E13.19 - Separation Science

ABSTRACT
This practice is intended as a guide for the use of a flame photometric detector (FPD) as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system. The different principles of flame photometric detectors, and detector construction are presented in details. The detector sensitivity, minimum detectability, dynamic range, power law of sulphur response, linear range-phosphorus mode, unipower response range, noise and drift, and specificity are presented in details. The photomultiplier dark current is the magnitude of the FPD output signal measured with the FPD flame off. Flame background current is the difference in FPD output signal with the flame on and with the flame off in the absence of phosphorus or sulfur compounds in the flame.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended as a guide for the use of a flame photometric detector (FPD) as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system.  
1.2 This practice is directly applicable to an FPD that employs a hydrogen-air flame burner, an optical filter for selective spectral viewing of light emitted by the flame, and a photomultiplier tube for measuring the intensity of light emitted.  
1.3 This practice describes the most frequent use of the FPD which is as an element-specific detector for compounds containing sulfur (S) or phosphorus (P) atoms. However, nomenclature described in this practice are also applicable to uses of the FPD other than sulfur or phosphorus specific detection.  
1.4 This practice is intended to describe the operation and performance of the FPD itself independently of the chromatographic column. However, the performance of the detector is described in terms which the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is coupled to the column and other chromatographic system components.  
1.5 For general gas chromatographic procedures, Practice E260 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended herein for use of an FPD.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see Section 4, Hazards.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to be used by all analysts using fused silica capillary chromatography. It contains the recommended steps for installation, preparation, proper installation, and continued column maintenance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation and maintenance of fused silica capillary columns in gas chromatographs that are already retrofitted for their use. This practice excludes information on:  
1.1.1 Injection techniques.  
1.1.2 Column selection.  
1.1.3 Data acquisition.  
1.1.4 System troubleshooting and maintenance.  
1.2 For additional information on gas chromatography, please refer to Practice E260. For specific precautions, see 7.2.2.2(1), 7.2.2.2(2), 7.2.7, and 7.2.7.2.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see Section 6, 7.2.2.2(1), 7.2.2.2(2), 7.2.7, and 7.2.7.2.2  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained at the same operating conditions. It should be noted also that to specify a detector’s capability completely, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general so that they may be used at whatever conditions may be chosen for other reasons.  
3.2 Linearity and speed of response of the recorder used should be such that it does not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. Effective recorder response, Refs. (5, 6) in particular, should be sufficiently fast that it can be neglected in sensitivity of measurements. If additional amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should also first be established.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to serve as a guide for the testing of the performance of a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) used as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system.  
1.2 This practice is directly applicable to thermal conductivity detectors which employ filament (hot wire) or thermistor sensing elements.  
1.3 This practice is intended to describe the performance of the detector itself independently of the chromatographic column, in terms which the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is coupled to the column and other chromatography system components.  
1.4 For general gas chromatographic procedures, Practice E260 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended herein for the use of a TCD. For definitions of gas chromatography and its various terms see Practice E355.  
1.5 For general information concerning the principles, construction, and operation of TCD see Refs. (1-4).2  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see Section 4.3  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice presents the terms, parameters, symbols, units, and relationships used in gas elution chromatography. Most of the terms described herein should also apply to other kinds of gas chromatography and various liquid column chromatographic techniques. At this time, however, they are not standardized for the latter usage. These terms include names of techniques, apparatuses and reagents, parameters used in data recording and presentation of isothermal retention data, and retention parameters.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers primarily the terms and relationships used in gas elution chromatography. However, most of the terms should also apply to other kinds of gas chromatography and are also valid in the various liquid column chromatographic techniques, although at this time they are not standardized for the latter usage.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained under the same operating conditions. It should also be noted that to completely specify a detector’s capability, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general that they may be used regardless of the ultimate operating parameters.  
4.2 Linearity and response time of the recorder or other readout device used should be such that they do not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. This requires adjusting the gain, damping, and calibration in accordance with the manufacturer's directions. If additional electronic filters or amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should also first be established.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to serve as a guide for the testing of the performance of a photometric detector (PD) used as the detection component of a liquid-chromatographic (LC) system operating at one or more fixed wavelengths in the range 210 nm to 800 nm. Measurements are made at 254 nm, if possible, and are optional at other wavelengths.  
1.2 This practice is intended to describe the performance of the detector both independently of the chromatographic system (static conditions) and with flowing solvent (dynamic conditions).  
1.3 For general liquid chromatographic procedures, consult Refs (1-9).2  
1.4 For general information concerning the principles, construction, operation, and evaluation of liquid-chromatography detectors, see Refs (10 and 11) in addition to the sections devoted to detectors in Refs (1-7).  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained under the same operating conditions. It should also be noted that to completely specify a detector’s capability, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general that they may be used regardless of the ultimate operating parameters.  
4.2 Linearity and response time of the recorder or other readout device used should be such that they do not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. This requires adjusting the gain, damping, and calibration in accordance with the manufacturer's directions. If additional electronic filters or amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should also first be established.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the testing of the performance of a variable-wavelength photometric detector (VWPD) used as the detection component of a liquid-chromatographic (LC) system operating at one or more wavelengths in the range 190 to 800 nm. Many of the measurements are made at 254 nm for consistency with Practice E685. Measurements at other wavelengths are optional.  
1.2 This practice is intended to describe the performance of the detector both independently of the chromatographic system (static conditions) and with flowing solvent (dynamic conditions).  
1.3 For general liquid chromatographic procedures, consult Refs (1-9).2  
1.4 For general information concerning the principles, construction, operation, and evaluation of liquid-chromatography detectors, see Refs (10, 11) in addition to the sections devoted to detectors in Refs (1-7).  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This guide deals primarily with the terms and relationships used in supercritical fluid chromatography, including techniques, apparatuses, and reagents.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide deals primarily with the terms and relationships used in supercritical fluid chromatography.  
