ASTM E1806-09(2016)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Sampling Steel and Iron for Determination of Chemical Composition
Standard Practice for Sampling Steel and Iron for Determination of Chemical Composition
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice covers all aspects of sampling and preparing steel and iron for chemical analysis as defined in Test Methods, Practices, and Definitions A751 and Specification A48/A48M. Such subjects as sampling location and the sampling of lots are defined.
4.2 It is intended that this practice include most requirements for sampling steel and iron for analysis. Standard analytical methods that reference this practice need contain only special modifications and exceptions.
4.3 It is assumed that all who use these procedures will be trained samplers capable of performing common sampling operations skillfully and safely. It is expected that only proper sampling equipment will be used.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of all grades of steel, both cast and wrought, and all types (grades) of cast irons and blast furnace iron for chemical and spectrochemical determination of composition. This practice is similar to ISO 14284.
1.2 This practice is divided into the following sections.
Sections
Requirements for Sampling and Sample Preparation
6
General
6.1
Sample
6.2
Selection of a Sample
6.3
Preparation of a Sample
6.4
Liquid Iron for Steelmaking and Pig Iron Production
7
General
7.1
Spoon Sampling
7.2
Probe Sampling
7.3
Preparation of a Sample for Analysis
7.4
Liquid Iron for Cast Iron Production
8
General
8.1
Spoon Sampling
8.2
Probe Sampling
8.3
Preparation of a Sample for Analysis
8.4
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination of
8.5
Oxygen and Hydrogen
Liquid Steel for Steel Production
9
General
9.1
Probe Sampling
9.2
Spoon Sampling
9.3
Preparation of a Sample for Analysis
9.4
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination
9.5
of Oxygen
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination
9.6
of Hydrogen
Pig Irons
10
General
10.1
Increment Sampling
10.2
Preparation of a Sample for Analysis
10.3
Cast Iron Products
11
General
11.1
Sampling and Sample Preparation
11.2
Sections
Steel Products
12
General
12.1
Selection of a Laboratory Sample or a Sample for
12.2
Analysis from a Cast Product
Selection of a Laboratory Sample or a Sample for
12.3
Analysis from a Wrought Product
Preparation of a Sample for Analysis
12.4
Sampling of Leaded Steel
12.5
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination
12.6
of Oxygen
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination
12.7
of Hydrogen
Keywords
13
Annexes
Sampling Probes for Use with Liquid Iron and Steel
Annex A1
Sampling Probes for Use with Liquid Steel for the
Annex A2
Determination of Hydrogen
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific statements, see 6.4.3.5, 9.4.4.3, and 12.5.1 as well as Section 5.
General Information
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1806 − 09 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Practice for
Sampling Steel and Iron for Determination of Chemical
Composition
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1806; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Sections
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of all grades of steel,
Steel Products 12
both cast and wrought, and all types (grades) of cast irons and General 12.1
Selection of a Laboratory Sample or a Sample for 12.2
blast furnace iron for chemical and spectrochemical determi-
Analysis from a Cast Product
nation of composition. This practice is similar to ISO 14284.
Selection of a Laboratory Sample or a Sample for 12.3
Analysis from a Wrought Product
1.2 This practice is divided into the following sections.
Preparation of a Sample forAnalysis 12.4
Sampling of Leaded Steel 12.5
Sections
Requirements for Sampling and Sample Preparation 6 Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination 12.6
of Oxygen
General 6.1
Sample 6.2
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination 12.7
Selection of a Sample 6.3
of Hydrogen
Preparation of a Sample 6.4
Keywords 13
Liquid Iron for Steelmaking and Pig Iron Production 7
General 7.1
Annexes
Spoon Sampling 7.2
Probe Sampling 7.3 Sampling Probes for Use with Liquid Iron and Steel AnnexA1
Sampling Probes for Use with Liquid Steel for the AnnexA2
Preparation of a Sample forAnalysis 7.4
Determination of Hydrogen
Liquid Iron for Cast Iron Production 8
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
General 8.1
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Spoon Sampling 8.2
Probe Sampling 8.3
standard.
Preparation of a Sample forAnalysis 8.4
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination of 8.5
Oxygen and Hydrogen
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Liquid Steel for Steel Production 9
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
General 9.1
Probe Sampling 9.2
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
Spoon Sampling 9.3
statements,see6.4.3.5,9.4.4.3,and12.5.1aswellasSection5.
