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ASTM F1337-91(2006)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Human Engineering Program Requirements for Ships and Marine Systems, Equipment, and Facilities

Standard Practice for Human Engineering Program Requirements for Ships and Marine Systems, Equipment, and Facilities

SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes and defines the requirements for applying human engineering to the development and acquisition of ships and marine systems, equipment, and facilities. These requirements are applicable to all phases of development, acquisition, and testing and shall be integrated with the total system engineering and development, and test effort. It is not expected nor intended that all of the human engineering activities should be applied to every marine program or program phase. Therefore, these activities shall be tailored to meet the specific needs of each program and the milestone phase of the program within the overall life cycle. This tailoring shall be performed by the procuring activity or by the contractor or subcontractor with the assistance and approval of the procuring activity in order to impose only the essential human engineering requirements on each program. Guidance for selection of only the essential requirements is contained in Appendix X1.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2006
ICS
13.180 - Ergonomics
47.020.01 - General standards related to shipbuilding and marine structures
Technical Committee
F25 - Ships and Marine Technology
Drafting Committee
F25.07 - General Requirements
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM F1337-91(2001) - Standard Practice for Human Engineering Program Requirements for Ships and Marine Systems, Equipment, and Facilities
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Replaced By
ASTM F1337-10 - Standard Practice for Human Engineering Program Requirements for Ships and Marine Systems, Equipment, and Facilities
Effective Date
01-Mar-2010
Referred By
ASTM F3257-17(2022) - Standard Guide for Design, Construction, and Operation of Vessels Providing Accommodation Service to Offshore Installations
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM F2283-12(2018) - Standard Specification for Shipboard Oil Pollution Abatement System
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006

