iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM D4144-94(2005)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Estimating Package Stability of Coatings for Ultraviolet Curing

Standard Test Method for Estimating Package Stability of Coatings for Ultraviolet Curing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Coatings intended to be cured by ultraviolet radiation, especially those involving free radical chemistry, tend to polymerize during storage. It is of interest to determine how well a formulation resists this effect. Many factors influence the storage stability of a composition. The procedures described here are intended to improve the precision of determining this property. Because the effects of resins, monomers, photoinitiators, synergists, stabilizers, or pigments can alter the relation between elevated and room temperature stabilities, any correlation of performance at two different temperatures is possible only with a given formulation and, therefore, is useful only for quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This method covers procedures for testing the package stability of coatings intended to be cured by ultraviolet radiation. One procedure is given for clear coatings and another for opaque fillers.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-May-2005
ICS
87.040 - Paints and varnishes
Technical Committee
D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
Drafting Committee
D01.24 - Physical Properties of Liquid Paints & Paint Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4144-94(1999) - Standard Test Method for Estimating Package Stability of Coatings for Ultraviolet Curing
Effective Date
15-May-2005
Replaced By
ASTM D4144-94(2010) - Standard Test Method for Estimating Package Stability of Coatings for Ultraviolet Curing
Effective Date
01-Feb-2010

Buy Standard

ASTM D4144-94(2005) - Standard Test Method for Estimating Package Stability of Coatings for Ultraviolet CuringASTM D4144-94(2005) - Standard Test Method for Estimating Package Stability of Coatings for Ultraviolet Curing
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM D4144-94(2005) - Standard Test Method for Estimating Package Stability of Coatings for Ultraviolet Curing
English language
2 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:D4144–94(Reapproved2005)
Standard Test Method for
Estimating Package Stability of Coatings for Ultraviolet
Curing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4144; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope relation between elevated and room temperature stabilities, any
correlation of performance at two different temperatures is
1.1 This method covers procedures for testing the package
possible only with a given formulation and, therefore, is useful
stability of coatings intended to be cured by ultraviolet
only for quality control.
radiation. One procedure is given for clear coatings and
another for opaque fillers.
4. Apparatus
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
4.1 Oven, maintained at 50 6 2°C.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
4.2 Glass Jars, wide-mouth, 115-mL (4-oz), with 38-mm
only.
closures.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.3 Cans, lined, 115-mL (4-oz), friction top, with lids.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.4 Spheres, glass or porcelain, 7 to 10-mm diameter.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5. Procedure
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 Clear Coatings:
2. Summary of Method 5.1.1 Fill three 115-mL (4-oz) wide-mouth jars to 6 mm ( ⁄4
in.) from the top.Add a small glass or porcelain sphere to each
2.1 Specimens are placed in several containers, some of
container and put the lids on tightly.
which are subjected to an elevated temperature while others are
5.1.1.1 The amount of head space in a jar or can is critical
stored at room temperature.At specified intervals a specimen is
because the volume of air in contact with the sample has an
checked for evidence of gelling. Clear materials are held in
effect on the rate of polymerization.The stability is also related
glass containers so they can be examined visually without
to the ratio of the area of liquid-air interface to the volume of
opening to prevent contact with air which might inhibit
liquid.
polymerization. Opaque materials are checked by opening one
5.1.2 Put two jars in an oven at 50 6 2°C. Retain the third
can, probing the contents with a spatula to determine the extent
at a temperature, 25 6 2°C, and in the dark.
of any polymerization, and then discarding that specimen.
5.1.3 Check an oven jar daily but do not open or invert.
3. Significance and Use Rather, tip slightly, no more than 30°, to determine the extent
of polymerization by noting the mobility of the sphere. When
3.1 Coatings intended to be cured by ultraviolet radiation,
gelling is noticed, check the second jar to confirm.
especially those involving free radical chemistry, tend to
5.1.4 Record the duration of the test in days. Indicate the
polymerize during storage. It is of interest to determine how
last day the sphere is mobile followed by the first day it is
well a formulation resists this effect. Many factors influence
immobile, and if the days are not consecutive, why the interval
the storage stability of a composition. The procedures de-
occurred.
scribed here are intended to improve the precision of deter-
5.1.5 Check the jar stored at room temperature every week
mining this property. Because the effects of resins, monomers,
but do not open or invert. Tip slightly, no more than 30°, to
photoinitiators, synergists, stabilizers, or pigments can alter the
determine if the sphere is immobile.
5.1.6 Record the number of weeks not gelled followed by
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
the first week the sphere is immobile.
and Related Coatings,
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM D7488-11(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Open Time of Latex Paints