1.2 Since many of the basic terms and definitions also apply to gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, this guide is using, whenever possible, symbols identical to Practices E355 and E682.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice deals primarily with identifying the terms and relationships of those techniques that use ion exchange chromatography to separate mixtures and a conductivity detector to detect the separated components. However, most of the terms should also apply to ion chromatographic techniques that employ other separation and detection mechanisms. The apparatus to be used in the chromatography shall consist of syringe pumps, reciprocating pumps, pneumatic pumps, septum injectors, valve injectors, precolumns, concentrator columns, guard columns, separating columns, suppressor columns, conductivity suppressors, membrane suppressors, micromembrane suppressor, bulk property detectors, and solute property detectors. Chemical reagents to be used in the chemical analysis shall be of four kinds: mobile phase, stationary phase, solid support, and column packing materials. The stationary phase has two types which are the liquid phase and interactive solid phase material. Totally porous packing and pellicular packing are the two types of column packing materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice deals primarily with identifying the terms and relationships of those techniques that use ion exchange chromatography to separate mixtures and a conductivity detector to detect the separated components. However, most of the terms should also apply to ion chromatographic techniques that employ other separation and detection mechanisms.  
1.2 Because ion chromatography is a liquid chromatographic technique, this practice uses, whenever possible the terms and relationships identified in Practice E682.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This guide defines purity standards for carbon dioxide to ensure the suitability of liquefied carbon dioxide gas for use in supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) applications. This guide defines quantitation, labeling, and statistical standards for impurities in carbon dioxide that are necessary for successful SFE or SFC laboratory work, and it suggests methods of analysis for quantifying these impurities. These contaminants are those components that either cause detector signals that interfere with those of the target analytes or physically impede the SFE or SFC experiment. Also, this guide is provided for use by specialty gas suppliers who manufacture carbon dioxide specifically for SFE or SFC applications. SFE or SFC CO2 products offered with a claim of adherence to this guide will meet certain absolute purity and contaminant detectability requirements matched to the needs of current SFE or SFC techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines purity standards for carbon dioxide to ensure the suitability of liquefied carbon dioxide gas for use in SFE and SFC applications (see Guide E1449 for definitions of terms). This guide defines quantitation, labeling, and statistical standards for impurities in carbon dioxide that are necessary for successful SFE or SFC laboratory work, and it suggests methods of analysis for quantifying these impurities.  
1.2 This guide is provided for use by specialty gas suppliers who manufacture carbon dioxide specifically for SFE or SFC applications. SFE or SFC carbon dioxide (CO2) products offered with a claim of adherence to this guide will meet certain absolute purity and contaminant detectability requirements matched to the needs of current SFE or SFC techniques. The use of this guide allows different SFE or SFC CO2 product offerings to be compared on an equal purity basis.  
1.3 This guide considers contaminants to be those components that either cause detector signals that interfere with those of the target analytes or physically impede the SFE or SFC experiment.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice describes the principles, construction details, operation and performance, and terms and relationships for the use of an electron-capture detector (ECD) as the detection component of a complete gas chromatographic system.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of an electron-capture detector (ECD) as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system.  
1.2 This practice is intended to describe the operation and performance of the ECD as a guide for its use in a complete chromatographic system.  
1.3 For general gas chromatographic procedures, Practice E260 or Practice E1510 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended in this practice for use of an ECD. For a definition of gas chromatography and its various terms, see Practice E355. These standards also describe the performance of the detector in terms which the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is coupled to the column and other chromatographic components.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see Section 3.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice deals with the terms, parameters, symbols, units, and relationships used in liquid column chromatography. Most of the terms covered herein should also apply to other kinds of liquid chromatography, notably planar chromatography such as paper or thin-layer chromatography. These terms include the names of techniques, apparatuses and reagents, the parameters and symbols used for chromatogram data readout, and the retention parameters, symbols and units.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice deals primarily with the terms and relationships used in liquid column chromatography. However, most of the terms should also apply to other kinds of liquid chromatography, notably planar chromatography such as paper or thin-layer chromatography.  
Note 1: Although electrophoresis can also be considered a liquid chromatographic technique, it and its associated terms have not been included in this practice.  
1.2 Since most of the basic terms and definitions also apply to gas chromatography, this practice uses, whenever possible, symbols identical to Practice E355.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice describes a procedure for packed-column gas chromatography. It provides general comments, recommended techniques, and precautions. A recommended form for reporting GC methods is given in Section 14.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to serve as a general guide to the application of gas chromatography (GC) with packed columns for the separation and analysis of vaporizable or gaseous organic and inorganic mixtures and as a reference for the writing and reporting of GC methods.  
Note 1: This practice excludes any form of gas chromatography associated with open tubular (capillary) columns.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8 and 9.1.3.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this recommended practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained at the same operating conditions, including geometry, flow rates, and temperatures. It should be noted that to specify a detector’s capability completely, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this recommended practice are sufficiently general so that they may be used at whatever conditions may be chosen for other reasons.  
4.2 The FID is generally only used with non-ionizable supercritical fluids as the mobile phase. Therefore, this standard does not include the use of modifiers in the supercritical fluid.  
4.3 Linearity and speed of response of the recording system or other data acquisition device used should be such that it does not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. Effective recorder response, Bonsall (5) and McWilliam (6), in particular, should be sufficiently fast so that it can be neglected in sensitivity of measurements. If additional amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should also first be established.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the testing of the performance of a flame ionization detector (FID) used as the detection component of a gas or supercritical fluid (SF) chromatographic system.  
1.2 This recommended practice is directly applicable to an FID that employs a hydrogen-air or hydrogen-oxygen flame burner and a dc biased electrode system.  
1.3 This recommended practice covers the performance of the detector itself, independently of the chromatographic column, the column-to-detector interface (if any), and other system components, in terms that the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is made part of a complete chromatographic system.  
1.4 For general gas chromatographic procedures, Practice E260 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended herein for the use of an FID. For definitions of gas chromatography and its various terms see recommended Practice E355.  
1.5 For general information concerning the principles, construction, and operation of an FID, see Refs (1, 2, 3, 4).2  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see Section 5.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to describe the performance of a conductivity detector independent of the chromatographic system in terms that the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is coupled to the column and other chromatography system components.  