Preparation of a Sample forAnalysis 9.4
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination 9.5
of Oxygen
2. Referenced Documents
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination 9.6
of Hydrogen 2.1 ASTM Standards:
A48/A48M Specification for Gray Iron Castings
Pig Irons 10
A751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-
General 10.1
Increment Sampling 10.2 cal Analysis of Steel Products
Preparation of a Sample forAnalysis 10.3
E135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for
Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
Cast Iron Products 11
General 11.1 E415 Test Method for Analysis of Carbon and Low-Alloy
Sampling and Sample Preparation 11.2
Steel by Spark Atomic Emission Spectrometry
E1010 Practice for Preparation of Disk Specimens of Steel
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on Analytical
Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E01.01 on Iron, Steel, and Ferroalloys. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2016. Published March 2016. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1806 – 09. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E1806-09R16. the ASTM website.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States
E1806 − 09 (2016)
and Iron by Remelting for Spectrochemical Analysis 3.2.16.1 Discussion—In certain cases, the test portion may
2.2 ISO Documents: be selected from the sample product itself.
ISO 9147 Pig irons–Definition and classification
3.2.17 thermal method of analysis, n—method for the de-
ISO 14284 Steel and iron—Sampling and preparation of
termination of chemical composition in which the sample is
samples for the determination of chemical composition
submitted to a process of heating, combustion, or fusion.
3.2.18 wrought product, n—item of steel which has been
3. Terminology
subject to deformation by rolling, drawing, forging, or some
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms in this practice,
other method, for example, a bar, billet, plate, strip, tube, or
refer to Terminology E135.
wire.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 cast product, n—item of iron or steel which has not
4. Significance and Use
been subject to deformation, for example, an ingot, a semi
finished product obtained by continuous casting, or a shaped 4.1 This practice covers all aspects of sampling and prepar-
casting. ing steel and iron for chemical analysis as defined in Test
Methods, Practices, and Definitions A751 and Specification
3.2.2 consignment, n—quantity of metal delivered at one
A48/A48M. Such subjects as sampling location and the sam-
time.
pling of lots are defined.
3.2.3 grinding, n—method of preparing a sample of metal
4.2 It is intended that this practice include most require-
for a spectrochemical method of analysis in which the surface
ments for sampling steel and iron for analysis. Standard
of the sample for analysis is abraded using an abrasive wheel.
analytical methods that reference this practice need contain
3.2.4 increment, n—in sampling, a portion of material re-
only special modifications and exceptions.
moved from a lot by a single operation.
4.3 It is assumed that all who use these procedures will be
3.2.5 linishing, n—method of preparing a sample of metal
trained samplers capable of performing common sampling
for a spectrochemical method of analysis in which the surface
operations skillfully and safely. It is expected that only proper
of the sample for analysis is abraded using a rotating disk or
sampling equipment will be used.
continuous belt coated with an abrasive substance.
3.2.6 lot, n—in sampling, a collection of material regarded
5. Hazards and Safety Precautions
as a unit (see Specification A48/A48M).
5.1 Provide personal protective equipment to minimize the
3.2.7 melt, n—liquid metal from which a sample is re-
risk of injury during sampling and sample preparation meth-
moved.
ods. Provisions shall include protective clothing, hand
3.2.8 sample, probe, n—sample taken from the melt using a
protection, and face visors resistant to splashes of liquid metal
sampling probe.
for use during the sampling of liquid metal; protective clothing
3.2.9 sample, product, n—specific item of iron or steel
and hand, eye, and hearing protection for use during the
selected from a supplied quantity for the purpose of obtaining
sampling and sample preparation of solid metal; and respira-
a sample.
tory protection for use where necessary.
3.2.10 sample, spoon, n—sample taken from the melt using
5.2 The use of machinery for sampling and sample prepa-
a spoon and cast into a small mold.
ration shall be in accordance with appropriate national stan-
3.2.11 sampling, immersion, n—method of probe sampling dards.Grindingoperationsusedforsurfacepreparationmaybe
in which the probe is immersed in the melt where the sample covered by national legislation.
chamber in the probe fills by ferrostatic pressure or gravity.
5.3 Reference should be made to appropriate national regu-
3.2.12 sampling, probe, n—method in which the sample is
lations with respect to the use of solvents for the cleaning and
taken using a sampling probe inserted into the melt.
drying of samples and test portions.
