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ASTM E996-94(1999)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Reporting Data in Auger Electron Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Standard Practice for Reporting Data in Auger Electron Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

SCOPE
1.1 Auger and x-ray photoelectron spectra are obtained using a variety of excitation methods, analyzers, signal processing, and digitizing techniques.  
1.2 This practice lists the desirable information that shall be reported to fully describe the experimental conditions, specimen conditions, data recording procedures, and data transformation processes.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Sep-1999
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
Technical Committee
E42 - Surface Analysis
Drafting Committee
E42.03 - Auger Electron Spectroscopy and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E996-04 - Standard Practice for Reporting Data in Auger Electron Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Referred By
ASTM E983-19 - Standard Guide for Minimizing Unwanted Electron Beam Effects in Auger Electron Spectroscopy
Effective Date
10-Sep-1999
Referred By
ASTM E2735-14(2020) - Standard Guide for Selection of Calibrations Needed for X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Experiments
Effective Date
10-Sep-1999
Referred By
ASTM E984-12(2020) - Standard Guide for Identifying Chemical Effects and Matrix Effects in Auger Electron Spectroscopy
Effective Date
10-Sep-1999
Referred By
ASTM E1127-08(2015) - Standard Guide for Depth Profiling in Auger Electron Spectroscopy
Effective Date
10-Sep-1999
Referred By
ASTM F2847-17 - Standard Practice for Reporting and Assessment of Residues on Single-Use Implants and Single-Use Sterile Instruments
Effective Date
10-Sep-1999
Referred By
ASTM F2150-19 - Standard Guide for Characterization and Testing of Biomaterial Scaffolds Used in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue-Engineered Medical Products
Effective Date
10-Sep-1999

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ASTM E996-94(1999) - Standard Practice for Reporting Data in Auger Electron Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron SpectroscopyASTM E996-94(1999) - Standard Practice for Reporting Data in Auger Electron Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
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ASTM E996-94(1999) - Standard Practice for Reporting Data in Auger Electron Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E996–94 (Reapproved 1999)
Standard Practice for
Reporting Data in Auger Electron Spectroscopy and X-ray
Photoelectron Spectroscopy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 996; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Summary of Practice
1.1 Auger and x-ray photoelectron spectra are obtained 4.1 Report all experimental conditions that affectAuger and
using a variety of excitation methods, analyzers, signal pro- x-ray photoelectron spectra so spectra can be reproduced in
cessing, and digitizing techniques. other laboratories or be compared with other spectra.
1.2 This practice lists the desirable information that shall be
5. Significance and Use
reported to fully describe the experimental conditions, speci-
5.1 Includetheexperimentalconditionsunderwhichspectra
men conditions, data recording procedures, and data transfor-
mation processes. are taken in the “Experiment” section of all reports and
publications.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 5.2 Identify any parameters that are changed between dif-
ferent spectra in the “Experiment” section of publications and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- reports, and include the specific parameters applicable to each
spectrum in the figure caption.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents 6. Information To Be Reported
6.1 Equipment Used:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 673 Terminology Relating to Surface Analysis 6.1.1 If a commercial electron spectroscopy system is used,
specify the manufacturer and model. Indicate the type of
E 902 Practice for Checking the Operating Characteristics
of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectrometers electron excitation source and electron analyzer as well as the
E 983 Guide for Minimizing Unwanted Electron Beam model designation of other equipment used for generating the
experimental data, such as a sputter ion source.
Effects in Auger Electron Spectroscopy
E 995 Guide for Background Subtraction Techniques in 6.1.2 If a spectrometer system has been assembled from
several components specify the manufacturers and model
Auger Electron Spectroscopy and X-Ray Photoelectron
Spectroscopy numbers of excitation source, analyzer, and auxiliary equip-
ment.
E 1078 Guide for Specimen Handling in Auger Electron
Spectroscopy, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Sec- 6.1.3 Identify the model name, version number, and manu-
facturer of software packages used to acquire or process the
ondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy
E 1127 Guide for Depth Profiling in Auger Electron Spec- data.
