ASTM F1799-97
(Guide)Standard Guide for Shipboard Generated Waste Management Audits
Standard Guide for Shipboard Generated Waste Management Audits
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose- This guide is intended to provide information to assist shipowners in planning for costs or scheduling complications during maintenance, repair, modifications, purchase negotiations, or scrapping activities. Removal and disposal of certain materials disturbed during modification, maintenance, or disposal of systemsor components may be costly or interrupt the work schedule.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: F 1799 – 97
Standard Guide for
Shipboard Generated Waste Management Audits
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1799; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 Purpose—This guide is intended to provide information 2.1 ASTM Standards:
to assist shipowners in planning for costs or scheduling D 923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids
complications during maintenance, repair, modifications, pur- E 849 Practice for Safety and Health Requirements Relating
chase negotiations, or scrapping activities. Removal and dis- to Occupational Exposure to Asbestos
posal of certain materials disturbed during modification, main- 2.2 ASHRAE Standards:
tenance, or disposal of systems or components may be costly or ASHRAE Guideline 3, Reducing Emission of Fully Halo-
interrupt the work schedule. genated Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Refrigerants in Refrig-
1.2 Objectives: eration and Air-Conditioning Equipment and Applica-
1.2.1 This guide will describe materials that may be dis- tions
turbed on ships during maintenance or scrapping activities 2.3 EPA Methods:
which may result in costly or time-consuming removal or EPA 600/M4–82–020, Interim Method of the Determination
disposal actions. of Asbestos in Bulk Insulation Samples
1.2.2 This guide will provide a systematic method to iden- EPA SW-846, Method 8080, Organochlorine Pesticides and
tify and record the locations of materials of concern for PCBs
immediate planning and future reference. EPA SW-846, Method 1311, Toxicity Characteristic
1.2.3 This guide will include a brief discussion of issues Leachate Procedure
related to the handling and storage of materials described in EPA SW-846, Method 8270, Semi-Volatiles List
this guide. EPA SW-846, Method 8260, Volatiles List
1.3 Considerations Beyond Scope:
3. Terminology
1.3.1 This guide is not intended to address materials carried
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
as cargo or material stored onboard in prepackaged containers.
1.3.2 This guide is not intended to address waste products 3.1.1 audit, n—a process to identify waste materials asso-
ciated with maintenance, repair, modifications, purchase nego-
related to the ongoing, day-to-day operation of a ship, such as
sewage, solid waste, incinerator ash (or other residual products tiations, or scrapping activities, some of which may be hazard-
ous, with the goal of providing planning information about
resulting from solid waste treatment), and residual sludge left
in segregated ballast tanks. environmental, health, and safety risks and related costs.
3.1.2 friable, n—a physical state in which a dry material can
1.3.3 This guide does not provide a comprehensive index of
test methods available for characterizing the materials dis- be easily crumpled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand
pressure.
cussed. Test methods referenced or described should be con-
sidered as examples. 3.1.3 mobile, adj—capable of being transported from one
surface to another.
1.3.4 This guide is not intended to address directly regula-
tory issues for any of the materials described. 3.1.4 PCB, n—a class of chemicals comprised of polychlo-
rinated biphenyls.
1.3.5 This guide is not intended to address remediation
concerns.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.03.
Discontinued, see 1994 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03.
1 4
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F-25 on Ships and Available from the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-
Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.06 on Conditioning Engineers, 197 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329.
Marine Environmental Protection. Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Current edition approved April 10, 1997. Published December 1997. Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F1799–97
3.1.5 streaming agents, n—a type of chemical used to fight cigarette smoke may increase the long-term risk of developing
small, contained fires by directing the firefighting agent spe- asbestos-related lung cancer by as much as 90 %.
cifically at the fire.