5.2 Although it is possible to observe each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained at the same operating conditions, including the setup used for testing, flow rates, and temperatures. It should be noted that to specify a detector's capability completely, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general so that they may be used at whatever conditions may be chosen for other reasons.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the testing of the performance of conductivity detectors used as the detection component of a liquid or ion chromatography system.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector specifications be obtained at the same operating conditions, including geometry, flow rates, and temperatures. To specify a detector's capability completely, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general so that they may be used under any chosen conditions.  
4.2 Linearity and speed of response of the recorder should be such that it does not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. Effective recorder response should be sufficiently fast so that its effect on the sensitivity of measurement is negligible. If additional amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should first be established.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers testing the performance of a nitrogen/phosphorus thermionic ionization detector (NPD) used as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system.  
1.2 This practice applies to an NPD that employs a heated alkali metal compound and emits an electrical charge from that solid surface.  
1.3 This practice addresses the operation and performance of the NPD independently of the chromatographic column. However, the performance is specified in terms that the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is coupled to the column and other chromatographic components.  
1.4 For general chromatographic procedures, Practice E260 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended in this practice for the use of a nitrogen/phosphorus (N/P) thermionic detector.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see Section 5, Hazards.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of the ELCD under different and unique conditions, in particular its different modes of selectivity, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained at the same operating conditions, including geometry, gas and solvent flow rates, and temperatures. It should be noted that to specify a detector's capability completely, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general so that they may be used at whatever conditions may be chosen for other reasons.  
3.2 Linearity and speed of response of the recorder used should be such that it does not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. Effective recorder response should be sufficiently fast so that it can be neglected in sensitivity of measurements. If additional amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should also first be established.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers testing the performance of an electrolytic conductivity detector (ELCD) used as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system.  
1.2 This practice is directly applicable to electrolytic conductivity detectors that perform a chemical reaction on a given sample over a nickel catalyst surface under oxidizing or reducing conditions and employ a scrubber, if needed, to remove interferences, deionized solvent to dissolve the reaction products, and a conductivity cell to measure the electrolytic conductivity of ionized reaction products.  
1.3 This practice covers the performance of the detector itself, independently of the chromatographic column, in terms that the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is coupled to the column and other chromatographic system components.  
1.4 For general gas chromatographic procedures, Practice E260 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended herein for the use of an electrolytic conductivity detector. For definitions of gas chromatography and its various terms see Practice E355.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Although it is possible to observe and measure each of several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector test results should be obtained under the same operating conditions. It should also be noted that to specify completely a detector's capability, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector.  
3.2 The objective of this practice is to test the detector under specified conditions and in a configuration without an LC column. This is a separation independent test. In certain circumstances it might also be necessary to test the detector in the separation mode with an LC column in the system, and the appropriate concerns are also mentioned. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general so that they may be adapted for use at whatever conditions may be chosen for other reasons.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers tests used to evaluate the performance and to list certain descriptive specifications of a refractive index (RI) detector used as the detection component of a liquid chromatographic (LC) system.  
1.2 This practice is intended to describe the performance of the detector both independent of the chromatographic system (static conditions, without flowing solvent) and with flowing solvent (dynamic conditions).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice presents the terms, parameters, symbols, units, and relationships used in gas elution chromatography. Most of the terms described herein should also apply to other kinds of gas chromatography and various liquid column chromatographic techniques. At this time, however, they are not standardized for the latter usage. These terms include names of techniques, apparatuses and reagents, parameters used in data recording and presentation of isothermal retention data, and retention parameters.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers primarily the terms and relationships used in gas elution chromatography. However, most of the terms should also apply to other kinds of gas chromatography and are also valid in the various liquid column chromatographic techniques, although at this time they are not standardized for the latter usage.

ABSTRACT
This practice is intended as a guide for the use of a flame photometric detector (FPD) as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system. The different principles of flame photometric detectors, and detector construction are presented in details. The detector sensitivity, minimum detectability, dynamic range, power law of sulphur response, linear range-phosphorus mode, unipower response range, noise and drift, and specificity are presented in details. The photomultiplier dark current is the magnitude of the FPD output signal measured with the FPD flame off. Flame background current is the difference in FPD output signal with the flame on and with the flame off in the absence of phosphorus or sulfur compounds in the flame.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended as a guide for the use of a flame photometric detector (FPD) as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system.  
1.2 This practice is directly applicable to an FPD that employs a hydrogen-air flame burner, an optical filter for selective spectral viewing of light emitted by the flame, and a photomultiplier tube for measuring the intensity of light emitted.  
1.3 This practice describes the most frequent use of the FPD which is as an element-specific detector for compounds containing sulfur (S) or phosphorus (P) atoms. However, nomenclature described in this practice are also applicable to uses of the FPD other than sulfur or phosphorus specific detection.  
1.4 This practice is intended to describe the operation and performance of the FPD itself independently of the chromatographic column. However, the performance of the detector is described in terms which the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is coupled to the column and other chromatographic system components.  
1.5 For general gas chromatographic procedures, Practice E260 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended herein for use of an FPD.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific safety information, see Section 4, Hazards.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to be used by all analysts using fused silica capillary chromatography. It contains the recommended steps for installation, preparation, proper installation, and continued column maintenance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation and maintenance of fused silica capillary columns in gas chromatographs that are already retrofitted for their use. This practice excludes information on:  
