or without surface treatment. This product is normally supplied with a trimmed edge.  
1.3 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A625), which is supplied in thicknesses from 135-lb base weight (0.0149 in.) and lighter, or SI units (as A625M), which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.378 mm and lighter.  
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers single-reduced electrolytic tin plate produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel furnished in coils and cut sizes for use in the manufacture of cans, closures, crowns, and other products. The material shall conform to the coating weight [mass] test values. Details on standard heavy marking system for differential electrolytic tin plate shall be described. Standard light side marking system for differential electrolytic tin plate shall also be indicated. Chemical treatments such as cathodic sodium dichromate treatment and sodium dichromate dip treatment shall be applied after the tin coating has been deposited and immediately preceding the oiling, to control tin oxide formation and growth.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers single-reduced electrolytic tin plate produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel furnished in coils and cut sizes for use in the manufacture of cans, closures, crowns, and other products. It is furnished in commercially available tin coating weights [masses], and is normally supplied with a trimmed edge.  
1.2 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A624) which is supplied in nominal thicknesses from 0.0061 to 0.0149 in. or SI units [as A624M] which is supplied in nominal thicknesses from 0.155 to 0.378 mm.  
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents. Therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    5 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    5 pages
    English language

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
20.1 This test method covers determination of the total tin in the sample tested and does not apportion the tin to one or the other side of the test specimen. The calculations appearing in Section 27 assume uniform distribution of tin over the two surfaces.  
20.2 This test method does not differentiate between free tin on the tinplate surface, tin combined with iron in the intermediate alloy layer, or tin alloyed with the steel as a residual tramp element.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods include four methods for the determination of tin coating weights for electrolytic tin plate as follows:    
Test Method  
Sections    
A—Bendix Test Method  
3 to 9    
B—Constant-Current, Electrolytic Test Method (Referee Method)  
10 to 17    
C—Sellar's Test Method  
18 to 27    
D—Titration Test Method  
28 to 36  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers double-reduced electrolytic tin plate produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel furnished in coils and cut sizes for use predominately in the manufacture of cans. Double-reduced plate is relatively brittle and has very distinct directional properties. The rolling direction shall be specified on cut sizes and will be indicated by underlining the slit (rolling width) dimension. In sampling for tin coating weights [masses], the following procedure shall be used: a test strip shall be taken at random from a representative section of each coil across its width; from one or two coil lots, each coil shall be sampled; and a sheet shall be taken at random from each packages, each taken from different bundles from any one item of a specific shipment. X-ray fluorescence method shall be performed to determine the tin coating weight. Surface appearance shall be bright or matte depending on coating processes and the base metal finish shall have a smooth finish with grit lines. Chemical treatments for tin plate shall be cathodic sodium dichromate (CDC) treatment or sodium dichromate dip (SDCD/SDD) treatment. Electrolytic tin plate is furnished with an oil film applied to both surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers double-reduced electrolytic tin plate produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel furnished in coils and cut sizes for use predominately in the manufacture of cans. It is furnished in commercially available tin coating weights [masses] and is normally supplied with a trimmed edge.  
1.2 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A626) which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.0050 to 0.0118 in. or SI units [as A626M] which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.127 to 0.300 mm.  
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents. Therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Technical specification
    5 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    5 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a group of common requirements which shall apply to tin mill products. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth, electric-furnace, or basic-oxygen process. The steel shall conform to specified chemical composition requirements. Rockwell 30T hardness test shall be done to the plates. This test forms the basis for a system of temper designation. The mechanical properties of continuously annealed plate and batch annealed plate of the same Rockwell 30T temper designation are not identical. It is important to keep in mind, that the Rockwell 30T test does not measure all various factors which contribute to the fabrication characteristics of the plate.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements, which unless otherwise specified in the purchase order or in an individual specification, shall apply to tin mill products.  
1.2 In case of conflict in requirements, the requirements of the purchase order, the individual material specification, and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named.  
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat covers Annex A1 through Annex A8 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: A complete inch-pound companion to Specification A623M has been developed—A623; therefore, no inch-pound equivalents are presented.