6.1.2 Uses—Many common construction products contain
3.1.6 target materials, n—specific materials that the audit
asbestos, although use of the material in the United States was
process will identify for evaluation.
significantly reduced during the 1970s. Likely products include
3.1.7 waste oil, n—oil that cannot be reused or recycled.
pipe lagging and other types of insulation, vinyl tile and
linoleum, floor tile adhesives, cement sheet and fiberboard,
4. Significance and Use
brake pads and linings, and gasket materials, particularly for
4.1 Applicability—This guide is intended to describe a high-temperature applications.
planning audit that will improve the shipowner’s ability to
6.1.3 Test Methods (for Thermal Insulation) (2):
forecast costs and schedule impacts and aid the shipowner in
6.1.3.1 Sampling—The area to be sampled should be sub-
identifying environmental, health, and safety concerns associ-
divided into homogeneous areas, and sampling of each homo-
ated with the removal, handling, and disposal of potentially
geneous area should be conducted in a statistically random
hazardous shipboard materials.
manner. For surface materials, collect at least three samples for
4.2 Use—Audits may be performed to aid in planning for a
each area under 1000 ft , at least five for areas between 1000
variety of events, including maintenance, repair, modification,
and 5000 ft , and at least seven for each area greater than 5000
purchase, or scrapping. To maximize efficiency, audits should
ft . For piping insulation, collect at least three samples from
be tailored to meet the specific needs of the shipowner, with
each homogeneous section of piping.
target materials identified during the planning process.
6.1.3.2 Analysis—Samples should not be composited for
4.3 Caution—Legal restrictions on the removal and disposal
analysis. Analysis of each sample should be conducted using
of materials discussed in this guide may vary significantly from
the Polarized Light Microscopy Method described in EPA
port to port, both within the United States and abroad. Reasons
600/M4-82-020. Under current U.S. regulations, a homoge-
for this variation include the decentralized nature of port
neous area may be considered free of asbestos if all samples
control, state, and local environmental regulations and the local
from that area are shown to contain less than 1 % of asbestos.
availability of landfill or treatment facilities. Users of this
6.1.4 Handling Precautions (3)—Asbestos should only be
guide should consult local authorities to obtain information on
handled by trained personnel. If asbestos must be disturbed, the
specific legal requirements.
area should be isolated and well-labeled to protect employees
not involved with the removal or repair work. Protective
5. Procedure
clothing including disposable coveralls, gloves, goggles, and a
5.1 Planning—Objectives for the waste management audit
respirator should be worn when handling asbestos, and person-
should be established at the planning stage. A well-planned
nel should remove contaminated clothes and wash before
audit will focus on target materials in critical locations to
leaving the work site. Material should be kept wet to minimize
minimize audit costs. Waste management audits, therefore,
potential for airborne fibers. Waste products should be stored in
should be performed by environmental, health, and safety
plastic bags in a sealed rigid container and protected from
experts familiar with the specific objectives of the audit. Past
physical damage. Asbestos material, including asbestos waste,
audit reports of the area and other documentation that may
should be stored in an isolated, regulated, and well-marked
provide insight into material characterization should be re-
area. Smoking, eating, drinking, chewing, or applying cosmet-
viewed to avoid the expense of unnecessary tests. For example,
ics should be avoided in areas in which asbestos exposure is
construction specifications may characterize a particular mate-
likely. Practice E 849 provides additional details. Asbestos
rial, eliminating the need for testing. In some instances,
replacement materials also may pose environmental, safety,
inspection of the ship or interviews with personnel on-site may
and health risks.
be beneficial in planning the audit.
6.2 PCB-Contaminated Media:
5.2 Testing—Many materials will require sampling and
6.2.1 Description—Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have
characterization tests. A sampling plan should be followed by
many useful properties including high stability, low vapor
qualified and authorized personnel. Analysis performed by a
pressure, low flammability, high heat capacity, and low elec-
qualified or certified laboratory may be required.
trical conductivity. They are suspected carcinogens, however,
and have been associated with adverse health and reproductive
6. Potential Shipboard Generated Wastes
effects. They also have a high potential for bioaccumulation in
6.1 Asbestos:
the food chain. A number of trade names exist for PCBs,
6.1.1 Description—Asbestos is a common name of a num-
including Aroclor, Asbestol, Chlorextol, Diaclor, and Dykanol
ber of substances including amosite, anthrophyllite, amphibole,
6 (4).