1.1.1 Injection techniques.  
1.1.2 Column selection.  
1.1.3 Data acquisition.  
1.1.4 System troubleshooting and maintenance.  
1.2 For additional information on gas chromatography, please refer to Practice E260. For specific precautions, see 7.2.2.2(1), 7.2.2.2(2), 7.2.7, and 7.2.7.2.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see Section 6, 7.2.2.2(1), 7.2.2.2(2), 7.2.7, and 7.2.7.2.2TABLE 1 Typical Splitter Vent Flow Rates (50 to 1 split ratio) (at optimum linear velocity)    
Carrier gas  
0.25-mm ID,
cm3 /min  
0.32-mm ID,
cm3 /min  
0.53-mm ID,
cm3 /min    
helium
hydrogen  
35
70  
80
160  
125
250
Note 1—The curves were generated by plotting the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (length of column divided by the total number of theoretical plates, H.E.T.P.) against the column's average linear velocity. The lowest point on the curve indicates the carrier gas velocity in which the highest column efficiency is reached.Note 2—Gases information available from Compressed Gas Association (CGA), 4221 Walney Rd., 5th Floor, Chantilly, VA 20151-2923, http://www.cganet.com.FIG. 1 Van Deemter Profile for Hydrogen, Helium, and Nitrogen Carrier Gases    
Carrier gas: Hydrogen  
Carrier gas: Helium  
Linear velocity: 40 cm/s  
Linear velocity: 20 cm/s
Note 1—Fig. 2 shows that the resolution is similar but the analysis time is reduced by 50 % when comparing hydrogen to helium in an isothermal analysis using optimum flow velocities.Note 2—Hydrogen provides similar resolution in one-half the analysis time of helium for an isothermal analysis.Note 3—    
1. Tetrachloro-m-
8. Heptachlor epoxide  
15. Endosulfan II  
xylene  
9. γ-chlordane  
16. DDD  
2. α-BHC  
10. Endosulfan I  
17. Endrin aldehyde  
3. β-BHC  
11. α-chlordane  
18. Endosulfan sulfate  
4. γ-BHC  
12. Dieldrin  
19. DDT  
5. δ-BHC  
13. DDE  
20. Endrin ketone  
6. Heptachlor  
14. Endrin  
21. Methyoxychlor  
7. Aldrin  
Note 4—30 m, 0.25-mm ID, 0.25 μm 5 % diphenyl − 95 % dimethyl polysiloxane 0.1-μL split injection of chlorinated pesticides.    
Oven temperature: 210°C isothermal  
Injector and detector temperature: 250°C/300°C  
ECD sensitivity: 512 × 10 −11    
Split vent: 100 cm 3 /min  
FIG. 2 Hydrogen Versus Helium (Isothermal Analysis)
FIG. 3 Capping Silanol Groups with Dimethyl Dichlorosilane (DMDCS)  
Note 1—Septum bleed can obscure or co-elute with compounds of interest, thus decreasing the analytical accuracy.Note 2—    
1. 2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-  
8. Heptachlor
16. p,p-DDD  
m-xylene (IS)  
epoxide  
17. Endrin aldehyde  
2. α-BHC  
9. γ-chlordane  
18. Endosulfan sul-  
3. β-BHC  
10. Endosulfan I  
fate  
4. γ-BHC  
11. α-chlordane  
19. p,p-DDT  
5. δ-BHC  
12. Dieldrin  
20. Endrin ketone  
6. Heptachlor  
13. p,p-DDE  
21. Methyoxychlor  
7. Aldrin  
14. Endrin  
22. Decachlorobi-  
15. Endosulfan II  
phenyl (IS)
Note 3—30 m, 0.5...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained under the same operating conditions. It should also be noted that to completely specify a detector's capability, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general that they may be used regardless of the ultimate operating parameters.  
4.2 Linearity and response time of the recorder or other readout device used should be such that they do not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. This requires adjusting the gain, damping, and calibration in accordance with the manufacturer's directions. If additional electronic filters or amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should also first be established.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to serve as a guide for the testing of the performance of a photometric detector (PD) used as the detection component of a liquid-chromatographic (LC) system operating at one or more fixed wavelengths in the range 210 to 800 nm. Measurements are made at 254 nm, if possible, and are optional at other wavelengths.  
1.2 This practice is intended to describe the performance of the detector both independently of the chromatographic system (static conditions) and with flowing solvent (dynamic conditions).  
1.3 For general liquid chromatographic procedures, consult Refs (1-9).2  
1.4 For general information concerning the principles, construction, operation, and evaluation of liquid-chromatography detectors, see Refs (10 and 11) in addition to the sections devoted to detectors in Refs (1-7).  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained at the same operating conditions. It should be noted also that to specify a detector's capability completely, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general so that they may be used at whatever conditions may be chosen for other reasons.  
3.2 Linearity and speed of response of the recorder used should be such that it does not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. Effective recorder response, Refs.  (5, 6) in particular, should be sufficiently fast that it can be neglected in sensitivity of measurements. If additional amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should also first be established.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to serve as a guide for the testing of the performance of a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) used as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system.  
1.2 This practice is directly applicable to thermal conductivity detectors which employ filament (hot wire) or thermistor sensing elements.  
1.3 This practice is intended to describe the performance of the detector itself independently of the chromatographic column, in terms which the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is coupled to the column and other chromatography system components.  
1.4 For general gas chromatographic procedures, Practice E260 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended herein for the use of a TCD. For definitions of gas chromatography and its various terms see Practice E355.  
1.5 For general information concerning the principles, construction, and operation of TCD see Refs. (1-4).2  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see Section 4.3

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this recommended practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained at the same operating conditions, including geometry, flow rates, and temperatures. It should be noted that to specify a detector's capability completely, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this recommended practice are sufficiently general so that they may be used at whatever conditions may be chosen for other reasons.  
The FID is generally only used with non-ionizable supercritical fluids as the mobile phase. Therefore, this standard does not include the use of modifiers in the supercritical fluid.
Linearity and speed of response of the recording system or other data acquisition device used should be such that it does not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. Effective recorder response, Bonsall (5) and McWilliam (6), in particular, should be sufficiently fast so that it can be neglected in sensitivity of measurements. If additional amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should also first be established.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the testing of the performance of a flame ionization detector (FID) used as the detection component of a gas or supercritical fluid (SF) chromatographic system.
1.2 This recommended practice is directly applicable to an FID that employs a hydrogen-air or hydrogen-oxygen flame burner and a dc biased electrode system.