  • Technical specification
    26 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    26 pages
    English language

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
20.1 This test method covers determination of the total tin in the sample tested and does not apportion the tin to one or the other side of the test specimen. The calculations appearing in Section 27 assume uniform distribution of tin over the two surfaces.  
20.2 This test method does not differentiate between free tin on the tinplate surface, tin combined with iron in the intermediate alloy layer, or tin alloyed with the steel as a residual tramp element.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods include four methods for the determination of tin coating weights for electrolytic tin plate as follows:    
Test Method  
Sections    
A—Bendix Test Method  
3 to 9    
B—Constant-Current, Electrolytic Test Method (Referee Method)  
10 to 17    
C—Sellar's Test Method  
18 to 27    
D—Titration Test Method  
28 to 36  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a group of common requirements which shall apply to tin mill products. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth, electric-furnace, or basic-oxygen process. The steel shall conform to specified chemical composition requirements. Rockwell 30T hardness test shall be done to the plates. This test forms the basis for a system of temper designation. The mechanical properties of continuously annealed plate and batch annealed plate of the same Rockwell 30T temper designation are not identical. It is important to keep in mind, that the Rockwell 30T test does not measure all various factors which contribute to the fabrication characteristics of the plate.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements, which unless otherwise specified in the purchase order or in an individual specification, shall apply to tin mill products.  
1.2 In case of any conflict in requirements, the requirements of the purchase order, the individual material specification, and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named.
Note 1: A complete metric companion to Specification A623 has been developed—Specification A623M; therefore no metric equivalents are presented in this specification.  
1.3 The following safety caveat covers Annex A3 through Annex A10 of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Technical specification
    38 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    38 pages
    English language

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
21.1 This test method covers determination of the total tin in the sample tested and does not apportion the tin to one or the other side of the test specimen. The calculations appearing in Section 27 assume uniform distribution of tin over the two surfaces.  
21.2 This test method does not differentiate between free tin on the tinplate surface, tin combined with iron in the intermediate alloy layer, or tin alloyed with the steel as a residual tramp element.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods include four methods for the determination of tin coating weights for electrolytic tin plate as follows:    
Test Method  
Sections    
A—Bendix Test Method  
3 to 9    
B—Constant-Current, Electrolytic Test Method (Referee Method)  
10 to 18    
C—Sellar's Test Method  
19 to 28    
D—Titration Test Method  
29 to 37  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The definitions and procedures for measuring shape characteristics of tin mill products are provided so that purchasers and suppliers have common measuring procedures and definitions of shape characteristics. These procedures provide definitions and measuring techniques of shape characteristics. The intention of these definitions and measuring practices is not to provide a dimensional specification for shape characteristics, but rather common procedure(s) for quantifying shape anomalies.
SCOPE
1.1 Shape is a significant quality characteristic for tin mill products. Plate-shape is affected by mill process factors plus the temper, thickness and width of the material supplied. It is the purpose of this practice to define accurately the different plate shape characteristics and to describe the practice(s) most commonly used to measure particular characteristics.  
1.2 Quantitative limits are not addressed and should be established on an individual producer and user basis, where appropriate.  
1.3 The values stated in either in-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
21.1 This test method covers determination of the total tin in the sample tested and does not apportion the tin to one or the other side of the test specimen. The calculations appearing in Section 27 assume uniform distribution of tin over the two surfaces.  
21.2 This test method does not differentiate between free tin on the tinplate surface, tin combined with iron in the intermediate alloy layer, or tin alloyed with the steel as a residual tramp element.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods include four methods for the determination of tin coating weights for electrolytic tin plate as follows:    