6.2 Specimen Analyzed:
troscopy
6.2.1 Describe the specimen as completely as possible, for
3. Terminology
example, its bulk composition, history, any methods of clean-
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide, ing or sectioning pre-analysis treatments, and dimensions.
refer to Terminology E 673. 6.2.2 Describe the method of mounting and positioning the
specimen for analysis, for example, mounted on a carousel, or
mounted between strips of a particular metal. If the specimen
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-42 on Surface
is heated, cooled or treated in the spectrometer system,
Analysis and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E42.03 onAuger Electron
Spectroscopy and XPS. describe the method used (for example, heated by electron
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 1994. Published November 1994. Originally
bombardment on the back of the specimen, or resistively
e1
published as E 996 – 84. Last previous edition E 996 – 89 .
heated). See Guide E 1078 for more detail.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.06.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E996
6.2.3 State the operating pressure of the vacuum system sured directly, or by a voltage isolation method, by pulse
during data acquisition and the position of the vacuum gage counting, or by voltage-to-frequency conversion. For a multi-
relativetothespecimenbeinganalyzed.Stateifthesystemwas channel detector, give the number of channels in the spectrum
backfilled with a sputter gas. Indicate the presence of active covered by the width of the detector.
gases if they are appropriate to the measurement. If the system
6.3.9 Signal Averaging—If the spectrum is signal averaged,
(and specimen) was baked-out before analysis, the time,
state the number of scans.
temperature and final pressure should also be stated.
6.3.10 Sputtering—If ion sputtering was used for cleaning
6.3 Parameters Used for Analysis:
or sputter depth profiling, describe the ion species, ion energy,
6.3.1 ExcitationSource—Forelectronbeamexcitation,state
energy filtering, neutral rejection (if employed), the beam
thebeamenergy,beamsize,incidentcurrent,whetherthebeam
current, diameter, or maximum current density, and angle of
is stationary or scanning (if scanning, state the area), and angle
incidence. If ion beam scanning is used, state the area and rate.
of incidence. State the method used to determine the electron
State the total pressure in the vicinity of the specimen (if
beam diameter. (See Note 1.) For radiation-sensitive speci-
known) and if the sputtering source was differentially pumped.
mens, give the pre-analysis and analysis beam exposure times.
If a depth scale is given on a sputter depth profile, state the
See Guide E 983 to minimize unwanted electron beam effects.
method of depth calibration. If the sputter rate is not known, it
For x-ray excitation, specify the anode material, characteristic
is recommended that relative sputter rates be determined using
radiation energy, beam site at the specimen, source strength,
a known thickness of tantalum pentoxide or silicon dioxide.
electron emission current, acceleration voltage, and window
State the specimen rotation rate if rotational depth profiling
material.
was used.
6.4 Data Handling:
NOTE 1—The common method of measuring incident electron beam
6.4.1 Data Processing—Describe any smoothing, differen-
current by applying a low (approximately + 100 volt) specimen bias does
not account for emission of backscattered electrons.The preferred method
tiation, background subtraction (see Guide E 995), deconvolu-
is to use a Faraday cup bearing a small entrance aperture to limit the
tions, curve resolution, intensity scale correction, satellite
number of electrons escaping.
subtraction, or other processing of the data. Specify any
assumptions and approximations required for the processing,
6.3.2 Charge Correction—For insulating specimens, it is
together with the data reduction algorithm. In the case of
often necessary to correct for the charging of the specimen
multiple processing methods, the step-by-step effect of each
under irradiation. When energies of lines from such specimens
method should be explained.
are quoted, the method of charge corr
...

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Standard Practice for Reporting Data in Auger Electron Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

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5.1 Include the experimental conditions under which spectra are taken in the “Experiment” section of all reports and publications.  
5.2 Identify any parameters that are changed between different spectra in the “Experiment” section of publications and reports, and include the specific parameters applicable to each spectrum in the figure caption.
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1.1 Auger and X-ray photoelectron spectra are obtained using a variety of excitation methods, analyzers, signal processing, and digitizing techniques.  
1.2 This practice lists the desirable information that shall be reported to fully describe the experimental conditions, specimen conditions, data recording procedures, and data transformation processes.  
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1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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3.1 The terms found in this standard are intended to be used uniformly and consistently in all nondestructive testing standards. The purpose of this standard is to promote a clear understanding and interpretation of the NDT standards in which they are used.
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1.1 This standard covers the terminology used in the standards prepared by the E07 Committee on Nondestructive Testing. These nondestructive testing (NDT) methods include: acoustic emission, electromagnetic testing, gamma- and X-radiology, leak testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, neutron radiology and gauging, ultrasonic testing, and other technical methods.  