1.3 This recommended practice covers the performance of the detector itself, independently of the chromatographic column, the column-to-detector interface (if any), and other system components, in terms that the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is made part of a complete chromatographic system.
1.4 For general gas chromatographic procedures, Practice E260 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended herein for the use of an FID. For definitions of gas chromatography and its various terms see recommended Practice E355.
1.5 For general information concerning the principles, construction, and operation of an FID, see Refs (1, 2, 3, 4).  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific safety information, see Section 5.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained under the same operating conditions. It should also be noted that to completely specify a detector's capability, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general that they may be used regardless of the ultimate operating parameters.
Linearity and response time of the recorder or other readout device used should be such that they do not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. This requires adjusting the gain, damping, and calibration in accordance with the manufacturer's directions. If additional electronic filters or amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should also first be established.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the testing of the performance of a variable-wavelength photometric detector (VWPD) used as the detection component of a liquid-chromatographic (LC) system operating at one or more wavelengths in the range 190 to 800 nm. Many of the measurements are made at 254 nm for consistency with Practice E685. Measurements at other wavelengths are optional.
1.2 This practice is intended to describe the performance of the detector both independently of the chromatographic system (static conditions) and with flowing solvent (dynamic conditions).
1.3 For general liquid chromatographic procedures, consult Refs (1-9).  
1.4 For general information concerning the principles, construction, operation, and evaluation of liquid-chromatography detectors, see Refs (10, 11) in addition to the sections devoted to detectors in Refs  (1-7).
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This practice deals with the terms, parameters, symbols, units, and relationships used in liquid column chromatography. Most of the terms covered herein should also apply to other kinds of liquid chromatography, notably planar chromatography such as paper or thin-layer chromatography. These terms include the names of techniques, apparatuses and reagents, the parameters and symbols used for chromatogram data readout, and the retention parameters, symbols and units.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice deals primarily with the terms and relationships used in liquid column chromatography. However, most of the terms should also apply to other kinds of liquid chromatography, notably planar chromatography such as paper or thin-layer chromatography.
Note 1—Although electrophoresis can also be considered a liquid chromatographic technique, it and its associated terms have not been included in this practice.  
1.2 Since most of the basic terms and definitions also apply to gas chromatography, this practice uses, whenever possible, symbols identical to Practice E355.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice describes a procedure for packed-column gas chromatography. It provides general comments, recommended techniques, and precautions. A recommended form for reporting GC methods is given in Section 14.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to serve as a general guide to the application of gas chromatography (GC) with packed columns for the separation and analysis of vaporizable or gaseous organic and inorganic mixtures and as a reference for the writing and reporting of GC methods.
Note 1—This practice excludes any form of gas chromatography associated with open tubular (capillary) columns.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8 and 9.1.3.

ABSTRACT
This practice deals primarily with identifying the terms and relationships of those techniques that use ion exchange chromatography to separate mixtures and a conductivity detector to detect the separated components. However, most of the terms should also apply to ion chromatographic techniques that employ other separation and detection mechanisms. The apparatus to be used in the chromatography shall consist of syringe pumps, reciprocating pumps, pneumatic pumps, septum injectors, valve injectors, precolumns, concentrator columns, guard columns, separating columns, suppressor columns, conductivity suppressors, membrane suppressors, micromembrane suppressor, bulk property detectors, and solute property detectors. Chemical reagents to be used in the chemical analysis shall be of four kinds: mobile phase, stationary phase, solid support, and column packing materials. The stationary phase has two types which are the liquid phase and interactive solid phase material. Totally porous packing and pellicular packing are the two types of column packing materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice deals primarily with identifying the terms and relationships of those techniques that use ion exchange chromatography to separate mixtures and a conductivity detector to detect the separated components. However, most of the terms should also apply to ion chromatographic techniques that employ other separation and detection mechanisms.
1.2 Because ion chromatography is a liquid chromatographic technique, this practice uses, whenever possible the terms and relationships identified in Practice E682.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This guide defines purity standards for carbon dioxide to ensure the suitability of liquefied carbon dioxide gas for use in supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) applications. This guide defines quantitation, labeling, and statistical standards for impurities in carbon dioxide that are necessary for successful SFE or SFC laboratory work, and it suggests methods of analysis for quantifying these impurities. These contaminants are those components that either cause detector signals that interfere with those of the target analytes or physically impede the SFE or SFC experiment. Also, this guide is provided for use by specialty gas suppliers who manufacture carbon dioxide specifically for SFE or SFC applications. SFE or SFC CO2 products offered with a claim of adherence to this guide will meet certain absolute purity and contaminant detectability requirements matched to the needs of current SFE or SFC techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines purity standards for carbon dioxide to ensure the suitability of liquefied carbon dioxide gas for use in SFE and SFC applications (see Guide E1449 for definitions of terms). This guide defines quantitation, labeling, and statistical standards for impurities in carbon dioxide that are necessary for successful SFE or SFC laboratory work, and it suggests methods of analysis for quantifying these impurities.
1.2 This guide is provided for use by specialty gas suppliers who manufacture carbon dioxide specifically for SFE or SFC applications. SFE or SFC carbon dioxide (CO2) products offered with a claim of adherence to this guide will meet certain absolute purity and contaminant detectability requirements matched to the needs of current SFE or SFC techniques. The use of this guide allows different SFE or SFC CO2 product offerings to be compared on an equal purity basis.
1.3 This guide considers contaminants to be those components that either cause detector signals that interfere with those of the target analytes or physically impede the SFE or SFC experiment.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This guide deals primarily with the terms and relationships used in supercritical fluid chromatography, including techniques, apparatuses, and reagents.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide deals primarily with the terms and relationships used in supercritical fluid chromatography.
1.2 Since many of the basic terms and definitions also apply to gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, this guide is using, whenever possible, symbols identical to Practices E355 and E682.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

ABSTRACT
This practice describes the principles, construction details, operation and performance, and terms and relationships for the use of an electron-capture detector (ECD) as the detection component of a complete gas chromatographic system.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of an electron-capture detector (ECD) as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system.
