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ASTM C740/C740M-13(2019)

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Evacuated Reflective Insulation In Cryogenic Service

Standard Guide for Evacuated Reflective Insulation In Cryogenic Service

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the use of thermal insulations formed by a number of thermal radiation shields positioned perpendicular to the direction of heat flow. These radiation shields consist of alternate layers of a low-emittance metal and an insulating layer combined such that metal-to-metal contact in the heat flow direction is avoided and direct heat conduction is minimized. These are commonly referred to as multilayer insulations (MLI) or super insulations (SI) by the industry. The performance considerations, typical applications, manufacturing methods, material specification, and safety considerations in the use of these insulations in cryogenic service are also discussed. MLI can be manufactured by any of the following: spiral-wrap method, blanket method, single layer method, and filament-wound method.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the use of thermal insulations formed by a number of thermal radiation shields positioned perpendicular to the direction of heat flow. These radiation shields consist of alternate layers of a low-emittance metal and an insulating layer combined such that metal-to-metal contact in the heat flow direction is avoided and direct heat conduction is minimized. These are commonly referred to as multilayer insulations (MLI) or super insulations (SI) by the industry. The technology of evacuated reflective insulation in cryogenic service, or MLI, first came about in the 1950s and 1960s primarily driven by the need to liquefy, store, and transport large quantities of liquid hydrogen and liquid helium. (1-6)2  
1.2 The practice guide covers the use of these MLI systems where the warm boundary temperatures are below approximately 400 K. Cold boundary temperatures typically range from 4 K to 100 K, but any temperature below ambient is applicable.  
1.3 Insulation systems of this construction are used when heat flux values well below 10 W/m2 are needed for an evacuated design. Heat flux values approaching 0.1 W/m2 are also achievable. For comparison among different systems, as well as for space and weight considerations, the effective thermal conductivity of the system can be calculated for a specific total thickness. Effective thermal conductivities of less than 1 mW/m-K [0.007 Btu·in/h·ft2·°F or R-value 143] are typical and values on the order of 0.01 mW/m-K have been achieved [0.00007 Btu·in/h·ft2·°F or R-value 14 300]. (7) Thermal performance can also be described in terms of the effective emittance of the system, or Εe.  
1.4 These systems are typically used in a high vacuum environment (evacuated), but soft vacuum or no vacuum environments are also applicable.(8) A welded metal vacuum-jacketed (VJ) enclosure is often used to provide the vacuum environment.  
1.5 The range of residual gas pressures is from -6 torr to 10+3 torr (from -4 Pa to 133 kPa) with or without different purge gases as required. Corresponding to the applications in cryogenic systems, three sub-ranges of vacuum are also defined: from -6 torr to 10-3 torr (from -4 Pa to 0.133 Pa) [high vacuum/free molecular regime], from 10-2 torr to 10 torr (from 1.33 Pa to 1333 Pa) [soft vacuum, transition regime], from 100 torr to 1000 torr (from 13.3 kPato 133 kPa) [no vacuum, continuum regime].(9)  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety hazards, see Section 9.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with ...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Aug-2019
ICS
27.200 - Refrigerating technology
Technical Committee
C16 - Thermal Insulation
Drafting Committee
C16.40 - Insulation Systems
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM C168-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Jun-2015
Refers
ASTM C168-15a - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
15-Oct-2015
Refers
ASTM C168-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Jun-2017
Refers
ASTM B571-18 - Standard Practice for Qualitative Adhesion Testing of Metallic Coatings
Effective Date
01-Aug-2018
Refers
ASTM C168-18 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
15-Apr-2018
Refers
ASTM E408-13(2019) - Standard Test Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces Using Inspection-Meter Techniques
Effective Date
01-Oct-2019