3.2.13 sampling, spoon, n—method in which the sample is
6. Requirements for Sampling and Sample Preparation
taken from the melt, or during the pouring of the melt, using a
long-handled spoon and cast into a small mold.
6.1 General:
3.2.14 sampling, stream, n—method of probe sampling in 6.1.1 Thissectiondescribesthegeneralrequirementsforthe
which the probe is inserted into a stream of liquid metal where
sample and for the sampling and sample preparation of iron
the sample chamber in the probe fills by force of metal flow. andsteel.Specialrequirementsapplytoeachcategoryofliquid
and solid metal, and these requirements are described in the
3.2.15 sampling, suction, n—method of probe sampling in
relevant section.
which the probe is inserted into the melt where the sample
6.1.2 The sequence of sampling and sample preparation of
chamber in the probe fills by aspiration.
liquid iron and steel and cast iron and steel products is shown
3.2.16 test portion, n—part of the sample for analysis, or
in Fig. 1. Special considerations apply to pig irons (see Section
part of the sample taken from the melt, actually analyzed.
10).
3 6.2 Sample:
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. 6.2.1 Quality:
E1806 − 09 (2016)
FIG. 1 Sequence of Sampling and Sample Preparation of (a) Liquid Iron and Steel and (b) Cast Iron and Steel Products
6.2.1.1 Sampling practices shall be designed to provide an 6.2.1.4 The sample should be free from voids, cracks, and
analytical sample that is representative of the mean chemical porosity and from fins, laps, or other surface defects.
composition of the melt or of the sample product. 6.2.1.5 Take particular care when selecting and preparing
6.2.1.2 Ensure that the sample is sufficiently homogeneous the sample where a sample taken from a melt is expected to be
with respect to chemical composition so that inhomogeneity heterogeneous or contaminated in any way.
does not appreciably contribute to the error variability of the 6.2.1.6 A sample taken from a melt shall be cooled in such
method of analysis. In the case of a sample taken from a melt, a manner that the chemical composition and metallurgical
however, some variability in analysis, both within and between structure of the sample is consistent from sample to sample.
samples for analysis, may be unavoidable. This variability will 6.2.1.7 It is important to recognize that analysis by some
form an inherent part of the repeatability and reproducibility of spectrochemical methods may be influenced by the metallur-
the analysis. gical structure of the sample, particularly in the case of irons
6.2.1.3 Ensure that the sample is free from surface coatings with white and grey iron structures, and steels in the as-cast
and from moisture, dirt, or other forms of contamination. and wrought conditions.
E1806 − 09 (2016)
6.2.2 Size: 6.3.1.2 Sampling practices shall be designed for melts to
provide samples during a particular manufacturing process in
6.2.2.1 Ensure that the dimensions of a laboratory sample in
accordance with requirements for sample quality (see 6.2.1).
the form of a solid mass are sufficient to permit additional
The sample obtained from a melt usually is in the form of a
samples for analysis to be taken for reanalysis when necessary
small ingot, a cylindrical or rectangular block, or a chill-cast
using an alternative method of analysis.
disk or a combination of a disk with one or more attached pins,
6.2.2.2 Asample shall be prepared consisting of a sufficient
in some cases small lugs are attached to a disk sample.
masstoprovideforanyreanalysisnecessary.Generally,amass
of 100 g will be sufficient for a sample in the form of chips or
NOTE 1—Sampling probes for use with liquid iron and steel may be
powder.
obtained from a number of suppliers. The main features of the different
types of probe are distinguished in Annex A1 and Annex A2, which
6.2.2.3 The dimensional requirements for a sample in the
include dimensions for information only.
form of a solid mass will depend upon the method selected for
analysis.InthecaseofatomicemissionandX-rayfluorescence 6.3.2 Sample from a Product:
spectrometricmethods,theshapeandsizeofthesamplewillbe
6.3.2.1 The laboratory sample can be selected from the
determined by the dimensions of the sample chamber. The
sample product at the location indicated in the product speci-
dimensions for samples given in this practice are for guidance
fication for the selection of material for mechanical testing
only. Refer to Test Method E415 for sample size requirements
when available.
for atomic emission spectrometry.
6.3.2.2 In the case of an iron casting, the sample can be
6.2.3 Identification:
selected from a bar or block cast-on to the casting.