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Latex paints dry very quickly which often causes difficulty in final appearance of painted areas, especially paints formulated below 100g/L VOC where lower amounts of solvents are in the formulated latex paint. This method is a means of determining the time available before a test paint cannot be worked into a previously painted area.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine the length of time a latex paint remains “wet” or “open” enough to allow for brush-in and repair.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D2091-96(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Print Resistance of Lacquers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 An unsatisfactory appearance can result from pressure deformation of a film inherently too soft or containing residual solvent. This test method is primarily used to evaluate the resistance of a lacquer finish to printing under the conditions of packaging, shipping, and warehousing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the resistance of dried lacquer films to imprinting.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D8090-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Paints and Pigments Using Dynamic Imaging Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 By following this test method, the particle size, particle size distribution and particle shape of particulates in liquid paint and pigment dispersions can be measured.  
5.2 Particle size, particle size distribution and particle shape have a great effect on the color, opacity and gloss of paints. Reproducing these characteristics is critical to the quality and performance of the paint produced.  
5.3 The dynamic imaging instrument is useful during manufacturing to detect oversize particles as well as the required size distribution of particles in order to provide quality and consistency from batch to batch.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle size distribution of liquid paints and pigmented liquid coatings by Dynamic Image Analysis. This method includes the reporting of particles ≥1 µm in size and up to 300 µm in size.
Note 1: Shape is used to classify particles, droplets and bubbles and is not a reporting requirement.
Note 2: The term paint(s) as used in this document includes liquid paint and liquid pigmented coatings.  
1.1.1 Some paints may be too viscous to flow through the imaging instrument without dilution which may be used to help the paint flow as long as significant contamination is not introduced into the paint.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D2369-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is the procedure of choice for determining volatiles in coatings for the purpose of calculating the volatile organic content in coatings under specified test conditions. The weight percent solids content (nonvolatile matter) may be determined by difference. This information is useful to the paint producer and user and to environmental interests for determining the volatiles emitted by coatings.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for the determination of the weight percent volatile content of solventborne and waterborne coatings. Test specimens are heated at 110 °C ± 5 °C for 60 min.  
Note 1: The coatings used in these round-robin studies represented air-dried, air-dried oxidizing, heat-cured baking systems, and also included multicomponent paint systems.  
1.2 Sixty minutes at 110 °C ± 5 °C is a general purpose test method based on the precision obtained with both solventborne and waterborne coatings (see Section 9).  
1.3 This test method is viable for coatings wherein one or more parts may, at ambient conditions, contain liquid coreactants that are volatile until a chemical reaction has occurred with another component of the multi-package system.  
Note 2: Committee D01 has run round-robin studies on volatiles of multicomponent paint systems. The only change in procedure is to premix the weighed components in the correct proportions and allow the specimens to stand at room temperature for 1 h prior to placing them into the oven.  
1.4 Test Method D5095 for Determination of the Nonvolatile Content in Silanes, Siloxanes and Silane-Siloxane Blends Used in Masonry Water Repellent Treatments is the standard method for nonvolatile content of these types of materials.  
1.5 Test Methods D5403 for Volatile Content of Radiation Curable Materials is the standard method for determining nonvolatile content of radiation curable coatings, inks and adhesives.  
1.6 Test Method D6419 for Volatile Content of Sheet-Fed and Coldset Web Offset Printing Inks is the method of choice for these types of printing inks.  
1.7 This test method may not be applicable to all types of coatings. Other procedures may be substituted with mutual agreement between the producer and the user.  
Note 3: If unusual decomposition or degradation of the specimen occurs during heating, the actual time and temperature used to cure the coating in practice may be substituted for the time and temperature specified in this test method, subject to mutual agreement between the producer and the user. The U.S. EPA Reference Method 24 specifies 110 °C ± 5 °C for 1 h for coatings.
Note 4: Practice D3960 for Determining Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Content of Paints and Related Coatings describes procedures and calculations and provides guidance on selecting test methods to determine VOC content of solventborne and waterborne coatings.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D2064-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Print Resistance of Architectural Paints

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The ability of a coating to resist printing is important because its appearance is adversely affected if the smoothness of the coating film is altered by contact with another surface, particularly one with a texture. Interior paint systems, particularly gloss and semigloss on window sills and other horizontal surfaces, often have objects such as flower pots placed on them that may tend to leave a permanent impression. This tendency for a paint film to “print” is a function of the hardness of the coating, the pressure, temperature, humidity, and the duration of time that the object is in contact with the painted surface.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an accelerated procedure for evaluating the print resistance of architectural paints. It differs from print resistance Test Method D2091 in that the latter is concerned with lacquer finishes under packaging, shipping, and warehousing conditions, whereas this test method is concerned with decorative coatings undergoing random on-site pressure contact.  
Note 1: Printing should not be confused with blocking, which is measured in Test Method D4946. The former relates to the indentation of a surface, and the latter, the sticking together of two surfaces.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D4213-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Scrub Resistance of Paints by Abrasion Weight Loss