1.2 This practice is intended to describe the operation and performance of the ECD as a guide for its use in a complete chromatographic system.
1.3 For general gas chromatographic procedures, Practice E260 or Practice E1510 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended in this practice for use of an ECD. For a definition of gas chromatography and its various terms, see Practice E355. These standards also describe the performance of the detector in terms which the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is coupled to the column and other chromatographic components.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see Section 3.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector specifications be obtained at the same operating conditions, including geometry, flow rates, and temperatures. To specify a detector's capability completely, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general so that they may be used under any chosen conditions.
Linearity and speed of response of the recorder should be such that it does not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. Effective recorder response should be sufficiently fast so that its effect on the sensitivity of measurement is negligible. If additional amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should first be established.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers testing the performance of a nitrogen/phosphorus thermionic ionization detector (NPD) used as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system.
1.2 This practice applies to an NPD that employs a heated alkali metal compound and emits an electrical charge from that solid surface.
1.3 This practice addresses the operation and performance of the NPD independently of the chromatographic column. However, the performance is specified in terms that the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is coupled to the column and other chromatographic components.
1.4 For general chromatographic procedures, Practice E260 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended in this practice for the use of a nitrogen/phosphorus (N/P) thermionic detector.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see Section 5, Hazards.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Although it is possible to observe and measure each of several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector test results should be obtained under the same operating conditions. It should also be noted that to specify completely a detector's capability, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector.
The objective of this practice is to test the detector under specified conditions and in a configuration without an LC column. This is a separation independent test. In certain circumstances it might also be necessary to test the detector in the separation mode with an LC column in the system, and the appropriate concerns are also mentioned. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general so that they may be adapted for use at whatever conditions may be chosen for other reasons.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers tests used to evaluate the performance and to list certain descriptive specifications of a refractive index (RI) detector used as the detection component of a liquid chromatographic (LC) system.
1.2 This practice is intended to describe the performance of the detector both independent of the chromatographic system (static conditions, without flowing solvent) and with flowing solvent (dynamic conditions).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is intended to describe the performance of a conductivity detector independent of the chromatographic system in terms that the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is coupled to the column and other chromatography system components.
Although it is possible to observe each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained at the same operating conditions, including the setup used for testing, flow rates, and temperatures. It should be noted that to specify a detector's capability completely, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general so that they may be used at whatever conditions may be chosen for other reasons.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the testing of the performance of conductivity detectors used as the detection component of a liquid or ion chromatography system.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of the ELCD under different and unique conditions, in particular its different modes of selectivity, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained at the same operating conditions, including geometry, gas and solvent flow rates, and temperatures. It should be noted that to specify a detector's capability completely, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general so that they may be used at whatever conditions may be chosen for other reasons.
Linearity and speed of response of the recorder used should be such that it does not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. Effective recorder response should be sufficiently fast so that it can be neglected in sensitivity of measurements. If additional amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should also first be established.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers testing the performance of an electrolytic conductivity detector (ELCD) used as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system.
1.2 This practice is directly applicable to electrolytic conductivity detectors that perform a chemical reaction on a given sample over a nickel catalyst surface under oxidizing or reducing conditions and employ a scrubber, if needed, to remove interferences, deionized solvent to dissolve the reaction products, and a conductivity cell to measure the electrolytic conductivity of ionized reaction products.
1.3 This practice covers the performance of the detector itself, independently of the chromatographic column, in terms that the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is coupled to the column and other chromatographic system components.
1.4 For general gas chromatographic procedures, Practice E260 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended herein for the use of an electrolytic conductivity detector. For definitions of gas chromatography and its various terms see Practice E355.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6   This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This practice presents the terms, parameters, symbols, units, and relationships used in gas elution chromatography. Most of the terms described herein should also apply to other kinds of gas chromatography and various liquid column chromatographic techniques. At this time, however, they are not standardized for the latter usage. These terms include names of techniques, apparatus and reagents, parameters used in data recording and presentation of isothermal retention data, and retention parameters.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers primarily the terms and relationships used in gas elution chromatography. However, most of the terms should also apply to other kinds of gas chromatography and are also valid in the various liquid column chromatographic techniques, although at this time they are not standardized for the latter usage.

ABSTRACT
This practice deals with the terms, parameters, symbols, units, and relationships used in liquid column chromatography. Most of the terms covered herein should also apply to other kinds of liquid chromatography, notably planar chromatography such as paper or thin-layer chromatography. These terms include the names of techniques, apparatus and reagents, the parameters and symbols used for chromatogram data readout, and the retention parameters, symbols and units.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice deals primarily with the terms and relationships used in liquid column chromatography. However, most of the terms should also apply to other kinds of liquid chromatography, notably planar chromatography such as paper or thin-layer chromatography. Note 1 - Although electrophoresis can also be considered a liquid chromatographic technique, it and its associated terms have not been included in this practice.
1.2 Since most of the basic terms and definitions also apply to gas chromatography, this practice uses, whenever possible, symbols identical to Practice E 355.

ABSTRACT
This guide deals primarily with the terms and relationships used in supercritical fluid chromatography, including techniques, apparatus, and reagents.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide deals primarily with the terms and relationships used in supercritical fluid chromatography.
1.2 Since many of the basic terms and definitions also apply to gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, this guide is using, whenever possible, symbols identical to Practices E 355 and E 682.

ABSTRACT
This practice deals primarily with identifying the terms and relationships of those techniques that use ion exchange chromatography to separate mixtures and a conductivity detector to detect the separated components. However, most of the terms should also apply to ion chromatographic techniques that employ other separation and detection mechanisms. The apparatus to be used in the chromatography shall consist of syringe pumps, reciprocating pumps, pneumatic pumps, septum injectors, valve injectors, precolumns, concentrator columns, guard columns, separating columns, suppressor columns, conductivity suppressors, membrane suppressors, micromembrane suppressor, bulk property detectors, and solute property detectors. Chemical reagents to be used in the chemical analysis shall be of four kinds: mobile phase, stationary phase, solid support, and column packing materials. The stationary phase has two types which are the liquid phase and interactive solid phase material. Totally porous packing and pellicular packing are the two types of column packing materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice deals primarily with identifying the terms and relationships of those techniques that use ion exchange chromatography to separate mixtures and a conductivity detector to detect the separated components. However, most of the terms should also apply to ion chromatographic techniques that employ other separation and detection mechanisms.