6.2.3.1 Assign the sample a unique identification to deter-
6.3.2.3 In the case of a forging, the sample can be selected
mine the melt or sample product from which it was taken, and
from the initial starting material from which the forging has
if necessary, the process conditions of the melt or the location
been made or from prolongations of the forging or from
of the laboratory sample in the sample product. For pig iron,
additional forgings.
thisshallidentifytheconsignmentorpartofaconsignmentand
6.3.2.4 In the absence of requirements given in the product
the increment from which it was taken.
standard or of a specification when ordering the product, the
6.2.3.2 Use labeling or some equivalent method of marking
sample may, following agreement between the supplier and the
to ensure that the assigned identification remains associated
purchaser, be selected from the sample for mechanical testing
with the sample for analysis.
or from the test piece, or directly from the sample product.
6.2.3.3 Recordtheidentificationofthesampletoensurethat
6.3.2.5 The laboratory sample can be obtained from the
confusion cannot arise as to the identity of the item to which
sample product by machining or by using a cutting torch.
the analysis and records refer.
Special considerations apply in the case of sampling for the
6.2.4 Conservation: determination of certain elements.
6.2.4.1 Provide adequate storage facilities to segregate and
6.4 Preparation of a Sample:
protect the sample. During and after preparation, store the
6.4.1 Preliminary Preparation:
sample in a manner which prevents contamination or chemical
6.4.1.1 If any part of the sample is liable to be nonrepre-
change.
sentative in chemical composition, remove those parts that
6.2.4.2 Keep the sample, or the laboratory sample in the
have changed. Following this operation, the sample shall be
form of a solid mass, for a sufficient period of time to permit
protected from any change in composi
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1806 − 09 E1806 − 09 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Practice for
Sampling Steel and Iron for Determination of Chemical
Composition
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1806; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of all grades of steel, both cast and wrought, and all types (grades) of cast irons and blast
furnace iron for chemical and spectrochemical determination of composition. This practice is similar to ISO 14284.
1.2 This practice is divided into the following sections.
Sections
Requirements for Sampling and Sample Preparation 6
General 6.1
Sample 6.2
Selection of a Sample 6.3
Preparation of a Sample 6.4
Liquid Iron for Steelmaking and Pig Iron Production 7
General 7.1
Spoon Sampling 7.2
Probe Sampling 7.3
Preparation of a Sample for Analysis 7.4
Liquid Iron for Cast Iron Production 8
General 8.1
Spoon Sampling 8.2
Probe Sampling 8.3
Preparation of a Sample for Analysis 8.4
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination of 8.5
Oxygen and Hydrogen
Liquid Steel for Steel Production 9
General 9.1
Probe Sampling 9.2
Spoon Sampling 9.3
Preparation of a Sample for Analysis 9.4
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination 9.5
of Oxygen
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination 9.6
of Hydrogen
Pig Irons 10
General 10.1
Increment Sampling 10.2
Preparation of a Sample for Analysis 10.3
Cast Iron Products 11
General 11.1
Sampling and Sample Preparation 11.2
Sections
Steel Products 12
General 12.1
Selection of a Laboratory Sample or a Sample for 12.2
Analysis from a Cast Product
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E01.01 on Iron, Steel, and Ferroalloys.
Current edition approved April 15, 2009Feb. 1, 2016. Published May 2009March 2016. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20062009 as
E1806 – 96 (2006).E1806 – 09. DOI: 10.1520/E1806-09.10.1520/E1806-09R16.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1806 − 09 (2016)
Selection of a Laboratory Sample or a Sample for 12.3
Analysis from a Wrought Product
Preparation of a Sample for Analysis 12.4
Sampling of Leaded Steel 12.5
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination 12.6
of Oxygen
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination 12.7
of Hydrogen
Keywords 13
Annexes
Sampling Probes for Use with Liquid Iron and Steel Annex A1
Sampling Probes for Use with Liquid Steel for the Annex A2
Determination of Hydrogen
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific statements, see 6.4.3.5, 9.4.4.3, and 12.5.1 as well as Section 5.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A48/A48M Specification for Gray Iron Castings
A751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
E135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
E415 Test Method for Analysis of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel by Spark Atomic Emission Spectrometry
E1010 Practice for Preparation of Disk Specimens of Steel and Iron by Remelting for Spectrochemical Analysis
2.2 ISO Documents:
ISO 9147 Pig irons–Definition and classification
ISO 14284 Steel and iron—Sampling and preparation of samples for the determination of chemical composition
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms in this practice, refer to Terminology E135.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 cast product, n—item of iron or steel which has not been subject to deformation, for example, an ingot, a semi finished
product obtained by continuous casting, or a shaped casting.