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ASTM C740/C740M-13(2019) - Standard Guide for Evacuated Reflective Insulation In Cryogenic ServiceASTM C740/C740M-13(2019) - Standard Guide for Evacuated Reflective Insulation In Cryogenic Service
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ASTM C740/C740M-13(2019) - Standard Guide for Evacuated Reflective Insulation In Cryogenic Service
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:C740/C740M −13 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Guide for
1
Evacuated Reflective Insulation In Cryogenic Service
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C740/C740M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
-6
1. Scope 1.5 The range of residual gas pressures is from <10 torr to
+3 -4
10 torr(from<1.33 Pato133kPa)withorwithoutdifferent
1.1 This guide covers the use of thermal insulations formed
purge gases as required. Corresponding to the applications in
by a number of thermal radiation shields positioned perpen-
cryogenic systems, three sub-ranges of vacuum are also de-
dicular to the direction of heat flow. These radiation shields
-6 -3 -4
fined: from <10 torr to 10 torr (from <1.333 Pa to 0.133
consist of alternate layers of a low-emittance metal and an
-2
Pa) [high vacuum/free molecular regime], from 10 torr to 10
insulating layer combined such that metal-to-metal contact in
torr(from1.33Pato1333Pa)[softvacuum,transitionregime],
the heat flow direction is avoided and direct heat conduction is
from 100 torr to 1000 torr (from 13.3 kPato 133 kPa) [no
minimized. These are commonly referred to as multilayer
vacuum, continuum regime].(9)
insulations(MLI)orsuperinsulations(SI)bytheindustry.The
technology of evacuated reflective insulation in cryogenic 1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
service, or MLI, first came about in the 1950s and 1960s are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
primarily driven by the need to liquefy, store, and transport each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
2
large quantities of liquid hydrogen and liquid helium. (1-6) system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
1.2 The practice guide covers the use of these MLI systems
with the standard.
where the warm boundary temperatures are below approxi-
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
mately 400 K. Cold boundary temperatures typically range
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
from 4 K to 100 K, but any temperature below ambient is
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
applicable.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.3 Insulation systems of this construction are used when
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2
heat flux values well below 10 W/m are needed for an
2 For specific safety hazards, see Section 9.
evacuated design. Heat flux values approaching 0.1 W/m are
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
also achievable. For comparison among different systems, as
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
well as for space and weight considerations, the effective
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
thermal conductivity of the system can be calculated for a
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
specifictotalthickness.Effectivethermalconductivitiesofless
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
2
than 1 mW/m-K [0.007 Btu·in/h·ft ·°F or R-value 143] are
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
typical and values on the order of 0.01 mW/m-K have been
2
achieved [0.00007 Btu·in/h·ft ·°F or R-value 14 300]. (7)
2. Referenced Documents
Thermal performance can also be described in terms of the
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
effective emittance of the system, or Ε .
e
B571Practice for Qualitative Adhesion Testing of Metallic
1.4 These systems are typically used in a high vacuum
Coatings
environment (evacuated), but soft vacuum or no vacuum
C168Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
environments are also applicable.(8)Awelded metal vacuum-
E408Test Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces
jacketed (VJ) enclosure is often used to provide the vacuum
Using Inspection-Meter Techniques
environment.
3. Terminology
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.40 on Insulation
Systems.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2019. Published October 2019. Originally
3
approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C740/C740M–13. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DOI: 10.1520/C0740_C0740M-13R19. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual
...

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Sections  
Tension  
7 to 14  
Bend  
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Hardness  
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Brinell  
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Rockwell  
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Portable  
19  
Impact  
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Keywords  
32  
1.3 Annexes covering details peculiar to certain products are appended to these test methods as follows:    
Annex  
Bar Products  
Annex A1  
Tubular Products  
Annex A2  
Fasteners  
Annex A3  
Round Wire Products  
Annex A4  
Significance of Notched-Bar Impact Testing  
Annex A5  
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Annex A6    
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Annex A7  
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Annex A8  
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Annex A9  
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Annex A10  
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4.1 This practice is a guideline for short-term and long-term assessment of skeletal muscle and bone tissue responses to long-term implant materials. For testing of final finished medical devices, the test article for implantation shall be as for intended use, including packaging and sterilization. The tissue responses to the test article are compared to the skeletal muscle and/or bone tissue response(s) elicited by control materials. The controls consistently demonstrate known cellular reaction and wound healing.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for biological assessment of tissue responses to nonabsorbable for medical device implants. It assesses the effects of the material that is implanted intramuscularly or intraosseously. The experimental protocol is not designed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the systemic toxicity, immune response, carcinogenicity, or mutagenicity of the material since other standards address these issues. It applies only to materials with projected applications in humans where the materials will reside in bone or skeletal muscle tissue in excess of 30 days. Applications in other organ systems or tissues may be inappropriate and are therefore excluded. Control materials are well recognized with a well-characterized long-term response and can include metals and any one of the metal alloys in Specification F67, F75, F90, F136, F138, or F562, high purity dense aluminum oxide as described in Specification F603, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene as stated in Specification F648, or USP polyethylene negative control.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units, including units officially accepted for use with SI, are to be regarded as standard. No other systems of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
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