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ASTM D6434-12(2018)

(Guide)

Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Flexible Polypropylene Geomembranes

Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Flexible Polypropylene Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 To evaluate flexible polypropylene properly, tests must be performed according to specific test methods and procedures. Failure to follow this guide can result in data not representative of the material's characteristics and performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers recommendations for the selection of appropriate test methods for flexible polypropylene sheet used in geomembrane applications to provide consistency in data reporting.  
1.2 This guide includes test methods for three types of flexible polypropylene geomembranes, including smooth nonreinforced sheet, textured nonreinforced sheet, and scrim-reinforced sheet.  
1.3 This guide is intended to aid all personnel involved in the selection, manufacture, installation, or evaluation of flexible polypropylene geomembrane sheet.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2018
ICS
91.100.50 - Binders. Sealing materials
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.10 - Geomembranes
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6434-12 - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Flexible Polypropylene Geomembranes
Effective Date
01-May-2018
Refers
ASTM E96/E96M-24 - Standard Test Methods for Gravimetric Determination of Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Materials
Effective Date
01-Mar-2024
Refers
ASTM D4439-24 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Feb-2024
Refers
ASTM D1238-23a - Standard Test Method for Melt Flow Rates of Thermoplastics by Extrusion Plastometer
Effective Date
15-Nov-2023
Refers
ASTM E96/E96M-23 - Standard Test Methods for Gravimetric Determination of Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Materials
Effective Date
15-Nov-2023
Refers
ASTM D5617-23 - Standard Test Method for Multi-Axial Elongation of Geomembranes
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Refers
ASTM D5884/D5884M-23 - Standard Test Method for Determining Tearing Strength of Internally Reinforced Geomembranes
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Refers
ASTM F1249-20 - Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Modulated Infrared Sensor
Effective Date
01-Jun-2020
Refers
ASTM D5397-20 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resistance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Constant Tensile Load Test
Effective Date
01-Jun-2020
Refers
ASTM D4833/D4833M-07(2020) - Standard Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance of Geomembranes and Related Products
Effective Date
01-Jun-2020
Refers
ASTM D1204-14(2020) - Standard Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes of Nonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at Elevated Temperature
Effective Date
01-Apr-2020
Refers
ASTM D4218-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Carbon Black Content in Polyethylene Compounds by the Muffle-Furnace Technique
Effective Date
01-Feb-2020
Refers
ASTM D1603-20 - Standard Test Method for Carbon Black Content in Olefin Plastics
Effective Date
01-Feb-2020
Refers
ASTM D5397-19a - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resistance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Constant Tensile Load Test
Effective Date
15-Oct-2019
Refers
ASTM D5321/D5321M-19 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Shear Strength of Soil-Geosynthetic and Geosynthetic-Geosynthetic Interfaces by Direct Shear
Effective Date
01-Jul-2019