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Interior paint films often become soiled, especially near doorways, windows, and play areas, and frequently need to be cleaned by scrubbing. This test method covers the determination of the relative resistance of paints to erosion when scrubbed.  
4.2 The precision of scrub resistance measurements in absolute physical values, such as Test Methods D2486 (cycles-to-failure or this test method, microlitres per 100 cycles), is poor due to the relatively large effect of subtle and difficult-to-control variables in test conditions. The test method described herein minimizes this problem by using a standard calibration panel as an integral part of each scrubbing operation and relating its weight loss to that of the paint film under test to establish the latter's scrub resistance.
Note 1: The numerical scrub resistance values obtained by this test method are of significance only in relation to the specific calibration panel types with which the value is obtained. Thus, for example, a scrub resistance value of 83 with a Type X calibration panel would be reported as 83X.  
4.3 Results obtained by this test method do not necessarily represent the scrub resistance that might be determined if the test film is allowed to dry before testing appreciably longer than the seven-day period specified herein.  
4.4 Results obtained by this test method do not necessarily relate to ease of soil or stain removal (also referred to as “cleanability” or “cleansability”). To test for those characteristics use Test Methods D3450 and D4828.
FIG. 1 Alignment of Panels for Scrubbing
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an accelerated procedure for determining the resistance of paints to erosion caused by scrubbing. (Note: The term wet abrasion is sometimes used for scrubbing, and wet abrasion resistance or scrubbability for scrub resistance.) Although scrub resistance tests are intended primarily for interior coatings, they are sometimes used with exterior coatings as an additional measure of film performance.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D3023-98(2024)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determination of Resistance of Factory-Applied Coatings on Wood Products to Stains and Reagents

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 When used in conjunction with Guide D333, this practice will provide a comprehensive evaluation of resistance to stains caused by chemical reagents and household chemicals.  
3.2 This practice applies only to coatings applied in sufficient quantity to form a continuous film. It is recommended that the dry film thickness of the coating under test be reported.  
3.3 Results from stain tests conducted in accordance with this practice distinguish differences between coatings.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers evaluation of clear factory-applied coating systems on wood substrates.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6441-05(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Measuring the Hiding Power of Powder Coatings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Contrast ratio at a specified film thickness is a useful hiding power parameter for production control and purchasing specifications.  
5.2 The greater the hiding power, the less coating is required per unit area to obtain adequate hiding. Knowledge of hiding power is therefore important in regard to coating costs and for comparing coating value.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods determine and report the hiding power of a powder coating with respect to two parameters:  
1.1.1 Test Method A—Contrast Ratio at a given film thickness  
1.1.2 Test Method B—Film thickness at 0.98 (98 %) contrast ratio.
Note 1: The measured parameters follow powder coating industry practice by measuring hiding power in relation to film thickness, rather than the “Spreading Rate” function employed in Test Methods D344 and D2805 and other hiding power test methods.
Note 2: Hiding power is photometrically defined as the spreading rate at 0.98 contrast ratio. See definitions of spreading rate and hiding power in Terminology D16, D2805, and the Paint and Coatings Testing Manual.
Note 3: The contrast ratio 0.98 is conventionally accepted in the coatings industry as representing “complete” hiding for reflectometric hiding power measurements. But visually, as well as photometrically, it is slightly less than complete.  
1.2 These test methods cover the determination of the hiding power of powder coatings applied by electrostatic spraying.  
1.3 These test methods determine hiding power by means of reflectometric and thickness gauge measurements. They are limited to coatings having a minimum CIE-Y reflectance of 15 %.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D4958-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Comparison of the Brush Drag of Latex Paints

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 As the brush drag of a paint increases, any natural tendency on the part of the painter to overspread the paint is reduced. When all other factors are held constant, increased brush drag will result in greater film thickness with consequent improvement in durability and hiding. Conversely, sometimes it might be preferred to have a lesser degree of brush drag for easier application (that is, the amount of time and effort in applying a paint to a specific area is reduced with a lesser degree of brush drag).  
5.2 This test method provides a standardized brushout procedure for the evaluation of brush drag as an alternative to customary informal ad hoc procedures. Its objective is to maximize the reliability and precision with which this characteristic may be determined.
Note 1: The brush drag of paints is directly related to their high-shear viscosity. There is generally good rank order agreement between results obtained by this method and Test Method D4287. The sensitivity of this brushout method has been found sufficient to distinguish between brushability corresponding to high-shear viscosity differences not lower than 0.3 poise (0.03 Pa.s). Round robin data show that rank order agreement between the brushout and viscometric methods is poor when both latex and solvent-borne paints are part of the same comparison group. This is the result of these two paint types having markedly different rheological properties that affect the relative perception of brush drag.3
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a standardized brushout procedure for comparing the brush drag of architectural type solvent-borne paints.  
1.2 With slight modifications this test method is also applicable to solvent-borne paints.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D2794-93(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings to the Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Coatings attached to substrates are subjected to damaging impacts during the manufacture of articles and their use in service. In its use over many years, this test method for impact resistance has been found to be useful in predicting the performance of organic coatings for their ability to resist cracking caused by impacts.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for rapidly deforming by impact a coating film and its substrate and for evaluating the effect of such deformation.  
1.2 This test method should be restricted to testing in only one laboratory when numerical values are used because of the poor reproducibility of the method. Interlaboratory agreement is improved when ranking is used in place of numerical values.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off