Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Concrete

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are used to develop data for comparison with the requirements of Specification C618 or Specification C1697. These test methods are based on standardized testing in the laboratory and are not intended to simulate job conditions.  
4.1.1 Strength Activity Index—The test for strength activity index is used to determine whether coal ash or natural pozzolan results in an acceptable level of strength development when used in concrete. Since the test is performed with mortar, the results may not provide a direct correlation of how the coal ash or natural pozzolan will contribute to strength in concrete.  
4.1.2 Chemical Tests—The chemical component determinations and the limits placed on each do not predict the performance of a coal ash or natural pozzolan in concrete, but collectively help describe composition and uniformity of the material.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and testing coal ash and raw or calcined pozzolans for use in concrete.  
1.2 The procedures appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Sampling  
7  
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS  
Reagents and apparatus  
10  
Moisture content  
11 and 12  
Loss on ignition  
13 and 14  
Silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide,
calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, sulfur
trioxide, sodium oxide and potassium
oxide  
15  
Available alkali  
16 and 17  
Ammonia  
18  
PHYSICAL TESTS  
Density  
19  
Fineness  
20  
Increase of drying shrinkage of mortar bars  
21 – 23  
Soundness  
24  
Air-entrainment of mortar  
25 and 26  
Strength activity index  
27 – 30  
Water requirement  
31  
Effectiveness of Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
Controlling Alkali-Silica Reactions  
32  
Effectiveness of Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
Contributing to Sulfate Resistance  
34  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
Note 1: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Publication Date
31-Dec-2023
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C311/C311M − 24
Standard Test Methods for
Sampling and Testing Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolans for
1
Use in Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C311/C311M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
Effectiveness of Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
32
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and
Controlling Alkali-Silica Reactions
testing coal ash and raw or calcined pozzolans for use in
Effectiveness of Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
concrete.
34
Contributing to Sulfate Resistance
1.2 The procedures appear in the following order:
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Sections
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
Sampling 7
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
used independently of the other, and values from the two
systems shall not be combined.
Reagents and apparatus 10
NOTE 1—Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Speci-
Moisture content 11 and 12
fication E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for
Loss on ignition 13 and 14 information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide,
calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, sulfur safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
15
trioxide, sodium oxide and potassium
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
oxide
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Available alkali 16 and 17 mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
Ammonia 18
that provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-
PHYSICAL TESTS notes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as
requirements of this standard.
Density 19
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
Fineness 20
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Increase of drying shrinkage of mortar bars 21 – 23
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Soundness 24
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Air-entrainment of mortar 25 and 26
Strength activity index 27 – 30
2. Referenced Documents
2
Water requirement 31
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and are the direct responsibility of Subcommit-
2
tee C09.24 on Supplementary Cementitious Materials. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2024. Published February 2024. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as C311/C311M – 22. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/C0311_C0311M-24. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C311/C311M − 24
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 50 mm [2 in.] Cube 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Specimens) 3.2.1 bottom ash, n—ash that results from the process of
C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic combustion of ground or powdered coal that is not transported
Cement by 24 flue gases.
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag- 3.2.1.1 Discussion—This definition of bottom ash does not
gregates include the residue resulting from: (1) fluidized bed
C150/C150M Specification for Portland Cement combustion, (2) the burning of municipal solid waste or any
C151/C151M Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of Hy- other refuse with coal, or (3) the burning of industrial or
draulic Cement municipal solid waste in incinerators.
C157/C157M Test Method for Length Change of Hardened
3.2.2 coal ash, n—fly ash and bottom ash resulting from the
Hydraulic-
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C311/C311M − 22 C311/C311M − 24
Standard Test Methods for
Sampling and Testing FlyCoal Ash or Natural Pozzolans for
1
Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C311/C311M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and testing flycoal ash and raw or calcined pozzolans for use in
portland-cement concrete.
1.2 The procedures appear in the following order:
Sections
Sampling 7
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Reagents and apparatus 10
Moisture content 11 and 12
Loss on ignition 13 and 14
Silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide,
calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, sulfur
15
trioxide, sodium oxide and potassium
oxide
Available alkali 16 and 17
Ammonia 18
PHYSICAL TESTS
Density 19
Fineness 20
Increase of drying shrinkage of mortar bars 21 – 23
Soundness 24
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.24
on Supplementary Cementitious Materials.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2022Jan. 1, 2024. Published February 2022February 2024. Originally approved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 20182022
as C311/C311M – 18.C311/C311M – 22. DOI: 10.1520/C0311_C0311M-22.10.1520/C0311_C0311M-24.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C311/C311M − 24
Air-entrainment of mortar 25 and 26
Strength activity index with portland cement 27 – 30
Strength activity index 27 – 30
Water requirement 31
Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
32
Controlling Alkali-Silica Reactions
Effectiveness of Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
32
Controlling Alkali-Silica Reactions
Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
34
Contributing to Sulfate Resistance
Effectiveness of Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
34
Contributing to Sulfate Resistance
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used
independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
NOTE 1—Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only
and does not represent a different standard sieve size.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 50 mm [2 in.] Cube Specimens)
C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
C150/C150M Specification for Portland Cement
C151/C151M Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of Hydraulic Cement
C157/C157M Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete
C185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
C188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
C204 Test Methods for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by Air-Permeability Apparatus
C219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic and Other Inorganic Cements
C226 Specification for Air-
...

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