Test Method  
Sections    
A—Bendix Test Method  
3 to 9    
B—Constant-Current, Electrolytic Test Method (Referee Method)  
10 to 18    
C—Sellar's Test Method  
19 to 28    
D—Titration Test Method  
29 to 37  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers double-reduced electrolytic tin plate produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel furnished in coils and cut sizes for use predominately in the manufacture of cans. Double-reduced plate is relatively brittle and has very distinct directional properties. The rolling direction shall be specified on cut sizes and will be indicated by underlining the slit (rolling width) dimension. In sampling for tin coating weights [masses], the following procedure shall be used: a test strip shall be taken at random from a representative section of each coil across its width; from one or two coil lots, each coil shall be sampled; and a sheet shall be taken at random from each packages, each taken from different bundles from any one item of a specific shipment. X-ray fluorescence method shall be performed to determine the tin coating weight. Surface appearance shall be bright or matte depending on coating processes and the base metal finish shall have a smooth finish with grit lines. Chemical treatments for tin plate shall be cathodic sodium dichromate (CDC) treatment or sodium dichromate dip (SDCD/SDD) treatment. Electrolytic tin plate is furnished with an oil film applied to both surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers double-reduced electrolytic tin plate produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel furnished in coils and cut sizes for use predominately in the manufacture of cans. It is furnished in commercially available tin coating weights [masses] and is normally supplied with a trimmed edge.  
1.2 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A626) which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.0050 to 0.0118 in. or SI units [as A626M] which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.127 to 0.300 mm.  
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents. Therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Technical specification
    5 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    5 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers single- and double-reduced tin mill black plate electrolytically coated with chromium and chromium oxide. The steel shall be furnished in coils and cut lengths for use in manufacture of cans, closures, crowns, and other products. The weights of the total coating which is made up of chromium metal and chromium oxides shall be determined. Single-reduced base steels shall be produced with ground roll finishes (type 7B-A for smooth finish containing fine grit lines and type 7C-A for smooth finish with grit lines), and shot-blasted and/or textured roll finishes (type 5C-A for shot-blasted finish for general applications and type 5D-A for special applications). Double-reduced base steels shall be produced only with ground roll finishes of type 7C-A. The steels shall be furnished with extremely thin oil film on both surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers single- and double-reduced tin mill black plate electrolytically coated with chromium and chromium oxide. The steel is furnished in coils and cut lengths for use in the manufacture of cans, closures, crowns, and other products.  
1.2 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A657) which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.0050 to 0.0149 in. or in SI units [as A657M] which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.127 to 0.378 mm.  
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents. Therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Technical specification
    8 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    8 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers single-reduced black plate produced from low carbon, cold-reduced steel, furnished in coils and cut sizes, for use in the manufacture of containers, closures, signs, toys and other products, as well as for plating applications. The black plates shall be produced with ground roll and shot-blasted roll finishes and shall be furnished oiled or dry.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers single-reduced black plate produced from low carbon, cold-reduced steel, furnished in coils and cut sizes, for use in the manufacture of containers, closures, signs, toys and other products, as well as for plating applications.  
1.2 It may be supplied dry or oiled and with or without surface treatment. This product is normally supplied with a trimmed edge.  
1.3 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A625), which is supplied in thicknesses from 135-lb base weight (0.0149 in.) and lighter, or SI units (as A625M), which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.378 mm and lighter.  
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.