1.2 Committee E07 recognizes that the terms examination, testing, and inspection are commonly used as synonyms in nondestructive testing. For uniformity and consistency in E07 nondestructive testing standards, Committee E07 encourages the use of the terms examination or inspection and their derivatives when describing the application of nondestructive test methods. In a specific standard, either examination or inspection shall be used consistently throughout the document. Similarly, E07 encourages the use of the term test and its derivatives when referring to the body of knowledge of a nondestructive testing method. There are, however, appropriate exceptions when the term test and its derivatives may be used to describe the application of a nondestructive test, such as measurements which produce a numeric result (for example, when using the leak testing method to perform a leak test on a component, or an ultrasonic measurement of velocity). Additionally, the term test should be used when referring to the NDT method, that is, Radiologic Testing (RT), Ultrasonic Testing (UT), and so forth. (Example: Radiologic Testing (RT) is often used to examine material to detect internal discontinuities.)
Note 1: The following sentences clarify this policy and illustrate its use:
(a) Nondestructive testing methods are used extensively for the examination or inspection of materials and components.
(b) The E07 Committee on Nondestructive Testing has prepared many documents to promote uniform usage of the nondestructive testing methods that are applied to examine or inspect materials and components.  
(c) Radiologic Testing (RT) is often used to inspect material to detect internal discontinuities.
(d) Magnetic Particle Testing (MT), Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT), and Visual Testing (VT) are often used to examine the surface of a component.
(e) The Bubble Leak Testing (BLT) method is sometimes used to leak test a pressure containing component to detect leaks.
(f) A guide for Nondestructive Testing of additively manufactured materials will describe several methods but a practice will focus on a single inspection method.  
1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multiple NDT methods, whereas the subsequent sections define terms pertaining to specific NDT methods.  
1.4 As shown on the chart below, when a nondestructive examination or inspection produces an indication, the indication is subject to interpretation as false, nonrelevant, or relevant. If it has been interpreted as relevant, the necessary subsequent evaluation will result in the decision to accept or reject the material. With the exception of accept and reject, which retain the meaning found in most dictionaries, all the words used in the chart are defined in Section A.    
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for the application and control of the radiographic method. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the NDT facility and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed procedure (see 6.1). Practices E1030/E1030M, E1032, and E1416 contain information to help develop detailed technique/procedure requirements.
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1.3 Basis of Application—There are areas in this practice that may require agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.  
1.3.1 DoD contracts.  
1.3.2 Personnel qualification, 5.1.1.  
1.3.3 Agency qualification, 5.1.2.  
1.3.4 Digitizing techniques, 5.4.5.  
1.3.5 Alternate image quality indicator (IQI) types, 5.5.3.  
1.3.6 Examination sequence, 6.6.  
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1.3.13 Electron beam welds, A2.3.  
1.3.14 Geometric unsharpness, 6.23.  
1.3.15 Responsibility for examination, 6.27.1.  
1.3.16 Examination report, 6.27.2.  
1.3.17 Retention of radiographs, 6.27.8.  
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1.3.19 Reproduction of radiographs, 6.27.10 and 6.27.10.1.  
1.3.20 Acceptable parts, 6.28.1.  
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5.1 As with conventional radiography, radioscopic examination is broadly applicable to the many materials and object configurations which may be penetrated with X-rays or gamma rays. The high degree of variation in architecture and performance among radioscopic systems due to component selection, physical arrangement, and object variables makes it necessary to establish the performance that the selected radioscopic system is capable of achieving in specific applications. The manufacturer or integrator of the radioscopic system, as well as the user, require a common basis for determining the performance level of the radioscopic system.  
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5.1 Turbidity is undesirable in drinking water, plant effluent waters, water for food and beverage processing, and for a large number of other water-dependent manufacturing processes. Removal is often accomplished by coagulation, settling, and filtration. Measurement of turbidity provides a rapid means of process control for when, how, and to what extent the water must be treated to meet specifications.  
5.2 This test method is suitable to turbidity such as that found in drinking water, process water, and high purity industrial water.  
5.3 When reporting the measured result, appropriate units should also be reported. The units are reflective of the technology used to generate the result, and if necessary, provide more adequate comparison to historical data sets.  
5.3.1 Table 1 describes technologies and reporting results (see also Refs (1-3)).6 Those technologies listed are appropriate for the range of measurement prescribed in this test method. Others may come available in the future. Fig. X5.1 provides a flow chart to aid in selection of the appropriate technology for low-level static turbidity applications.  
