ASTM F1799-97(2004)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Shipboard Generated Waste Management Audits
Standard Guide for Shipboard Generated Waste Management Audits
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Applicability—This guide is intended to describe a planning audit that will improve the shipowner’ability to forecast costs and schedule impacts and aid the shipowner in identifying environmental, health, and safety concerns associated with the removal, handling, and disposal of potentially hazardous shipboard materials.
Use—Audits may be performed to aid in planning for a variety of events, including maintenance, repair, modification, purchase, or scrapping. To maximize efficiency, audits should be tailored to meet the specific needs of the shipowner, with target materials identified during the planning process.
Caution—Legal restrictions on the removal and disposal of materials discussed in this guide may vary significantly from port to port, both within the United States and abroad. Reasons for this variation include the decentralized nature of port control, state, and local environmental regulations, and the local availability of landfill or treatment facilities. Users of this guide should consult local authorities to obtain information on specific legal requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose- This guide is intended to provide information to assist shipowners in planning for costs or scheduling complications during maintenance, repair, modifications, purchase negotiations, or scrapping activities. Removal and disposal of certain materials disturbed during modification, maintenance, or disposal of systemsor components may be costly or interrupt the work schedule.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
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An American National Standard
Designation:F1799–97 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Guide for
Shipboard Generated Waste Management Audits
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1799; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 Purpose—This guide covers information for assisting 2.1 ASTM Standards:
shipowners in planning for costs or scheduling complications D923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids
during maintenance, repair, modifications, purchase negotia- E849 Practice for Safety and Health Requirements Relating
tions, or scrapping activities. Removal and disposal of certain to Occupational Exposure to Asbestos
materials disturbed during modification, maintenance, or dis- 2.2 ASHRAE Standards:
posal of systems or components may be costly or interrupt the ASHRAE Guideline 3, Reducing Emission of Fully Halo-
work schedule. genatedChlorofluorocarbon(CFC)RefrigerantsinRefrig-
1.2 Objectives: eration andAir-Conditioning Equipment andApplications
1.2.1 This guide will describe materials that may be dis- 2.3 EPA Methods:
turbed on ships during maintenance or scrapping activities, EPA600/M4–82–020, Interim Method of the Determination
which may result in costly or time-consuming removal or of Asbestos in Bulk Insulation Samples
disposal actions. EPASW-846, Method 8080, Organochlorine Pesticides and
1.2.2 This guide will provide a systematic method to iden- PCBs
tify and record the locations of materials of concern for EPA SW-846, Method 1311, Toxicity Characteristic
immediate planning and future reference. Leachate Procedure
1.2.3 This guide will include a brief discussion of issues EPA SW-846, Method 8270, Semi-Volatiles List
related to the handling and storage of materials described in EPA SW-846, Method 8260, Volatiles List
this guide.
3. Terminology
1.3 Considerations Beyond Scope:
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.3.1 This guide is not intended to address materials carried
3.1.1 audit, n—a process to identify waste materials asso-
as cargo or material stored onboard in prepackaged containers.
1.3.2 This guide is not intended to address waste products ciated with maintenance, repair, modifications, purchase nego-
tiations, or scrapping activities, some of which may be hazard-
related to the ongoing, day-to-day operation of a ship, such as
sewage, solid waste, incinerator ash (or other residual products ous, with the goal of providing planning information about
environmental, health, and safety risks and related costs.
resulting from solid waste treatment), and residual sludge left
in segregated ballast tanks. 3.1.2 friable, n—aphysicalstateinwhichadrymaterialcan
be easily crumpled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand
1.3.3 This guide does not provide a comprehensive index of
test methods available for characterizing the materials dis- pressure.
3.1.3 mobile, adj—capable of being transported from one
cussed. Test methods referenced or described should be con-
sidered as examples. surface to another.
1.3.4 This guide is not intended to address directly regula-
tory issues for any of the materials described.
1.3.5 This guide is not intended to address remediation
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
concerns.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1 3
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships and Withdrawn.
Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.06 on Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-
Marine Environmental Protection. Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA
Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published May 2004. Originally 30329.
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as F1799 - 97. DOI: Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
10.1520/F1799-97R04. Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F1799–97 (2004)
3.1.4 PCB, n—a class of chemicals comprised of polychlo- remaining there for many years. Exposure to asbestos has been
rinated biphenyls. linked to asbestosis, mesothelioma, and other cancers. Expo-
3.1.5 streaming agents, n—a type of chemical used to fight sure to cigarette smoke may increase the long-term risk of
small, contained fires by directing the firefighting agent spe- developing asbestos-related lung cancer by as much as 90 %.
cifically at the fire.