and chrysotile (1). When asbestos becomes friable, it may be
6.2.2 Uses—Because of the many positive characteristics of
inhaled or swallowed, penetrating body tissues and remaining
PCBs, oils containing PCBs have been used in a great variety
there for many years. Exposure to asbestos has been linked to
of applications. The most common use has been as a dielectric
asbestosis, mesothelioma, and other cancers. Exposure to
fluid in transformers, capacitors, and other electrical equip-
ment. The oil also has been used in many other situations
including hydraulic equipment, paints, oil-soaked gasket ma-
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
this standard. terial, and as a plasticizer in many other products. PCBs have
F1799–97
been banned in the United States since the mid-1970s, but point at which they can no longer be used for their intended
materials manufactured after the ban have been found to purpose. Many used oils can be recycled. This category does
contain them. Applications involving mobile forms of PCBs not include water contaminated with small amounts of oil,
pose a much greater risk to personnel and the environment. which is addressed in 6.7.
Typical shipboard materials that may contain mobile forms of 6.4.2 Uses—The primary sources of shipboard used or
PCBs include electrical equipment containing dielectric fluid, waste oils are from hydraulic systems, engine room machinery,
oil-soaked gasket material, oil-soaked insulation material, and lubricating systems, and fuel systems.
hydraulic fluids. 6.4.3 Test Methods—Tests for halogen content and flash
point are the most common, but test procedures will vary
6.2.3 Test Methods:
depending on the intended disposal method and suspected
6.2.3.1 Sampling—Because of significant variation in the
contaminants.
PCB content of similar materials, mixing or combining
6.4.4 Handling Precautions—Recycling may include pro-
samples prior to analysis is not recommended. Similarly,
cesses, such as reclamation, burning for energy recovery,
random samples cannot prove untested items either to contain
reprocessing, or re-refining. The recycling potential of a used
or to be free of PCBs. Liquid oils may be sampled using Test
oil product will be dependent on the quantity of contaminants
Method D 923.
present. Contaminants may include arsenic, cadmium, chro-
6.2.3.2 Analysis—Materials may be analyzed using EPA
mium, lead, PCBs, sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, or halogens
SW-846, Method 8080.
(chlorine, flourine, and bromine). Unusually low flash points
6.2.4 Handling Precautions—PCBs should only be handled
also may limit recycling potential as will the presence of
by trained personnel. Protective equipment should be worn
dispersants or emulsifying agents. Table 1 summarizes poten-
when handling PCBs, with particular attention to avoiding skin
tial recycling problems associated with a variety of common oil
and respiratory exposure. Work spaces should be well venti-
products.
lated, (3).
6.5 Paint Products:
6.3 Refrigerants:
6.5.1 Description—Paint often contains toxic constituents.
6.3.1 Description—Refrigerants present similar health and
Intact paint typically poses little risk, but exposure to toxic
environmental dangers and may be discussed as a group. Many
materials may occur during spraying, sanding, grinding, burn-
refrigerants are ozone-depleting substances. In general, refrig-
ing, or abrasive blasting procedures with paints containing
erants are relatively safe and stable gases, but may displace
even trace amounts of toxic chemicals. Potential toxic constitu-
oxygen to dangerously low levels when released into confined
ents in paint include fluoride salts and compounds of heavy
spaces. Some refrigerants also may have acute toxic effects or
metals. Toxic organic compounds such as benzene and tolulene
result in increased cardiac sensitization at high concentrations.
may be present in paint solvents. Toxic constituents are a
6.3.2 Uses—A number of chemicals are used as refrigerants
concern because of the need to protect those applying or
in shipboard air conditioning or refrigeration systems. Almost
disturbing paint and because of disposal concerns associated
all are halocarbons, with CFC 12 and HCFC 22 being the most
with paint chips and contaminated blast grit. Paint found on
common of the traditional refrigerants. Concern for the ozone-
older ships is of particular concern, as many layers of paint
depleting potential of these substances has led to the introduc-
may be found in a single location.
tion of another common refrigerant, HFC 134a.
6.5.2 Uses—Not applicable.
6.3.3 Test Methods—Identification of materials typically
6.5.3 Test Methods—Old paint, applied to surfaces, may
will not require testing. A quick review of system technical
require analysis to determine toxic content before disturbing it.
manuals should reveal the refrigerant used in the system, and
6.5.3.1 Sampling—Care s
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.