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ASTM D6434-12(2018) - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Flexible Polypropylene GeomembranesASTM D6434-12(2018) - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Flexible Polypropylene Geomembranes
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ASTM D6434-12(2018) - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Flexible Polypropylene Geomembranes
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6434 − 12 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Guide for the
Selection of Test Methods for Flexible Polypropylene
Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6434; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope sion of Plastics Between −30°C and 30°C with aVitreous
Silica Dilatometer
1.1 This guide covers recommendations for the selection of
D746Test Method for Brittleness Temperature of Plastics
appropriate test methods for flexible polypropylene sheet used
and Elastomers by Impact
in geomembrane applications to provide consistency in data
D751Test Methods for Coated Fabrics
reporting.
D790Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced
1.2 This guide includes test methods for three types of
and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-
flexible polypropylene geomembranes, including smooth non-
als
reinforced sheet, textured nonreinforced sheet, and scrim-
D792Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
reinforced sheet.
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
1.3 This guide is intended to aid all personnel involved in
D1004Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) of
the selection, manufacture, installation, or evaluation of flex-
Plastic Film and Sheeting
ible polypropylene geomembrane sheet.
D1149TestMethodsforRubberDeterioration—Crackingin
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
an Ozone Controlled Environment
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D1204Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Nonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at Elevated
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Temperature
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D1238Test Method for Melt Flow Rates of Thermoplastics
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
by Extrusion Plastometer
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
D1505Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Gradient Technique
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
D1603Test Method for Carbon Black Content in Olefin
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Plastics
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
D2136Test Method for Coated Fabrics—Low-Temperature
Bend Test
2. Referenced Documents
D2137TestMethodsforRubberProperty—BrittlenessPoint
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of Flexible Polymers and Coated Fabrics
D471Test Method for Rubber Property—Effect of Liquids
D3389Test Method for Coated FabricsAbrasion Resistance
D573Test Method for Rubber—Deterioration in an Air
(Rotary Platform Abrader)
Oven
D3418Test Method for Transition Temperatures and En-
D618Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
thalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by
D696TestMethodforCoefficientofLinearThermalExpan-
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
D4218Test Method for Determination of Carbon Black
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD35onGeosynthetics
Content in Polyethylene Compounds By the Muffle-
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.
Furnace Technique
Current edition approved May 1, 2018. Published May 2018. Originally
D4364Practice for Performing OutdoorAccelerated Weath-
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D6434–12. DOI:
10.1520/D6434-12R18.
ering Tests of Plastics Using Concentrated Sunlight
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
D4439Terminology for Geosynthetics
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
D4833/D4833MTest Method for Index Puncture Resistance
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. of Geomembranes and Related Products
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6434 − 12 (2018)
D5199Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Modulated
of Geosynthetics Infrared Sensor
D5321/D5321MTest Method for Determining the Shear G151PracticeforExposingNonmetallicMaterialsinAccel-
Strength of Soil-Geosynthetic and Geosynthetic- erated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light Sources
Geosynthetic Interfaces by Direct Shear G154Practice for Operating Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV)
D5323Practice for Determination of 2 % Secant Modulus Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
for Polyethylene Geomembranes G155Practice for Operating XenonArc LightApparatus for
D5397Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resis- Exposure of Non-Metallic Materials
tance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Con-
3. Terminology
stant Tensile Load Test
D5514/D5514MTest Method for Large-Scale Hydrostatic
3.1 Definitions—Fordefinitionsofgeosyntheticstermsused
Puncture Testing of Geosynthetics
in this guide, refer to Ter
...