  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers doubled-reduced black plate tin mill products produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel, furnished in coils and cut sizes, for use predominantly in the manufacture of containers. The product, which is normally supplied with trimmed edges, may be specified "as rolled," without the removal of the rolling solution, and with no additional surface or oiling treatment, or "cleaned" with the rolling solution removed, with or without surface treatment and oiling. The rolling direction must be specified on cut lengths and will be indicated by underlining the slit (rolling width) dimension. Surfaces may polished in either the ground roll finish (base metal finish), or smooth finish with grit lines (7C finish).
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers double-reduced black plate, produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel, furnished in coils and cut sizes, for use predominantly in the manufacture of containers. The product may be specified “as rolled,” without the removal of the rolling solution, and with no additional surface or oiling treatment. It may also be specified “cleaned” with the rolling solution removed, with or without surface treatment and oiling. This product is normally supplied with trimmed edges.  
1.2 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A650) which is supplied in thicknesses 0.0050 in. to 0.0113 in. or SI units [as A650M] which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.127 to 0.287 mm.  
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.

  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers single-reduced electrolytic tin plate produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel furnished in coils and cut sizes for use in the manufacture of cans, closures, crowns, and other products. The material shall conform to the coating weight [mass] test values. Details on standard heavy marking system for differential electrolytic tin plate shall be described. Standard light side marking system for differential electrolytic tin plate shall also be indicated. Chemical treatments such as cathodic sodium dichromate treatment and sodium dichromate dip treatment shall be applied after the tin coating has been deposited and immediately preceding the oiling, to control tin oxide formation and growth.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers single-reduced electrolytic tin plate produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel furnished in coils and cut sizes for use in the manufacture of cans, closures, crowns, and other products. It is furnished in commercially available tin coating weights [masses], and is normally supplied with a trimmed edge.  
1.2 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A624) which is supplied in nominal thicknesses from 0.0061 to 0.0149 in. or SI units [as A624M] which is supplied in nominal thicknesses from 0.155 to 0.378 mm.  
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents. Therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Technical specification
    5 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    5 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers cold-rolled steel sheet in coils or in cut lengths, tin-coated by electrodeposition. The product is commonly known as electrolytic tin-coated sheet, and is for applications that need good solderability, good surface appearance, and a degree of corrosion resistance. The material shall conform to specified chemical composition requirements. The mechanical property requirements for structural steel, high-strength low-alloy steel with and without improved formability, commercial steel, and deep drawing steel are presented in details. The weight [mass] of coating shall conform to specified requirements fit for individual coating designations. The typical methods for determination of tin coating weights are described.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers cold-rolled steel sheet in coils or in cut lengths, tin-coated by electrodeposition. The product is commonly known as electrolytic tin-coated sheet, and is for applications that need good solderability, good surface appearance, and a degree of corrosion resistance. Tin-coated sheet is produced to various designations of tin coating, as outlined in Table 1. TABLE 1 Electrolytic Tin-Coated Sheets Coating Weight [Mass]Note 1—Listed below are the commonly produced coating weights [mass] upon agreement between the producer and the purchaser. Other combinations of coatings may be specified and the appropriate minimum average test valuesA apply.    
Designation No.  
Nominal Tin Coating
Weight [Mass]
(Each Surface)
lb/base box (g/m2)B  
Minimum Average Coating
Weight [Mass]
(Each Surface Test Value)
lb/base box (g/m2)B, C  
5 (0.6/0.6)  
0.025/0.025 (0.6/0.6)  
0.02/0.02 (0.5/0.5)  
10 (1.1/1.1)  
0.05/0.05 (1.1/1.1)  
0.04/0.04 (0.9/0.9)  
15 (1.7/1.7)  
0.075/0.075 (1.7/1.7)  
0.06/0.06 (1.4/1.4)  
20 (2.2/2.2)  
0.10/0.10 (2.2/2.2)  
0.08/0.08 (1.8/1.8)  
25 (2.8/2.8)  
0.125/0.125 (2.8/2.8)  
0.11/0.11 (2.5/2.5)  
50 (5.6/5.6)  
0.25/0.25 (5.6/5.6)  
0.23/0.23 (5.2/5.2)  
75 (8.4/8.4)  
0.375/0.375 (8.4/8.4)  
0.35/0.35 (7.8/7.8)  
100 (11.2/11.2)  
0.50/0.50 (11.2/11.2)  
0.45/0.45 (10.1/10.1)  A Refer to Specifications A623 and A623M. B A base box is defined as a unit of area equivalent to 112 sheets 14 in. by 20 in. or 31 360 in.2 (refer to Specification A623). C The minimum single spot value shall not be less than 80 % of the minimum average tin coating weight [mass] (see 8.1 and 8.2).  
1.1.1 Electrolytic tin-coated sheet is customarily available as commercial steel (CS); drawing steel (DS); deep drawing steel (DDS); extra deep drawing steel (EDDS), and structural steel (SS). The tin coating is available as unmelted or melted.  
1.2 Limitations—This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A599), which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.015 in. to 0.036 in., or SI units [as A599M], which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.381 mm to 0.914 mm. For thicknesses lighter than 0.015 in. [0.381 mm], refer to A624/A624M [A624M].  
1.3 Unless the order shows the “M” designation [SI units], the product shall be furnished to inch-pound units. The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.

  • Technical specification
    3 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a group of common requirements which shall apply to tin mill products. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth, electric-furnace, or basic-oxygen process. The steel shall conform to specified chemical composition requirements. Rockwell 30T hardness test shall be done to the plates. This test forms the basis for a system of temper designation. The mechanical properties of continuously annealed plate and batch annealed plate of the same Rockwell 30T temper designation are not identical. It is important to keep in mind, that the Rockwell 30T test does not measure all various factors which contribute to the fabrication characteristics of the plate.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements, which unless otherwise specified in the purchase order or in an individual specification, shall apply to tin mill products.
1.2 In case of conflict in requirements, the requirements of the purchase order, the individual material specification,and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named.
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat covers Annex A1 through Annex A8 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—A complete inch-pound companion to Specification A623M has been developedA623; therefore, no inch-pound equivalents are presented.