5.3.2 If a design that falls outside of the criteria listed in Table 1 is used, the turbidity should be reported in turbidity units (TU) with a subscripted wavelength value to characterize the light source that was used.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the static determination of turbidity in water (see 4.1).  
1.2 This test method is applicable to the measurement of turbidities under 5.0 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU).  
1.3 This test method was tested on municipal drinking water, ultra-pure water, and low turbidity samples. It is the users responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices.  
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1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 IIT Instruments are used to quantitatively measure various mechanical properties of thin coatings and other volumes of material when other traditional methods of determining material properties cannot be used due to the size or condition of the sample. This practice will establish the basic requirements for those instruments. It is intended that IIT based test methods will be able to refer to this practice for the basic requirements for force and displacement accuracy, reproducibility, verification, reporting, etc., that are necessary for obtaining meaningful test results.  
5.2 IIT is not restricted to specific test forces, displacement ranges, or indenter types. This practice covers the requirements for a wide range of nano, micro, and macro (see ISO 14577-1) indentation testing applications. The various IIT instruments are required to adhere to the requirements of the practice within their specific design ranges.
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1.1 This practice defines the basic steps of Instrumented Indentation Testing (IIT) and establishes the requirements, accuracies, and capabilities needed by an instrument to successfully perform the test and produce the data that can be used for the determination of indentation hardness and other material characteristics. IIT is a mechanical test that measures the response of a material to the imposed stress and strain of a shaped indenter by forcing the indenter into a material and monitoring the force on, and displacement of, the indenter as a function of time during the full loading-unloading test cycle.  
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Standard Practice for Matrix Array Ultrasonic Testing of Composites, Sandwich Core Constructions, and Metals

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures described in this practice have proven utility in the inspecting (1) monolithic polymer matrix composites (laminates) for bulk defects, (2) metals for corrosion during the service life of the part of interest, (3) thickness checks, (4) adhesive bonding of metals, composites, and sandwich core constructions, (5) coatings, and (6) composite filament windings. Both unpressurized, and with suitable precautions, pressurized materials and components are inspected.  
5.2 This practice provides guidelines for the application of longitudinal wave examination to the detection and quantitative evaluation of damage, discontinuities, and thickness variations in materials.  
5.3 This practice is intended primarily for the testing of parts to acceptance criteria most typically specified in a purchase order or other contractual document, and for testing of parts in-service to detect and evaluate damage.  
5.4 MAUT search units provide near-surface resolution and detection of small discontinuities comparable to phased array transducers. They may or may not be capable of beam steering. The advantage of MAUT for straight-beam longitudinal wave inspections is the ability to provide real-time C-scan data, which facilitates data interpretation and shortens inspection time. Depending on inspection needs, data can be displayed as A-, B- or C-scans, or three-dimensional renderings. Toggling between pulse-echo and through transmission ultrasonic (TTU) modes without having to use another system or changing transducers is also possible.  
5.5 The MAUT technique has proven utility in the inspection of multi-ply carbon-fiber reinforced laminates used in primary aircraft structures.11  
5.6 For ultrasonic testing of laminate composites and sandwich core materials using conventional UT equipment consult Practice E2580. Consult Practice E114 for ultrasonic testing of materials by the pulse-echo method using straightbeam longitudinal waves introduced by a piezoelectric elemen...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for matrix array ultrasonic testing (MAUT) of monolithic composites, composite sandwich constructions, and metallic test articles. These procedures can be used throughout the life cycle of a part during product and process design optimization, on line process control, post-manufacturing inspection, and in-service inspection.  
1.2 In general, ultrasonic testing is a common volumetric method for detection of embedded or subsurface discontinuities. This practice includes general requirements and procedures which may be used for detecting flaws and for making a relative or approximate evaluation of the size of discontinuities and part anomalies. The types of flaws or discontinuities detected include interply delaminations, foreign object debris (FOD), inclusions, disbond/un-bond, fiber debonding, fiber fracture, porosity, voids, impact damage, thickness variation, and corrosion.  
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1.4 This practice provides two ultrasonic test procedures. Each has its own merits and requirements for inspection and shall be selected as agreed upon in a contractual document.  
1.4.1 Test Procedure A, Pulse Echo (non-contacting and contacting) is at a minimum a single matrix array transducer transmitting and receiving longitudinal waves in the range of 0.5 MHz to 20 MHz (see Fig. 1). Th...