6.1.2 Uses—Many common construction products contain
3.1.6 target materials, n—specific materials that the audit
asbestos, although use of the material in the United States was
process will identify for evaluation.
significantlyreducedduringthe1970s.Likelyproductsinclude
3.1.7 waste oil, n—oil that cannot be reused or recycled.
pipe lagging and other types of insulation, vinyl tile and
linoleum, floor tile adhesives, cement sheet and fiberboard,
4. Significance and Use
brake pads and linings, and gasket materials, particularly for
4.1 Applicability—This guide is intended to describe a
high-temperature applications.
planning audit that will improve the shipowner’s ability to
6.1.3 Test Methods (for Thermal Insulation) (2):
forecast costs and schedule impacts and aid the shipowner in
6.1.3.1 Sampling—The area to be sampled should be sub-
identifying environmental, health, and safety concerns associ-
divided into homogeneous areas, and sampling of each homo-
ated with the removal, handling, and disposal of potentially
geneous area should be conducted in a statistically random
hazardous shipboard materials.
manner. For surface materials, collect at least three samples for
4.2 Use—Audits may be performed to aid in planning for a
each area under 1000 ft , at least five for areas between 1000
variety of events, including maintenance, repair, modification,
and 5000 ft , and at least seven for each area greater than 5000
purchase, or scrapping. To maximize efficiency, audits should
ft . For piping insulation, collect at least three samples from
be tailored to meet the specific needs of the shipowner, with
each homogeneous section of piping.
target materials identified during the planning process.
6.1.3.2 Analysis—Samples should not be composited for
4.3 Caution—Legalrestrictionsontheremovalanddisposal
analysis. Analysis of each sample should be conducted using
ofmaterialsdiscussedinthisguidemayvarysignificantlyfrom
the Polarized Light Microscopy Method described in EPA
port to port, both within the United States and abroad. Reasons
600/M4-82-020. Under current U.S. regulations, a homoge-
for this variation include the decentralized nature of port
neous area may be considered free of asbestos if all samples
control, state, and local environmental regulations, and the
from that area are shown to contain less than 1 % of asbestos.
local availability of landfill or treatment facilities. Users of this
guide should consult local authorities to obtain information on 6.1.4 Handling Precautions (3)—Asbestos should only be
specific legal requirements.
handledbytrainedpersonnel.Ifasbestosmustbedisturbed,the
area should be isolated and well-labeled to protect employees
5. Procedure
not involved with the removal or repair work. Protective
clothing including disposable coveralls, gloves, goggles, and a
5.1 Planning—Objectives for the waste management audit
should be established at the planning stage. A well-planned respirator should be worn when handling asbestos, and person-
audit will focus on target materials in critical locations to
nel should remove contaminated clothes and wash before
minimize audit costs. Waste management audits, therefore, leaving the work site. Material should be kept wet to minimize
should be performed by environmental, health, and safety
potentialforairbornefibers.Wasteproductsshouldbestoredin
experts familiar with the specific objectives of the audit. Past plastic bags in a sealed rigid container and protected from
audit reports of the area and other documentation that may
physical damage. Asbestos material, including asbestos waste,
provide insight into material characterization should be re- should be stored in an isolated, regulated, and well-marked
viewedtoavoidtheexpenseofunnecessarytests.Forexample,
area. Smoking, eating, drinking, chewing, or applying cosmet-
construction specifications may characterize a particular mate-
ics should be avoided in areas in which asbestos exposure is
rial, eliminating the need for testing. In some instances,
likely. Practice E849 provides additional details. Asbestos
inspection of the ship or interviews with personnel on-site may
replacement materials also may pose environmental, safety,
be beneficial in planning the audit.
and health risks.