  • Technical specification
    26 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    26 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a group of common requirements which shall be applied to tin mill products. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth, electric-furnace, or basic-oxygen process. The steel shall conform to the chemical composition requirements as specified. Tin mill products shall undergo Rockwell testing and shall be in accordance with specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements, which unless otherwise specified in the purchase order or in an individual specification, shall apply to tin mill products.
1.2 In case of any conflict in requirements, the requirements of the purchase order, the individual material specification, and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named.
Note 1—A complete metric companion to Specification A623 has been developedSpecification A623M; therefore no metric equivalents are presented in this specification.  
1.3 The following safety caveat covers Annex A3 through Annex A10 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Technical specification
    38 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    38 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a group of common requirements which shall be applied to tin mill products. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth, electric-furnace, or basic-oxygen process. The steel shall conform to the chemical composition requirements as specified. Tin mill products shall undergo Rockwell testing and shall be in accordance with specified requirements.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
tin mill products; Abbreviated ratio tables; Aerated media polarization (AMP) test; Alloy-tin couple (ATC) test; Chromium coatings--specifications; Diphenylcarbazide method; Dissolution rate; Iron solution value; Metallic coatings--specifications; Pickle lag test; Tin crystal size test; Tin mill products--specifications; Total surface oil
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements which, unless otherwise specified in the purchase order or in an individual specification, shall apply to tin mill products.
1.2 In case of any conflict in requirements, the requirements of the purchase order, the individual material specification, and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named.
Note 1—A complete metric companion to Specification A623 has been developedSpecification A623M; therefore no metric equivalents are presented in this specification.  
1.3 The following safety caveat covers Annex A3 through Annex A10 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Technical specification
    38 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    38 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a group of common requirements which shall apply to tin mill products. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth, electric-furnace, or basic-oxygen process. The steel shall conform to specified chemical composition requirements. Rockwell 30T hardness test shall be done to the plates. This test forms the basis for a system of temper designation. The mechanical properties of continuously annealed plate and batch annealed plate of the same Rockwell 30T temper designation are not identical. It is important to keep in mind, that the Rockwell 30T test does not measure all various factors which contribute to the fabrication characteristics of the plate.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements which, unless otherwise specified in the purchase order or in an individual specification, shall apply to tin mill products.
1.2 In case of conflict in requirements, the requirements of the purchase order, the individual material specification,and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named.
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat covers Annex A1 through Annex A8 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—A complete inch-pound companion to Specification A623M has been developedA623; therefore, no inch-pound equivalents are presented.

  • Technical specification
    25 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    25 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a group of common requirements which shall be applied to tin mill products. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth, electric-furnace, or basic-oxygen process. The steel shall conform to the chemical composition requirements as specified. Tin mill products shall undergo Rockwell testing and shall be in accordance with specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements which, unless otherwise specified in the purchase order or in an individual specification, shall apply to tin mill products.
1.2 In case of any conflict in requirements, the requirements of the purchase order, the individual material specification, and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named.
Note 1—A complete metric companion to Specification A623 has been developed—Specification A623M; therefore no metric equivalents are presented in this specification.  
1.3 The following safety caveat pertains to Annex A3 through Annex A10 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Technical specification
    38 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a group of common requirements which shall apply to tin mill products. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth, electric-furnace, or basic-oxygen process. The steel shall conform to specified chemical composition requirements. Rockwell 30T hardness test shall be done to the plates. This test forms the basis for a system of temper designation. The mechanical properties of continuously annealed plate and batch annealed plate of the same Rockwell 30T temper designation are not identical. It is important to keep in mind, that the Rockwell 30T test does not measure all various factors which contribute to the fabrication characteristics of the plate.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements which, unless otherwise specified in the purchase order or in an individual specification, shall apply to tin mill products.
1.2 In case of conflict in requirements, the requirements of the purchase order, the individual material specification,and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named.
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to Annex A1 through Annex A8 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—A complete inch-pound companion to Specification A623M has been developed—A623; therefore, no inch-pound equivalents are presented.