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ASTM D8265-23(Practice)
Standard Practices for Electrical Methods for Mapping Leaks in Installed Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Geomembranes are used as impermeable barriers to prevent liquids from leaking from landfills, ponds, and other containment facilities. The liquids may contain contaminants that, if released, can cause damage to the environment. Leaking liquids can erode the subgrade, causing further damage. Leakage can result in product loss or otherwise prevent the installation from performing its intended containment purpose. For these reasons, it is desirable that the geomembrane have as little leakage as practical.  
4.2 Geomembrane leaks can be caused by poor quality of the subgrade, poor quality of the material placed on the geomembrane, accidents, poor workmanship, manufacturing defects, and carelessness.  
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4.4 The most significant cause of leaks in geomembranes covered with earthen materials is construction damage caused by machinery that occurs while placing the earthen material on the geomembrane. Such damage also can breach additional layers of the lining system such as geosynthetic clay liners.  
4.5 Electrical leak location methods are used to detect and locate leaks for repair. These practices can achieve a zero-leak condition at the conclusion of the survey(s). If any of the requirements for survey area preparation and testing procedures is not adhered to, then leaks could remain in the geomembrane after the survey. Not all of the survey area requirements are possible to achieve at some sites, but the closer the site can come to the ideal condition, the more successful the method will be.
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1.1 These practices describe standard procedures for using electrical methods to locate leaks in geomembranes covered with liquid or earthen materials, or both.  
1.2 These practices are intended to ensure that leak location surveys are performed to the highest technical capability of electrical methods, which should result in complete liquid containment (no leaks in geomembrane).  
1.3 Not all sites will be easily amenable to this method, but some preparation can be performed in order to enable this method at nearly any site as outlined in Section 6. If ideal testing conditions cannot be achieved, the method can still be performed, but any issues with site conditions are documented.  
1.4 Leak location surveys can be used on geomembranes installed in basins, ponds, tanks, ore and waste pads, landfill cells, landfill caps, and other containment facilities. The procedures are applicable for geomembranes made of materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, bituminous material, and other sufficiently electrically insulating materials.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 The electrical methods used for geomembrane leak location should be attempted only by qualified and experienced personnel. Appropriate safety measures should be taken to protect the leak location operators, as well as other people at the site. A current limiter of no greater than 290 mA should be used for all direct current power sources used to conduct the survey.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D4437/D4437M-16(2023)(Practice)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict liquid migration from one location to another in soil and rock, and the large number of seam methods and types used in joining these geomembrane sheets, has created a need for standard tests by which the various seams can be compared and the quality of the seam systems can be nondestructively evaluated. This practice is intended to meet such a need.  
3.2 The geomembrane sheet material shall be formulated from the appropriate polymers and compounding ingredients to form a plastic or elastomer sheet material that meets all specified requirements for the end use of the product. The sheet material (reinforced or nonreinforced) shall be capable of being bonded to itself by one of the methods described in 1.2, in accordance with the sheet manufacturer's recommendations and instructions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended for use as a summary of nondestructive quality control test methods for determining the integrity of seams used in the joining of flexible sheet materials in a geotechnical application. This practice outlines the test procedures available for determining the quality of bonded seams. Any one or combination of the test methods outlined in this practice can be incorporated into a project specification for quality control. These test methods are applicable to manufactured flexible polymeric membrane linings that are scrim reinforced or nonreinforced. This practice is not applicable to destructive testing. For destructive test methods, look at other ASTM standards and practices.  
1.2 The types of seams covered by this practice include the following: thermally bonded seams, hot air, hot wedge (or knife), extrusion, solvent-bonded seams, bodied solvent-bonded seams, adhesive-bonded or cemented seams, taped seams, and waterproofed sewn seams.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
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ASTM D6392-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Integrity of Nonreinforced Geomembrane Seams Produced Using Thermo-Fusion Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict liquid migration from one location to another in soil and rock has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate the quality of geomembrane seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. In the case of geomembranes, it has become evident that geomembrane seams can exhibit separation in the field under certain conditions. Although this is an index-type test method used for quality assurance and quality control purposes, it is also intended to provide the quality assurance engineer with sufficient seam peel and shear data to evaluate seam quality. Recording and reporting data, such as separation that occurs during the peel test and elongation during the shear test, will allow the quality assurance engineer to take measures necessary to ensure the repair of inferior seams during facility construction, and therefore, minimize the potential for seam separation in service.
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1.1 This test method describes destructive quality control and quality assurance tests used to determine the integrity of geomembrane seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. This test method presents the procedures used for determining the quality of nonbituminous bonded seams subjected to both peel and shear tests. These test procedures are intended for nonreinforced geomembranes only.  
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1.2.1 Hot Air—This technique introduces high-temperature air or gas between two geomembrane surfaces to facilitate melting. Pressure is applied to the top or bottom geomembrane, forcing together the two surfaces to form a continuous bond.  
1.2.2 Hot Wedge (or Knife)—This technique melts the two geomembrane surfaces to be seamed by running a hot metal wedge between them. Pressure is applied to the top or bottom geomembrane, or both, to form a continuous bond. Some seams of this kind are made with dual bond tracks separated by a nonbonded gap. These seams are sometimes referred to as dual hot wedge seams or double-track seams.  
1.2.3 Extrusion—This technique encompasses extruding molten resin between two geomembranes or at the edge of two overlapped geomembranes to effect a continuous bond.  
1.3 The types of materials covered by this test method include the following:  
1.3.1 Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE).  
1.3.2 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).  
1.3.3 Very flexible polyethylene (VFPE).  
1.3.4 Linear medium-density polyethylene (LMDPE).  
1.3.5 High-density polyethylene (HDPE).  
1.3.6 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).  
1.3.7 Flexible polypropylene (fPP).
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5.1 The bonding strength test for the top and bottom layers of the geosynthetic clay liner is intended to be an index test. It is anticipated that the results of the test will be used to evaluate the quality of the bonding process.
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1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the average bonding strength between the top and bottom layers of a sample of a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL).  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
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ASTM D6141-18(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Screening Clay Portion and Index Flux of Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL) for Chemical Compatibility to Liquids

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4.1 This guide is intended as a starting place for those wishing to investigate the chemical compatibility of the clay portion of a geosynthetic clay liner to test liquids. Within the scope of this guide, the clay portion of a geosynthetic clay liner that is chemically compatible with a test liquid may be expected to maintain its swelling characteristics. Conversely, the clay portion of a geosynthetic clay liner that is incompatible with a test liquid may be expected not to maintain its swelling characteristics. In instances where the compatibility of the clay portion of a GCL is questionable, additional hydraulic testing under the expected site conditions may be warranted.
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Standard Guide for Acceptance Testing Requirements for Geosynthetic Clay Liners