5.2 Testing—Many materials will require sampling and
6.2 PCB-Contaminated Media:
characterization tests. A sampling plan should be followed by
6.2.1 Description—PCBs have many useful properties in-
qualified and authorized personnel. Analysis performed by a
cluding high stability, low vapor pressure, low flammability,
qualified or certified laboratory may be required.
high heat capacity, and low electrical conductivity. They are
suspected carcinogens, however, and have been associated
6. Potential Shipboard Generated Wastes
with adverse health and reproductive effects. They also have a
6.1 Asbestos:
high potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain.Anumber
6.1.1 Description—Asbestos is the common name of a
of trade names exist for PCBs, including Aroclor, Asbestol,
number of substances including amosite, anthrophyllite, am-
Chlorextol, Diaclor, and Dykanol (4).
phibole, and chrysotile (1). When asbestos becomes friable, it
6.2.2 Uses—Because of the many positive characteristics of
may be inhaled or swallowed, penetrating body tissues and
PCBs, oils containing PCBs have been used in a great variety
of applications. The most common use has been as a dielectric
fluid in transformers, capacitors, and other electrical equip-
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
this standard. ment. The oil also has been used in many other situations
F1799–97 (2004)
including hydraulic equipment, paints, oil-soaked gasket ma- 6.4.1 Description—Waste oils include a variety of oil prod-
terial, and as a plasticizer in many other products. PCBs have ucts that have been contaminated through use or storage to the
been banned in the United States since the mid-1970s, but point at which they can no longer be used for their intended
materials manufactured after the ban have been found to purpose. Many used oils can be recycled. This category does
contain them. Applications involving mobile forms of PCBs not include water contaminated with small amounts of oil,
pose a much greater risk to personnel and the environment. which is addressed in 6.7.
Typical shipboard materials that may contain mobile forms of
6.4.2 Uses—The primary sources of shipboard used or
PCBs include electrical equipment containing dielectric fluid,
waste oils are from hydraulic systems, engine room machinery,
oil-soaked gasket material, oil-soaked insulation material, and
lubricating systems, and fuel systems.
hydraulic fluids.
6.4.3 Test Methods—Tests for halogen content and flash
6.2.3 Test Methods:
point are the most common, but test procedures will vary
6.2.3.1 Sampling—Because of significant variation in the
depending on the intended disposal method and suspected
PCB content of similar materials, mixing or combining contaminants.
samples prior to analysis is not recommended. Similarly,
6.4.4 Handling Precautions—Recycling may include pro-
random samples cannot prove untested items either to contain
cesses, such as reclamation, burning for energy recovery,
or to be free of PCBs. Liquid oils may be sampled using
reprocessing, or re-refining. The recycling potential of a used
Practices D923.
oil product will be dependent on the quantity of contaminants
6.2.3.2 Analysis—Materials may be analyzed using EPA
present. Contaminants may include arsenic, cadmium, chro-
SW-846, Method 8080. mium, lead, PCBs, sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, or halogens
6.2.4 Handling Precautions—PCBs should only be handled (chlorine, fluorine, and bromine). Unusually low flash points
also may limit recycling potential, as will the presence of
by trained personnel. Protective equipment should be worn
dispersants or emulsifying agents. Table 1 summarizes poten-
when handling PCBs, with particular attention to avoiding skin
tialrecyclingproblemsassociatedwithavarietyofcommonoil
and respiratory exposure. Work spaces should be well venti-
products.
lated (3).
6.3 Refrigerants: 6.5 Paint Products:
6.3.1 Description—Refrigerants present similar health and 6.5.1 Description—Paint often contains toxic constituents.
environmental dangers and may be discussed as a group. Many Intact paint typically poses little risk, but exposure to toxic
refrigerants are ozone-depleting substances. In general, refrig- materials may occur during spraying, sanding, grinding, burn-
erants are relatively safe and stable gases, but may displace ing, or abrasive blasting procedures with paints containing
eventraceamountsoftoxicchemicals.Potentialtoxicconstitu-
oxygen to dangerously low levels when released into confined
spaces. Some refrigerants also may have acute toxic effects or ents in paint include fluoride salts and compounds of heavy
metals. Toxic organic compounds such as benzene and toluene
result in increased cardiac sensitization at high concentrations.
may be present in paint solvents. Toxic constituents are a
6.3.2 Uses—Anumber of chemicals are used as refrigerants
concern because of the need to protect those applying or
in shipboard air conditioning or refrigeration systems. Almost
disturbing paint and because of disposal concerns associated
all are halocarbons, with CFC 12 and HCFC 22 being the most
with paint chips and contaminated blast grit. Paint found on
common of the traditional refrigerants. Concern for the ozone-
older ships is of particular concern, as many layers of paint
depleting potential of these substances has led to the introduc-
may be found in a single location.
tion of another common refrigerant, HFC 134a.
6.5.2 Uses—Not applicable.
6.3.3 Test Methods—Identification of materials typical
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