  • Technical specification
    25 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    25 pages
    English language

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The definitions and procedures for measuring shape characteristics of tin mill products are provided so that purchasers and suppliers have common measuring procedures and definitions of shape characteristics. These procedures provide definitions and measuring techniques of shape characteristics. The intention of these definitions and measuring practices is not to provide a dimensional specification for shape characteristics, but rather common procedure(s) for quantifying shape anomalies.
SCOPE
1.1 Shape is a significant quality characteristic for tin mill products. Plate-shape is affected by mill process factors plus the temper, thickness and width of the material supplied. It is the purpose of this practice to define accurately the different plate shape characteristics and to describe the practice(s) most commonly used to measure particular characteristics.
1.2 Quantitative limits are not addressed and should be established on an individual producer and user basis, where appropriate.
1.3 The values stated in either in-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method covers determination of the total tin in the sample tested and does not apportion the tin to one or the other side of the test specimen. The calculations appearing in Section 27 assume uniform distribution of tin over the two surfaces.  
This test method does not differentiate between free tin on the tinplate surface, tin combined with iron in the intermediate alloy layer, or tin alloyed with the steel as a residual tramp element.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods include four methods for the determination of tin coating weights for electrolytic tin plate as follows:
  Test Method
Sections
  A—Bendix Test Method
3 to 9
  B—Constant-Current, Electrolytic Test Method (Referee Method)
10 to 18
  C—Sellar's Test Method
19 to 28
  D—Titration Test Method
29 to 37
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
3.1 This test method covers the determination of tin coating weights on steel plate.  
10.1 This test method may be used to determine not only the total tin coating weight but also to determine that part of the tin coating which is present as free tin and that part which is present in the alloyed form.  
19.1 This test method covers the determination of the total weight of tin carried by a unit area of tinplate.  
29.1 This test method is normally applicable to the determination of tin coating weights in the range of 0.50 to 1.50 lb of tin/bb.
Note 4—For the determination of the coating weights outside of this range, an iodate solution of appropriate concentration should be prepared so that suitable titrant volumes are obtained. For the determination of low tin coating mass in the range from 0.05–0.49 lb/bb, the number of sample specimens should be adjusted appropriately to maintain a minimum total tin mass equivalent to that present on a 0.50 lb/bb specimen. This test method cannot be used to test single spot tin mass for low tin coating material.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers doubled-reduced black plate tin mill products produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel, furnished in coils and cut sizes, for use predominantly in the manufacture of containers. The product, which is normally supplied with trimmed edges, may be specified "as rolled," without the removal of the rolling solution, and with no additional surface or oiling treatment, or "cleaned" with the rolling solution removed, with or without surface treatment and oiling. The rolling direction must be specified on cut lengths and will be indicated by underlining the slit (rolling width) dimension. Surfaces may polished in either the ground roll finish (base metal finish), or smooth finish with grit lines (7C finish).
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers double-reduced black plate, produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel, furnished in coils and cut sizes, for use predominantly in the manufacture of containers. The product may be specified “as rolled,” without the removal of the rolling solution, and with no additional surface or oiling treatment. It may also be specified “cleaned” with the rolling solution removed, with or without surface treatment and oiling. This product is normally supplied with trimmed edges.
1.2 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A 650) which is supplied in thicknesses 0.0050 in. to 0.0113 in. or SI units [as A 650M] which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.127 to 0.287 mm.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.

  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers single-reduced black plate produced from low carbon, cold-reduced steel, furnished in coils and cut sizes, for use in the manufacture of containers, closures, signs, toys and other products, as well as for plating applications. The black plates shall be produced with ground roll and shot-blasted roll finishes and shall be furnished oiled or dry.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers single-reduced black plate produced from low carbon, cold-reduced steel, furnished in coils and cut sizes, for use in the manufacture of containers, closures, signs, toys and other products, as well as for plating applications.  
1.2 It may be supplied dry or oiled and with or without surface treatment. This product is normally supplied with a trimmed edge.
1.3 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A 625), which is supplied in thicknesses from 135-lb base weight (0.0149 in.) and lighter, or SI units (as A 625M), which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.378 mm and lighter.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.