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Standard Guide for Detection and Evaluation of Discontinuities by Contact Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This guide provides procedures for the application of contact straight-beam examination for the detection and quantitative evaluation of discontinuities in materials.  
6.2 Although not all requirements of this guide can be applied universally to all examinations, situations, and materials, it does provide basis for establishing contractual criteria between the users, and may be used as a general guide for preparing detailed specifications for a particular application.  
6.3 This guide is directed towards the evaluation of discontinuities detectable with the beam normal to the entry surface. If discontinuities or other orientations are of concern, alternate scanning techniques are required.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for the contact ultrasonic examination of bulk materials or parts by transmitting pulsed ultrasonic waves into the material and observing the indications of reflected waves. This guide covers only examinations in which one search unit is used as both transmitter and receiver (pulse-echo). This guide includes general requirements and procedures that may be used for detecting discontinuities, locating depth and distance from a point of reference and for making a relative or approximate evaluation of the size of discontinuities as compared to a reference standard.  
1.2 This guide complements Practice E114 by providing more detailed procedures for the selection and standardization of the examination system and for evaluation of the indications obtained.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish the appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E165/E165M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing for General Industry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Liquid penetrant testing methods indicate the presence, location, and to a limited extent, the nature and magnitude of the detected discontinuities. Each of the various penetrant methods has been designed for specific uses such as critical service items, volume of parts, portability, or localized areas of examination. The method selected will depend accordingly on the design and service requirements of the parts or materials being tested.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers procedures for penetrant examination of materials. Penetrant testing is a nondestructive testing method for detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, shrinkage, laminations, through leaks, or lack of fusion and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance examinations. It can be effectively used in the examination of nonporous, metallic materials, ferrous and nonferrous metals, and of nonmetallic materials such as nonporous glazed or fully densified ceramics, as well as certain nonporous plastics, and glass.  
1.2 This practice also provides a reference:  
1.2.1 By which a liquid penetrant examination process recommended or required by individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain its applicability and completeness.  
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications and procedures dealing with the liquid penetrant testing of parts and materials. Agreement by the customer requesting penetrant testing is strongly recommended. All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization.  
1.2.3 For use in the organization of facilities and personnel concerned with liquid penetrant testing.  
1.3 This practice does not indicate or suggest criteria for evaluation of the indications obtained by penetrant testing. It should be pointed out, however, that after indications have been found, they must be interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate code, standard, or a specific agreement to define the type, size, location, and direction of indications considered acceptable, and those considered unacceptable.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2862-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Probability of Detection Analysis for Hit/Miss Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The POD analysis method described herein is based on a well-known and well established statistical regression method. It shall be used to quantify the demonstrated POD for a specific set of examination parameters and known range of discontinuity sizes under the following conditions.  
5.1.1 The initial response from a nondestructive evaluation inspection system is ultimately binary in nature (that is, hit or miss).  
5.1.2 Discontinuity size is the predictor variable and can be accurately quantified.  
5.1.3 A relationship between discontinuity size and POD exists and is best described by a generalized linear model with the appropriate link function for binary outcomes.  
5.2 This practice does not limit the use of a generalized linear model with more than one predictor variable or other types of statistical models if justified as more appropriate for the hit/miss data.  
5.3 If the initial response from a nondestructive evaluation inspection system is measurable and can be classified as a continuous variable (for example, data collected from an Eddy Current inspection system), then Practice E3023 may be more appropriate.  
5.4 Prior to performing the analysis it is assumed that the discontinuity of interest is clearly defined; the number and distribution of induced discontinuity sizes in the POD specimen set is known and well-documented; discontinuities in the POD specimen set are unobstructed; and the POD examination administration procedure (including data collection method) is well-designed, well-defined, under control, and unbiased. The analysis results are only valid if convergence is achieved and the model adequately represents the data.  
5.5 The POD analysis method described herein is consistent with the analysis method for binary data described in MIL-HDBK-1823A, and is included in several widely utilized POD software packages to perform a POD analysis on hit/miss data. It is also found in statistical software packages that have generalized line...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for performing a statistical analysis on nondestructive testing hit/miss data to determine the demonstrated probability of detection (POD) for a specific set of examination parameters. Topics covered include the standard hit/miss POD curve formulation, validation techniques, and correct interpretation of results.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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