3.2.2 consignment, n—quantity of metal delivered at one time.
3.2.3 grinding, n—method of preparing a sample of metal for a spectrochemical method of analysis in which the surface of the
sample for analysis is abraded using an abrasive wheel.
3.2.4 increment, n—in sampling, a portion of material removed from a lot by a single operation.
3.2.5 linishing, n—method of preparing a sample of metal for a spectrochemical method of analysis in which the surface of the
sample for analysis is abraded using a rotating disk or continuous belt coated with an abrasive substance.
3.2.6 lot, n—in sampling, a collection of material regarded as a unit (see Specification A48/A48M).
3.2.7 melt, n—liquid metal from which a sample is removed.
3.2.8 sample, probe, n—sample taken from the melt using a sampling probe.
3.2.9 sample, product, n—specific item of iron or steel selected from a supplied quantity for the purpose of obtaining a sample.
3.2.10 sample, spoon, n—sample taken from the melt using a spoon and cast into a small mold.
3.2.11 sampling, immersion, n—method of probe sampling in which the probe is immersed in the melt where the sample
chamber in the probe fills by ferrostatic pressure or gravity.
3.2.12 sampling, probe, n—method in which the sample is taken using a sampling probe inserted into the melt.
3.2.13 sampling, spoon, n—method in which the sample is taken from the melt, or during the pouring of the melt, using a
long-handled spoon and cast into a small mold.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
E1806 − 09 (2016)
3.2.14 sampling, stream, n—method of probe sampling in which the probe is inserted into a stream of liquid metal where the
sample chamber in the probe fills by force of metal flow.
3.2.15 sampling, suction, n—method of probe sampling in which the probe is inserted into the melt where the sample chamber
in the probe fills by aspiration.
3.2.16 test portion, n—part of the sample for analysis, or part of the sample taken from the melt, actually analyzed.
3.2.16.1 Discussion—
In certain cases, the test portion may be selected from the sample product itself.
3.2.17 thermal method of analysis, n—method for the determination of chemical composition in which the sample is submitted
to a process of heating, combustion, or fusion.
3.2.18 wrought product, n—item of steel which has been subject to deformation by rolling, drawing, forging, or some other
method, for example, a bar, billet, plate, strip, tube, or wire.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This practice covers all aspects of sampling and preparing steel and iron for chemical analysis as defined in Test Methods,
Practices, and Definitions A751 and Specification A48/A48M. Such subjects as sampling location and the sampling of lots are
defined.
4.2 It is intended that this practice include most requirements for sampling steel and iron for analysis. Standard analytical
methods that reference this practice need contain only special modifications and exceptions.
4.3 It is assumed that all who use these procedures will be trained samplers capable of performing common sampling operations
skillfully and safely. It is expected that only proper sampling equipment will be used.
5. Hazards and Safety Precautions
5.1 Provide personal protective equipment to minimize the risk of injury during sampling and sample preparation methods.
Provisions shall include protective clothing, hand protection, and face visors resistant to splashes of liquid metal for use during
the sampling of liquid metal; protective clothing and hand, eye, and hearing protection for use during the sampling and sample
preparation of solid metal; and respiratory protection for use where necessary.
5.2 The use of machinery for sampling and sample preparation shall be in accordance with appropriate national standards.
Grinding operations used for surface preparation may be covered by national legislation.
5.3 Reference should be made to appropriate national regulations with respect to the use of solvents for the cleaning and drying
of samples and test portions.
6. Requirements for Sampling and Sample Preparation
6.1 General:
6.1.1 This section describes the general requirements for the sample and for the sampling and sample preparation of iron and
steel. Special requirements apply to each category of liquid and solid metal, and these requirements are described in the relevant
section.
6.1.2 The sequence of sampling and sample preparation of liquid iron and steel and cast iron and steel products is shown in Fig.