  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers double-reduced electrolytic tin plate produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel furnished in coils and cut sizes for use predominately in the manufacture of cans. Double-reduced plate is relatively brittle and has very distinct directional properties. The rolling direction shall be specified on cut sizes and will be indicated by underlining the slit (rolling width) dimension. In sampling for tin coating weights [masses], the following procedure shall be used: a test strip shall be taken at random from a representative section of each coil across its width; from one or two coil lots, each coil shall be sampled; and a sheet shall be taken at random from each packages, each taken from different bundles from any one item of a specific shipment. X-ray fluorescence method shall be performed to determine the tin coating weight. Surface appearance shall be bright or matte depending on coating processes and the base metal finish shall have a smooth finish with grit lines. Chemical treatments for tin plate shall be cathodic sodium dichromate (CDC) treatment or sodium dichromate dip (SDCD/SDD) treatment. Electrolytic tin plate is furnished with an oil film applied to both surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers double-reduced electrolytic tin plate produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel furnished in coils and cut sizes for use predominately in the manufacture of cans. It is furnished in commercially available tin coating weights [masses] and is normally supplied with a trimmed edge.
1.2 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A 626) which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.0050 to 0.0118 in. or SI units [as A 626M] which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.127 to 0.300 mm.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents. Therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Technical specification
    5 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    5 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers single-reduced electrolytic tin plate produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel furnished in coils and cut sizes for use in the manufacture of cans, closures, crowns, and other products. The material shall conform to the coating weight [mass] test values. Details on standard heavy marking system for differential electrolytic tin plate shall be described. Standard light side marking system for differential electrolytic tin plate shall also be indicated. Chemical treatments such as cathodic sodium dichromate treatment and sodium dichromate dip treatment shall be applied after the tin coating has been deposited and immediately preceding the oiling, to control tin oxide formation and growth.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers single-reduced electrolytic tin plate produced from low-carbon cold-reduced steel furnished in coils and cut sizes for use in the manufacture of cans, closures, crowns, and other products. It is furnished in commercially available tin coating weights [masses], and is normally supplied with a trimmed edge.  
1.2 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A 624) which is supplied in nominal thicknesses from 0.0061 to 0.0149 in. or SI units [as A 624M] which is supplied in nominal thicknesses from 0.155 to 0.378 mm.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents. Therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Technical specification
    5 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    5 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers single- and double-reduced tin mill black plate electrolytically coated with chromium and chromium oxide. The steel shall be furnished in coils and cut lengths for use in manufacture of cans, closures, crowns, and other products. The weights of the total coating which is made up of chromium metal and chromium oxides shall be determined. Single-reduced base steels shall be produced with ground roll finishes (type 7B-A for smooth finish containing fine grit lines and type 7C-A for smooth finish with grit lines), and shot-blasted and/or textured roll finishes (type 5C-A for shot-blasted finish for general applications and type 5D-A for special applications). Double-reduced base steels shall be produced only with ground roll finishes of type 7C-A. The steels shall be furnished with extremely thin oil film on both surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers single- and double-reduced tin mill black plate electrolytically coated with chromium and chromium oxide. The steel is furnished in coils and cut lengths for use in the manufacture of cans, closures, crowns, and other products.  
1.2 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A 657) which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.0050 to 0.0149 in. or in SI units [as A 657M] which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.127 to 0.378 mm.  
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents. Therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Technical specification
    7 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    7 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a group of common requirements which shall be applied to tin mill products. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth, electric-furnace, or basic-oxygen process. The steel shall conform to the chemical composition requirements as specified. Tin mill products shall undergo Rockwell testing and shall be in accordance with specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements which, unless otherwise specified in the purchase order or in an individual specification, shall apply to tin mill products.
1.2 In case of any conflict in requirements, the requirements of the purchase order, the individual material specification, and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named.
Note 1—A complete metric companion to Specification A 623 has been developed—Specification A 623M; therefore no metric equivalents are presented in this specification.  
1.3 The following safety caveat pertains to Annex A3 through Annex A10 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Technical specification
    38 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    38 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a group of common requirements which shall apply to tin mill products. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth, electric-furnace, or basic-oxygen process. The steel shall conform to specified chemical composition requirements. Rockwell 30T hardness test shall be done to the plates. This test forms the basis for a system of temper designation. The mechanical properties of continuously annealed plate and batch annealed plate of the same Rockwell 30T temper designation are not identical. It is important to keep in mind, that the Rockwell 30T test does not measure all various factors which contribute to the fabrication characteristics of the plate.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements which, unless otherwise specified in the purchase order or in an individual specification, shall apply to tin mill products.
1.2 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to Annex A1 through Annex A8 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—This metric specification is equivalent to Specification A 623 and is compatible in technical content.