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ASTM F1337-91(2006) - Standard Practice for Human Engineering Program Requirements for Ships and Marine Systems, Equipment, and FacilitiesASTM F1337-91(2006) - Standard Practice for Human Engineering Program Requirements for Ships and Marine Systems, Equipment, and Facilities
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ASTM F1337-91(2006) - Standard Practice for Human Engineering Program Requirements for Ships and Marine Systems, Equipment, and Facilities
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
An American National Standard
Designation:F1337–91 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Practice for
Human Engineering Program Requirements for Ships and
Marine Systems, Equipment, and Facilities
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1337; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 arrangement drawings—engineering design drawings
that provide plan, sectional, and elevation views of: (1) the
1.1 This practice establishes and defines the requirements
configurationandarrangementofmajoritemsofequipmentfor
for applying human engineering to the development and
mannedcompartments,spaces,orindividualworkstations,and
acquisition of ships and marine systems, equipment, and
(2) within the work station, such as in a modular rack or on a
facilities. These requirements are applicable to all phases of
fiddleboard.
development, acquisition, and testing and shall be integrated
3.1.2 critical activity—any human activity that if not ac-
with the total system engineering and development, and test
complished in accordance with system requirements (that is,
effort. It is not expected nor intended that all of the human
time limits, specific sequence, necessary accuracy) will have
engineering activities should be applied to every marine
adverse effects on system or equipment cost, reliability, effi-
program or program phase. Therefore, these activities shall be
ciency, effectiveness, or safety.
tailored to meet the specific needs of each program and the
3.1.3 cultural expectation—the cause and effect relation-
milestone phase of the program within the overall life cycle.
ships (for example, red means stop or danger) that humans
This tailoring shall be performed by the procuring activity or
learn from their culture.
by the contractor or subcontractor with the assistance and
3.1.4 duty—a set of operationally related tasks within a
approval of the procuring activity in order to impose only the
given job (for example, communicating, operator mainte-
essential human engineering requirements on each program.
nance).
Guidance for selection of only the essential requirements is
3.1.5 function—an activity performed by a system (for
contained in Appendix X1.
example, provide electric power) to meet mission objectives.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.6 human engineering—a specialized engineering disci-
pline within the area of human factors that applies scientific
2.1 ASTM Standards:
knowledgeofhumanphysiologicalandpsychologicalcapabili-
F1166 Practice for Human Engineering Design for Marine
ties and limitations to the design of hardware to achieve
Systems, Equipment, and Facilities
effective man-machine integration.
2.2 Other Standard:
3.1.7 human factors—the application of scientific knowl-
SNAME Sample Model Specification for Human Engineer-
edge about human characteristics, covering both biomedical
ing Purposes—Technical and Research Bulletin 4–22
and psychosocial considerations, to complete systems, indi-
3. Terminology
vidual equipments, software, and facilities. This application is
through such specialized fields as human engineering, man-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
ning, personnel selection, training, training devices and simu-
lation, life support, safety, job performance aids, and human
performance testing and evaluation.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships and
3.1.8 human interface—any direct contact (that is, physical,
Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.07 on
General Requirements.
visual, or auditory) with a piece of hardware or software by a
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. Originally
human operator or maintainer.
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F1337 – 91 (2001).
3.1.9 job—the combination of all human performance re-
DOI: 10.1520/F1337-91R06.
quiredforoperationandmaintenanceofonepersonnelposition
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in a system.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
3.1.10 life support—that area of human factors that applies
the ASTM website.
3 scientific knowledge regarding the effects of environmental
AvailablefromSocietyofNavalArchitectsandMarineEngineers,601Pavonia
Ave., Jersey City, NJ 07306, Attn: Technical Coordinator. factors on human behavior and performance to items that
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F1337–91 (2006)
require special attention or provisions for health promotion, 3.1.21 task element—the smallest logically and reasonably
biomedical aspects of safety, protection, sustenance, escape, definable unit of behavior required in completing a task or
survival, and recovery of personnel. subtask (for example, apply counterclockwise torque to the
nuts, on the water pump, with a wrench).
3.1.11 mission—a specific performance requirement im-
3.1.22 vendor drawings—design drawings prepared by the
posed on one or more systems (for example, unload cargo)
manufacturer of an individual piece of equipment which is
within the operational requirements.
purchased for installation aboard a ship or other marine
3.1.12 operational requirements—requirements under
platform.
which the platform, system, equipment, or software will be
expected to operate and be maintained (for example, day/night,
4. Summary of Practice
all weather operation, sea state, speed, endurance) while
4.1 Human Engineering Program Plan—The human engi-
completing a specific mission or missions.
neering program plan, in accordance with the requirements of
3.1.13 panel layout drawings—detailed drawings that in-
this practice and the equipment or ship specification, shall
clude such features as: a scale layout of the controls and
include the tasks to be performed, human engineering mile-
displays on each panel or an item of equipment such as a
stones, level of effort, methods to be used, design concepts to
shipboardcommandconsole;adescriptionofallsymbolsused;
be used, and the test and evaluation program, in terms of an
identification of the color coding used for displays and con-
integrated effort within the total project.
trols; the labeling used on each control or display; and the
4.2 Quality Assurance—Verification of compliance with the
identification of control type (for example, alternate action or
requirements of this practice and other human engineering
momentary), also screen layouts for software generated dis-
requirementsspecifiedbythecontractwillbetheresponsibility
plays.
oftheprocuringactivity.Humanengineeringperformedduring
3.1.14 platform—the major hardware (for example, ship,
thedevelopmentprogrambyacontractororsubcontractorshall
off-shore rig, barge, submarine) on, or in which, the individual
be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the procuring activity at
equipment, system, or software will be installed or added.
the scheduled design and configuration reviews and inspec-
3.1.15 spatial relationships—placement of multiple but tions, as well as during development test and evaluation
inspections, demonstrations, and tests.
separate components of a system together, so it is visually
obvious that the components are related and used together, or 4.3 Nonduplication—The efforts performed to fulfill the
human engineering requirements specified herein shall be
placementofidenticalcomponentsusedonmultiplesystemsto
provide the user with a spatial clue as to where the components coordinated with, but not duplicate, efforts performed in
accordance with other requirements. Necessary extensions or
are located.
transformations of the results of other efforts for use in the
3.1.16 subtask—activities (perceptions, decisions, and re-
human engineering program will not be considered duplica-
sponses) that fulfill a portion of the immediate purpose within
tion. Instances of duplication or conflict shall be brought to the
a task (for example, remove washers and nuts on the water
attention of the procuring activity.
pump).
4.4 Cognizance and Coordination—Thehumanengineering
3.1.17 system—a composite of subsystems, including
program shall be coordinated with maintainability, system
equipment, communications, software, and personnel that ei-
safety, reliability, survivability/vulnerability, and integrated
ther independently, or in conjunction with other systems,
logistic support, as well as other human factors functions, such
performs functions.
as life support and safety, personnel selection, preparation of
3.1.18 system analysis—a basic tool for systematically de-
jobaids,andtraining.Resultsofhumanengineeringanalysisor
fining the roles of and interactions between the equipment,
lessons learned information shall be incorporated into the
personnel, communications, and software of one or more
logistic support analysis as applicable. The human engineering
systems. It is an iterative process, requiring updating. Used in
portion of any analysis, design and development, or test and
the early phases of design, it can be useful in allocating
evaluation program shall be conducted by, or under the direct
assignmentoftaskstopersonnel,equipment,software,orsome
cognizance of, personnel properly trained and experienced in
combinationthereof.Doneinlaterdesignstages,itcanserveas
human engineering and assigned the human engineering re-
the basis for the arrangement of equipment and work stations.
sponsibility by the contractor or subcontractor.
3.1.19 task—a composite of related activities (perceptions,
5. Significance and Use
decisions,andresponses)performedforanimmediatepurpose,
written in operator/maintainer language (for example, change a
5.1 Intended Use—Compliance with this practice will pro-
water pump).
vide the procuring activity with assurance that the operator/
3.1.20 task analysis—a method used to develop a time- maintainer will be efficient and effective in the operation and
oriented description of the interactions between the human maintenance of systems, equipment and facilities. Specifically,
operator/maintainer and the equipment or software in accom- it is intended to ensure that:
plishing a unit of work with a system or individual piece of 5.1.1 System performance requirements are achieved by
equipment. It shows the sequential and simultaneous manual appropriate use of the human component,
and intellectual activities of personnel operating, maintaining, 5.1.2 Proper design of equipment, software and environ-
or controlling equipment, in addition to sequential operation of ment permits the personnel-equipment/software combination
the equipment. to meet system performance goals,
F1337–91 (2006)
5.1.3 Design features will not constitute a hazard to person- 6. Human Engineering Activities
nel,
6.1 Scope—The human engineering program shall include
5.1.4 Trade-offs between automated versus manual opera-
the following activities:
tion have been chosen for peak system efficiency within
6.1.1 Operational Requirements (OR)—Operational re-
appropriate cost limits,
quirements (ORs) are established first to define the parameters
5.1.5 Application of selected human engineering design
within which the individual equipment, system, or total plat-
standards are technically adequate and appropriate,
form shall be expected to perform. ORs shall be expressed in
5.1.6 Systems and equipments are designed to facilitate
such terms as the weather conditions under which it must
required maintenance,
operate (for example, rain, snow, sea state limits); number of
days it must operate without being refueled or resupplied; and
5.1.7 Procedures for operating and maintaining equipment
maximumnumberofpersonnelthatwillbeavailabletooperate
are efficient, reliable and safe,
and maintain the hardware. Human engineering shall be
5.1.8 Potential error-inducing equipment design features are
considered in the development of ORs, especially when the
eliminated, or at least, minimized,
ORs include requirements on the number, type, or training of
5.1.9 Layouts and arrangements of equipment afford effi-
operators or maintainers, or both.
cient communication and use, and
6.1.2 Mission Requirements Analysis—Mission require-
5.1.10 Contractors provide the necessary, technically quali-
ments define the performance parameters of the equipment,
fied manpower to accomplish the objectives listed.
system, or total platform in greater detail than that provided by
5.2 Scope and Nature of Work—The human engineering
the ORs, and in terms of specific activities the hardware/
effort shall include, but not necessarily be limited to, active
software is supposed to accomplish. Human engineering shall
participation in three major interrelated areas of platform,
be involved in establishing the mission requirements since the
system, and equipment development.
human’s capabilities or limitations may well be a controlling
5.2.1 Analysis—Starting with a mission analysis developed
factor regarding whether or not the mission requirements can
within baseline operational requirements, the functions that
be met.
must be performed by the system in achieving its mission
6.1.3 System Requirements Analysis—System requirements
objectives shall be identified and described. These functions
analyses define the specific systems that will be needed to
shall be analyzed to determine the best allocation to personnel,
successfully complete each of the missions delineated above.
equipment, software, or combinations thereof. Allocated func-
Human engineering shall be involved in establishing system
tions shall be further dissected to define the specific tasks that
requirements, since some systems can require greater numbers
mustbeperformedtoaccomplishthefunctions.Eachtaskshall
ofpersonnelandhigherskilllevelsforoperatorsormaintainers
be analyzed to determine the human performance parameters,
than others. Human engineering data from existing systems
the system/equipment/software capabilities, and the
similartothosebeingproposedforthenewdesignmaybeused
operational/environmentalconditionsunderwhichthetasksare
as a baseline in defining the new system requirements.
conducted. Task performance parameters shall be quantified,
6.1.4 Function Definition—The functions that must be per-
where possible, and in a form permitting effectiveness studies
formed by each system to achieve the desired mission objec-
of the crew-equipment/software interfaces in rela
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1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4.1 Non-SI units are provided in Table 1 and Table 2 and in 7.1.2.1/7.1.2.2 because these are common units used in the industry.
Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8165-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricants Used in Hypoid Final-Drive Axles Operated under Low-Speed and High-Torque Conditions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method measures a lubricant's ability to protect hypoid final drive axles from abrasive wear, adhesive wear, plastic deformation, and surface fatigue when subjected to low-speed, high-torque conditions. Lack of protection can lead to premature gear or bearing failure, or both.  
5.2 This test method is used, or referred to, in specifications and classifications of rear-axle gear lubricants such as:  
5.2.1 Specification D7450.  
5.2.2 American Petroleum Institute (API) Publication 1560.  
5.2.3 SAE J308.  
5.2.4 SAE J2360.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the L-37-1 test, describes a test procedure for evaluating the load-carrying capacity, wear performance, and extreme pressure properties of a gear lubricant in a hypoid axle under conditions of low-speed, high-torque operation.3  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—Where there is no direct SI equivalent such as National Pipe threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source supply equipment specification.
1.2.1.1 The drawing in Annex A6 is in inch-pound units.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are provided in 7.2 and 10.1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6416/D6416M-16(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Two-Dimensional Flexural Properties of Simply Supported Sandwich Composite Plates Subjected to a Distributed Load