1.2 Because ion chromatography is a liquid chromatographic technique, this practice uses, whenever possible the terms and relationships identified in Practice E 682.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice describes a procedure for packed-column gas chromatography. It provides general comments, recommended techniques, and precautions. A recommended form for reporting GC methods is given in Section 14.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to serve as a general guide to the application of gas chromatography (GC) with packed columns for the separation and analysis of vaporizable or gaseous organic and inorganic mixtures and as a reference for the writing and reporting of GC methods.
Note 1— This practice excludes any form of gas chromatography associated with open tubular (capillary) columns.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8 and 9.1.3.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this recommended practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained at the same operating conditions, including geometry, flow rates, and temperatures. It should be noted that to specify a detector’capability completely, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this recommended practice are sufficiently general so that they may be used at whatever conditions may be chosen for other reasons.  
The FID is generally only used with non-ionizable supercritical fluids as the mobile phase. Therefore, this standard does not include the use of modifiers in the supercritical fluid.
Linearity and speed of response of the recording system or other data acquisition device used should be such that it does not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. Effective recorder response, Refs. (5,6)  in particular, should be sufficiently fast so that it can be neglected in sensitivity of measurements. If additional amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should also first be established.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the testing of the performance of a flame ionization detector (FID) used as the detection component of a gas or supercritical fluid (SF) chromatographic system.
1.2 This recommended practice is directly applicable to an FID that employs a hydrogen-air or hydrogen-oxygen flame burner and a dc biased electrode system.
1.3 This recommended practice covers the performance of the detector itself, independently of the chromatographic column, the column-to-detector interface (if any), and other system components, in terms that the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is made part of a complete chromatographic system.
1.4 For general gas chromatographic procedures, Practice E 260 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended herein for the use of an FID. For definitions of gas chromatography and its various terms see Recommended Practice E 355.
1.5 For general information concerning the principles, construction, and operation of an FID, see Refs (1, 2, 3, 4).
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific safety information, see Section .

ABSTRACT
This practice describes the principles, construction details, operation and performance, and terms and relationships for the use of an electron-capture detector (ECD) as the detection component of a complete gas chromatographic system.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of an electron-capture detector (ECD) as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system.
1.2 This practice is intended to describe the operation and performance of the ECD as a guide for its use in a complete chromatographic system.
1.3 For general gas chromatographic procedures, Practice E 260 or Practice E 1510 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended in this practice for use of an ECD. For a definition of gas chromatography and its various terms, see Practice E 355. These standards also describe the performance of the detector in terms which the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is coupled to the column and other chromatographic components.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see Section .

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained under the same operating conditions. It should also be noted that to completely specify a detector’ capability, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general that they may be used regardless of the ultimate operating parameters.
Linearity and response time of the recorder or other readout device used should be such that they do not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. This requires adjusting the gain, damping, and calibration in accordance with the manufacturer’directions. If additional electronic filters or amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should also first be established.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the testing of the performance of a variable-wavelength photometric detector (VWPD) used as the detection component of a liquid-chromatographic (LC) system operating at one or more wavelengths in the range 190 to 800 nm. Many of the measurements are made at 254 nm for consistency with Practice E 685. Measurements at other wavelengths are optional.
1.2 This practice is intended to describe the performance of the detector both independently of the chromatographic system (static conditions) and with flowing solvent (dynamic conditions).
1.3 For general liquid chromatographic procedures, consult Refs (1-9).
1.4 For general information concerning the principles, construction, operation, and evaluation of liquid-chromatography detectors, see Refs (10, 11)in addition to the sections devoted to detectors in Refs  (1-7).
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained at the same operating conditions. It should be noted also that to specify a detector’capability completely, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general so that they may be used at whatever conditions may be chosen for other reasons.
Linearity and speed of response of the recorder used should be such that it does not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. Effective recorder response, Refs.  (5, 6) in particular, should be sufficiently fast that it can be neglected in sensitivity of measurements. If additional amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should also first be established.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to serve as a guide for the testing of the performance of a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) used as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system.
1.2 This practice is directly applicable to thermal conductivity detectors which employ filament (hot wire) or thermistor sensing elements.
1.3 This practice is intended to describe the performance of the detector itself independently of the chromatographic column, in terms which the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is coupled to the column and other chromatography system components.
1.4 For general gas chromatographic procedures, Practice E 260 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended herein for the use of a TCD. For definitions of gas chromatography and its various terms see Practice E 355.
1.5 For general information concerning the principles, construction, and operation of TCD see Refs. ().
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see Section 4.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained under the same operating conditions. It should also be noted that to completely specify a detector’capability, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general that they may be used regardless of the ultimate operating parameters.
Linearity and response time of the recorder or other readout device used should be such that they do not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. This requires adjusting the gain, damping, and calibration in accordance with the manufacturer’directions. If additional electronic filters or amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should also first be established.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to serve as a guide for the testing of the performance of a photometric detector (PD) used as the detection component of a liquid-chromatographic (LC) system operating at one or more fixed wavelengths in the range 210 to 800 nm. Measurements are made at 254 nm, if possible, and are optional at other wavelengths.
1.2 This practice is intended to describe the performance of the detector both independently of the chromatographic system (static conditions) and with flowing solvent (dynamic conditions).
1.3 For general liquid chromatographic procedures, consult Refs (1-9).
1.4 For general information concerning the principles, construction, operation, and evaluation of liquid-chromatography detectors, see Refs (10 and 11) in addition to the sections devoted to detectors in Refs (1-7).