  • Technical specification
    25 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    25 pages
    English language

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The definitions and procedures for measuring shape characteristics of tin mill products are provided so that purchasers and suppliers have common measuring procedures and definitions of shape characteristics. These procedures provide definitions and measuring techniques of shape characteristics. The intention of these definitions and measuring practices is not to provide a dimensional specification for shape characteristics, but rather common procedure(s) for quantifying shape anomalies.
SCOPE
1.1 Shape is a significant quality characteristic for tin mill products. Plate-shape is affected by mill process factors plus the temper, thickness and width of the material supplied. It is the purpose of this practice to define accurately the different plate shape characteristics and to describe the practice(s) most commonly used to measure particular characteristics.
1.2 Quantitative limits are not addressed and should be established on an individual producer and user basis, where appropriate.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language

ABSTRACT
This specification covers cold-rolled steel sheet in coils or in cut lengths, tin-coated by electrodeposition. The product is commonly known as electrolytic tin-coated sheet, and is for applications that need good solderability, good surface appearance, and a degree of corrosion resistance. The material shall conform to specified chemical composition requirements. The mechanical property requirements for structural steel, high-strength low-alloy steel with and without improved formability, commercial steel, and deep drawing steel are presented in details. The weight [mass] of coating shall conform to specified requirements fit for individual coating designations. The typical methods for determination of tin coating weights are described.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers cold-rolled steel sheet in coils or in cut lengths, tin-coated by electrodeposition. The product is commonly known as electrolytic tin-coated sheet, and is for applications that need good solderability, good surface appearance, and a degree of corrosion resistance. Tin-coated sheet is produced to various designations of tin coating, as outlined in Table 1.
1.1.1 Electrolytic tin-coated sheet is customarily available as commercial steel (CS); drawing steel (DS); deep drawing steel (DDS); extra deep drawing steel (EDDS), and structural steel (SS). The tin coating is available as unmelted or melted.  
1.2 Limitations—This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units (as A 599), which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.015 in. to 0.036 in., or SI units [as A 599M], which is supplied in thicknesses from 0.381 mm to 0.914 mm. For thicknesses lighter than 0.015 in. [0.381 mm], refer to A 624 [A 624M].
1.3 Unless the order shows the “M” designation [SI units], the product shall be furnished to inch-pound units. The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.

  • Technical specification
    3 pages
    English language
  • Technical specification
    3 pages
    English language

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements which, unless otherwise specified in the purchase order or in an individual specification, shall apply to tin mill products.
The following safety hazards caveat pertains to through of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 1
This metric specification is equivalent to Specification A 623 and is compatible in technical content.

  • Technical specification
    25 pages
    English language

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements which, unless otherwise specified in the purchase order or in an individual specification, shall apply to tin mill products.
1.2 In case of any conflict in requirements, the requirements of the purchase order, the individual material specification, and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named.
Note 1—A complete metric companion to Specification A 623 has been developed-Specification A 623M; therefore no metric equivalents are presented in this specification.
The following safety caveat pertains to Annex A3 through Annex A10 of this specification:This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Technical specification
    38 pages
    English language

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements which, unless otherwise specified in the purchase order or in an individual specification, shall apply to tin mill products.
1.2 In case of any conflict in requirements, the requirements of the purchase order, the individual material specification, and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named.
Note 1—A complete metric companion to Specification A 623 has been developed-Specification A 623M; therefore no metric equivalents are presented in this specification.
The following safety caveat pertains to through of this specification:This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Technical specification
    38 pages
    English language

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements which, unless otherwise specified in the purchase order or in an individual specification, shall apply to tin mill products.
The following safety hazards caveat pertains to through of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 1
This metric specification is equivalent to Specification A 623 and is compatible in technical content.

  • Technical specification
    25 pages
    English language

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements which, unless otherwise specified in the purchase order or in an individual specification, shall apply to tin mill products.
1.2 In case of any conflict in requirements, the requirements of the purchase order, the individual material specification, and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named. Note 1 A complete metric companion to Specification A 623 has been developed-Specification A 623M; therefore no metric equivalents are presented in this specification.
The following safety caveat pertains to through of this specification:This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

  • Technical specification
    37 pages
    English language

Frequently Asked Questions

A01.20 is a Technical Committee within ASTM International. It is named "Tin Mill Products". This committee has published 76 standards.

A01.20 develops ASTM standards in the area of Information technology. Currently, there are 76 published standards from this technical committee.

ASTM is a standardization organization that develops and publishes standards to support industry, commerce, and regulatory requirements.

A Technical Committee (TC) in ASTM is a group of experts responsible for developing international standards in a specific technical area. TCs are composed of national member body delegates and work through consensus to create standards that meet global industry needs. Each TC may have subcommittees (SCs) and working groups (WGs) for specialized topics.

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