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method simulates the hydrostatic loading conditions which are often present in actual sandwich structures, such as marine hulls. This test method can be used to compare the two-dimensional flexural stiffness of a sandwich composite made with different combinations of materials or with different fabrication processes. Since it is based on distributed loading rather than concentrated loading, it may also provide more realistic information on the failure mechanisms of sandwich structures loaded in a similar manner. Test data should be useful for design and engineering, material specification, quality assurance, and process development. In addition, data from this test method would be useful in refining predictive mathematical models or computer code for use as structural design tools. Properties that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Panel surface deflection at load,  
5.1.2 Panel face-sheet strain at load,  
5.1.3 Panel bending stiffness,  
5.1.4 Panel shear stiffness,  
5.1.5 Panel strength, and  
5.1.6 Panel failure modes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the two-dimensional flexural properties of sandwich composite plates subjected to a distributed load. The test fixture uses a relatively large square panel sample which is simply supported all around and has the distributed load provided by a water-filled bladder. This type of loading differs from the procedure of Test Method C393, where concentrated loads induce one-dimensional, simple bending in beam specimens.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to composite structures of the sandwich type which involve a relatively thick layer of core material bonded on both faces with an adhesive to thin-face sheets composed of a denser, higher-modulus material, typically, a polymer matrix reinforced with high-modulus fibers.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3019/D3019M-17(2024)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Lap Cement Used with Asphalt Roll Roofing, Non-Fibered, and Fibered