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This practice is intended as a guide for the use of a flame photometric detector (FPD) as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system. The different principles of flame photometric detectors, and detector construction are presented in details. The detector sensitivity, minimum detectability, dynamic range, power law of sulphur response, linear range-phosphorus mode, unipower response range, noise and drift, and specificity are presented in details. The photomultiplier dark current is the magnitude of the FPD output signal measured with the FPD flame off. Flame background current is the difference in FPD output signal with the flame on and with the flame off in the absence of phosphorus or sulfur compounds in the flame.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended as a guide for the use of a flame photometric detector (FPD) as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system.
1.2 This practice is directly applicable to an FPD that employs a hydrogen-air flame burner, an optical filter for selective spectral viewing of light emitted by the flame, and a photomultiplier tube for measuring the intensity of light emitted.
1.3 This practice describes the most frequent use of the FPD which is as an element-specific detector for compounds containing sulfur (S) or phosphorus (P) atoms. However, nomenclature described in this practice are also applicable to uses of the FPD other than sulfur or phosphorus specific detection.
1.4 This practice is intended to describe the operation and performance of the FPD itself independently of the chromatographic column. However, the performance of the detector is described in terms which the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is coupled to the column and other chromatographic system components.
1.5 For general gas chromatographic procedures, Practice E 260 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended herein for use of an FPD.
1.6 &solely-SI-units;
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific safety information, see Section , Hazards.

ABSTRACT
This guide defines purity standards for carbon dioxide to ensure the suitability of liquefied carbon dioxide gas for use in supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) applications. This guide defines quantitation, labeling, and statistical standards for impurities in carbon dioxide that are necessary for successful SFE or SFC laboratory work, and it suggests methods of analysis for quantifying these impurities. These contaminants are those components that either cause detector signals that interfere with those of the target analytes or physically impede the SFE or SFC experiment. Also, this guide is provided for use by specialty gas suppliers who manufacture carbon dioxide specifically for SFE or SFC applications. SFE or SFC CO2 products offered with a claim of adherence to this guide will meet certain absolute purity and contaminant detectability requirements matched to the needs of current SFE or SFC techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines purity standards for carbon dioxide to ensure the suitability of liquefied carbon dioxide gas for use in SFE and SFC applications (see Guide E 1449 for definitions of terms). This guide defines quantitation, labeling, and statistical standards for impurities in carbon dioxide that are necessary for successful SFE or SFC laboratory work, and it suggests methods of analysis for quantifying these impurities.
1.2 This guide is provided for use by specialty gas suppliers who manufacture carbon dioxide specifically for SFE or SFC applications. SFE or SFC CO2 products offered with a claim of adherence to this guide will meet certain absolute purity and contaminant detectability requirements matched to the needs of current SFE or SFC techniques. The use of this guide allows different SFE or SFC CO2 product offerings to be compared on an equal purity basis.
1.3 This guide considers contaminants to be those components that either cause detector signals that interfere with those of the target analytes or physically impede the SFE or SFC experiment.
1.4 &solely-SI-units;
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of the ELCD under different and unique conditions, in particular its different modes of selectivity, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained at the same operating conditions, including geometry, gas and solvent flow rates, and temperatures. It should be noted that to specify a detector’ capability completely, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general so that they may be used at whatever conditions may be chosen for other reasons.
Linearity and speed of response of the recorder used should be such that it does not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. Effective recorder response should be sufficiently fast so that it can be neglected in sensitivity of measurements. If additional amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should also first be established.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers testing the performance of an electrolytic conductivity detector (ELCD) used as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system.
1.2 This practice is directly applicable to electrolytic conductivity detectors that perform a chemical reaction on a given sample over a nickel catalyst surface under oxidizing or reducing conditions and employ a scrubber, if needed, to remove interferences, deionized solvent to dissolve the reaction products, and a conductivity cell to measure the electrolytic conductivity of ionized reaction products.
1.3 This practice covers the performance of the detector itself, independently of the chromatographic column, in terms that the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is coupled to the column and other chromatographic system components.
1.4 For general gas chromatographic procedures, Practice E 260 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended herein for the use of an electrolytic conductivity detector. For definitions of gas chromatography and its various terms see Practice E 355.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is intended to describe the performance of a conductivity detector independent of the chromatographic system in terms that the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is coupled to the column and other chromatography system components.
Although it is possible to observe each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained at the same operating conditions, including the setup used for testing, flow rates, and temperatures. It should be noted that to specify a detector’capability completely, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general so that they may be used at whatever conditions may be chosen for other reasons.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the testing of the performance of conductivity detectors used as the detection component of a liquid or ion chromatography system.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is intended to be used by all analysts using fused silica capillary chromatography. It contains the recommended steps for installation, preparation, proper installation, and continued column maintenance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to serve as a general guide for the installation and maintenance of fused silica capillary columns in gas chromatographs which are already retrofitted for their use. This practice excludes information on:
1.1.1 Injection techniques.
1.1.2 Column selection.
1.1.3 Data acquisition.
1.1.4 System troubleshooting and maintenance.
1.2 For additional information on gas chromatography, please refer to Practice E260. For specific precautions, see Notes 1- 4.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information see Section 6 and Notes 2 - 4.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this practice that a complete set of detector specifications be obtained at the same operating conditions, including geometry, flow rates, and temperatures. To specify a detector’capability completely, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this practice are sufficiently general so that they may be used under any chosen conditions.
Linearity and speed of response of the recorder should be such that it does not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. Effective recorder response should be sufficiently fast so that its effect on the sensitivity of measurement is negligible. If additional amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should first be established.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers testing the performance of a nitrogen/phosphorus thermionic ionization detector (NPD) used as the detection component of a gas chromatographic system.
1.2 This practice applies to an NPD that employs a heated alkali metal compound and emits an electrical charge from that solid surface.
1.3 This practice addresses the operation and performance of the NPD independently of the chromatographic column. However, the performance is specified in terms that the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is coupled to the column and other chromatographic components.
1.4 For general chromatographic procedures, Practice E 260 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended in this practice for the use of a nitrogen/phosphorus (N/P) thermionic detector.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see Section , Hazards.