1. Special considerations apply to pig irons (see Section 10).
6.2 Sample:
6.2.1 Quality:
6.2.1.1 Sampling practices shall be designed to provide an analytical sample that is representative of the mean chemical
composition of the melt or of the sample product.
6.2.1.2 Ensure that the sample is sufficiently homogeneous with respect to chemical composition so that inhomogeneity does
not appreciably contribute to the error variability of the method of analysis. In the case of a sample taken from a melt, however,
some variability in analysis, both within and between samples for analysis, may be unavoidable. This variability will form an
inherent part of the repeatability and reproducibility of the analysis.
6.2.1.3 Ensure that the sample is free from surface coatings and from moisture, dirt, or other forms of contamination.
6.2.1.4 The sample should be free from voids, cracks, and porosity and from fins, laps, or other surface defects.
6.2.1.5 Take particular care when selecting and preparing the sample where a sample taken from a melt is expected to be
heterogeneous or contaminated in any way.
6.2.1.6 A sample taken from a melt shall be cooled in such a manner that the chemical composition and metallurgical structure
of the sample is consistent from sample to sample.
E1806 − 09 (2016)
FIG. 1 Sequence of Sampling and Sample Preparation of (a) Liquid Iron and Steel and (b) Cast Iron and Steel Products
6.2.1.7 It is important to recognize that analysis by some spectrochemical methods may be influenced by the metallurgical
structure of the sample, particularly in the case of irons with white and grey iron structures, and steels in the as-cast and wrought
conditions.
6.2.2 Size:
6.2.2.1 Ensure that the dimensions of a laboratory sample in the form of a solid mass are sufficient to permit additional samples
for analysis to be taken for reanalysis when necessary using an alternative method of analysis.
6.2.2.2 A sample shall be prepared consisting of a sufficient mass to provide for any reanalysis necessary. Generally, a mass of
100 g will be sufficient for a sample in the form of chips or powder.
6.2.2.3 The dimensional requirements for a sample in the form of a solid mass will depend upon the method selected for
analysis. In the case of atomic emission and X-ray fluorescence spectrometric methods, the shape and size of the sample will be
determined by the dimensions of the sample chamber. The dimensions for samples given in this practice are for guidance only.
Refer to Test Method E415 for sample size requirements for atomic emission spectrometry.
6.2.3 Identification:
6.2.3.1 Assign the sample a unique identification to determine the melt or sample product from which it was taken, and if
necessary, the process conditions of the melt or the location of the laboratory sample in the sample product. For pig iron, this shall
identify the consignment or part of a consignment and the increment from which it was taken.
E1806 − 09 (2016)
6.2.3.2 Use labeling or some equivalent method of marking to ensure that the assigned identification remains associated with
the sample for analysis.
6.2.3.3 Record the identification of the sample to ensure that confusion cannot arise as to the identity of the item to which the
analysis and records refer.
6.2.4 Conservation:
6.2.4.1 Provide adequate storage facilities to segregate and protect the sample. During and after preparation, store the sample
in a manner which prevents contamination or chemical change.
6.2.4.2 Keep the sample, or the laboratory sample in the form of a solid mass, for a sufficient period of time to permit retesting
if necessary.
6.2.5 Arbitration:
6.2.5.1 Samples intended for arbitration shall be prepared jointly by the supplier and purchaser or by their representatives. Keep
a record of the methods used for preparing samples.
6.2.5.2 Both parties or their representatives seal containers with the samples intended for arbitration. Unless agreed to the
contrary, the representatives of each party responsible for the preparation of samples will keep these containers.
6.3 Selection of a Sample:
6.3.1 Sample from a Melt:
6.3.1.1 Melts are sampled at various stages in the manufacturing process for the purposes of monitoring and controlling the
process. Samples can be taken during the casting of the melt to verify chemical composition in accordance with the specification
of the cast product. In the case of liquid metal intended for the production of a casting, the analytical sample may be selected from
test bars or blocks specially cast from the same metal as that of the casting for purposes of mechanical testing in accordance with
the product standard.
6.3.1.2 Sampling practices shall be designed for melts to provide samples during a particular manufacturing process in
accordance with requirements for sample quality (see 6.2.1). The sample obtained from a melt usually is in the form of a small
ingot, a cylindrical or rectangular block, or a chill-cast disk or a combination of a disk with one or more attached pins, in some
cases small lugs are attached to a disk sample.
NOTE 1—Sampling pr
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