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This guide covers guidelines for the acceptance testing requirements for geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) materials, describing types of tests, test methods, and recommended verifications and is intended to aid purchasers, installers, contractors, owners, operators, designers and agencies in establishing a minimum level of effort for product acceptance testing and verification. This guide suggests the types of tests, the methods of the testing, and verification requirements for acceptance testing of GCL materials. It should be recognized that parties, organizations or representatives may perform additional tests and/or at other frequencies than required in this standard guide. In this case, the project-specific acceptance plan will then take precedence over this standard guide. Different properties such as clay mass per unit area, swell index, fluid loss, grab tensile strength, tensile strength, density and thickness of geomembrane support, and bonding peel strength shall be determined by subjecting the material to different test methods.
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1.1 This guide covers guidelines for the acceptance testing requirements for geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) materials, describing types of tests, test methods, and recommended verifications.  
1.2 This guide is intended to aid purchasers, installers, contractors, owners, operators, designers, and agencies in establishing a minimum level of effort for product acceptance testing and verification. This is intended to ensure that the supplied GCL rolls meet accepted material specifications.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this guide be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this guide means only that the guide has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D7703-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Electrical Leak Location on Exposed Geomembranes Using the Water Lance Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Geomembranes are used as barriers to prevent liquids from leaking from landfills, ponds, and other containments. For this purpose, it is desirable that the geomembrane have as little leakage as practical.  
4.2 The liquids may contain contaminants that, if released, can cause damage to the environment. Leaking liquids can erode the subgrade, causing further damage. Leakage can result in product loss or otherwise prevent the installation from performing its intended containment purpose.  
4.3 Geomembranes are often assembled in the field, either by unrolling and welding panels of the geomembrane material together in the field, unfolding flexible geomembranes in the field, or a combination of both.  
4.4 Geomembrane leaks can be caused by poor quality of the subgrade, poor quality of the material placed on the geomembrane, accidents, poor workmanship, manufacturing defects, and carelessness.  
4.5 Electrical leak location methods are an effective and proven quality assurance measure to detect and locate leaks. They do not verify material or seam integrity.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a performance-based standard for an electrical method for locating leaks in exposed geomembranes. For clarity, this practice uses the term “leak” to mean holes, punctures, tears, knife cuts, seam defects, cracks, and similar breaches in an installed geomembrane (as defined in 3.2.6).  
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ASTM
ASTM D2643/D2643M-21(Specification)
Standard Specification for Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembrane Used as Canal and Ditch Liner (Exposed Type)

ABSTRACT
This specification covers prefabricated asphalt liner sheets intended for installation to provide a continuous, exposed lining for reservoirs, ponds, canals, and ditches. The liner sheets shall consist of layers of asphalt mastic between asphalt-saturated felts, mats, or fabrics, and shall be coated on both sides and covered with a material to prevent the finished sheets from sticking together during storage and shipment. The coating shall be a hot-applied asphalt material permitted to be compounded with a mineral stabilizer. Thickness of asphalt coating, water absorption, mass percent of asphalt, resistance to decay, flexibility, brittleness, and heat dissipation tests shall be performed to conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers prefabricated bituminous geomembranes intended to provide a continuous, exposed lining for canals and ditches.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    3 pages
    English language
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  • Technical specification
    3 pages
    English language
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ASTM
ASTM D6638-18(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Connection Strength Between Geosynthetic Reinforcement and Segmental Concrete Units (Modular Concrete Blocks)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The connection strength between geosynthetic reinforcement and segmental concrete block units is used in design of reinforced soil retaining walls.  
5.2 This test is used to determine the connection strength for the design of the connection system formed by segmental concrete block units and geosynthetic reinforcement layers in reinforced soil retaining walls. Performing a series of these connection tests at varying normal loads permits development of a relationship between connection strength and normal load. This relationship may be linear, bilinear, or some other complex mathematical expression.  
5.3 This connection strength test is meant to be a performance test (laboratory or field); therefore, it should be conducted using full-scale system components. The conditions for the test are selected by the user and are not for routine testing.  
5.4 As a performance test on full-scale system components, it accounts for some of the variables in construction procedures and materials tolerance normally present for these types of retaining wall systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the connection properties between a layer of geosynthetic reinforcement and segmental concrete block units used in construction of reinforced soil retaining walls. The test is carried out under conditions determined by the user that reproduce the connection system at full scale. The results of a series of tests are used to define a relationship between connection strength for a segmental unit-geosynthetic connection system and normal load.  
1.2 This is a performance test used to determine properties for design of retaining wall systems utilizing segmental concrete units and soil reinforcing geosynthetics, either geotextiles or geogrids. The test is performed on a full-scale construction of the connection and may be run in a laboratory or the field.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
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  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off