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the physical requirements and testing of three types of lap cement for use with asphalt roll roofing. Type I is a brushing consistency lap cement intended for use in the exposed-nailing method of roll roofing application, and contains no mineral or other stabilizers. This type is further divided into two grades, as follows: Grade 1, which is made with an air-blown asphalt; and Grade 2, which is made with a vacuum-reduced or steam-refined asphalt. Both Types II and III, on the other hand, are heavy brushing or light troweling consistency lap cement intended for use in the concealed-nailing method of roll roofing application, only that Type II cement contains a quantity of short-fibered asbestos, while Type III cement contains a quantity of mineral or other stabilizers, or both, but contains no asbestos. The lap cements shall be sampled for testing, and shall adhere to specified values of the following properties: water content; distillation (total distillate at given temperatures); softening point of residue; solubility in trichloroethylene; and strength at indicated age.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers lap cement consisting of asphalt dissolved in a volatile petroleum solvent with or without mineral or other stabilizers, or both, for use with roll roofing. The fibered version of these cements excludes the use of asbestos fibers.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat applies only to the test method portion, Section 6, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4586/D4586M-07(2024)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Asphalt Roof Cement, Asbestos-Free

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the testing and requirements for two types and two classes of asbestos-free asphalt roof cement consisting of an asphalt base, volatile petroleum solvents, and mineral and/or other stabilizers, mixed to a smooth, uniform consistency suitable for trowel application to roofing and flashing. Type I is made from asphalts characterized as self-healing, adhesive, and ductile, while Type II is made from asphalt characterized by high softening point and relatively low ductility. Class I is used for application to essentially dry surfaces, while Class II is used for application to damp, wet, or underwater surfaces. The roof cements shall comply with composition limits for water, nonvolatile matter, mineral and/or other stabilizers, and bitumen (asphalt). They shall also meet physical requirements such as uniformity, workability, and pliability and behavior at given temperatures.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers asbestos-free asphalt roof cement suitable for trowel application to roofings and flashings.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 8 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1178/C1178M-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Coated Glass Mat Water-Resistant Gypsum Backing Panel

ABSTRACT
This specification covers coated glass mat water-resistant gypsum backing panel designed for use on ceilings and walls in bath and shower areas as a base for the application of ceramic or plastic tile. Coated glass mat water-resistant gypsum backing panel shall consist of a noncombustible water-resistant gypsum core, surfaced with glass mat, partially or completely embedded in the core, and with a water-resistant coating on one surface. The specimens shall be tested for flexural strength, humidified deflection, core hardness, end hardness, edge hardness, nail pull resistance, water resistance, and surface water absorption. Coated glass mat water-resistant gypsum backing panel shall have surfaces true and free of imperfections that render the panel unfit for its designed use.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers coated glass mat water-resistant gypsum backing panel designed for use on ceilings and walls in bath and shower areas as a base for the application of ceramic or plastic tile.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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