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ASTM A437/A437M-04

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature Service

Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature Service

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers alloy-steel bolting material specially heat treated for high-temperature service, such as steam turbine, gas turbine, and similar uses. This material requires special processing and should not be used in general-purpose applications. The term "bolting material," as used in this specification, covers rolled or forged bars, bolts, nuts, screws, washers, studs, and stud bolts. The bars shall be hot wrought. The material may be further processed by centerless grinding or by cold drawing.
1.2 The high-temperature properties of the material covered by this specification are dependent upon special heat treatment, which is required. Although the high-temperature properties are not specified, they are implied by control of the chemistry, heat treatment, and room-temperature properties of the material.
Note 1—High-temperature tests shall not be required, unless made a matter of agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
1.3 Three levels of bolting strength are covered, designated Grades B4B, B4C, and B4D. Selection will depend on the design and the stresses and service for which the product is to be used.
Note 2—When ordering material under this specification, or when incorporating this specification as a reference in any individual specification, the purchaser must designate the steel by identification symbol or analysis, or both, and definitely specify the minimum mechanical properties required as selected from Table 1.
1.4 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable "M" specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.
1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2004
ICS
21.060.01 - Fasteners in general
Technical Committee
A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
Drafting Committee
A01.22 - Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and Bolting Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A437/A437M-01a - Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature Service
Effective Date
01-Sep-2004
Replaced By
ASTM A437/A437M-06 - Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature Service
Effective Date
01-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM A962/A962M-23a - Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Bolting Intended for Use at Any Temperature from Cryogenic to the Creep Range
Effective Date
01-Sep-2004

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ASTM A437/A437M-04 - Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature ServiceASTM A437/A437M-04 - Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature Service
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ASTM A437/A437M-04 - Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature Service
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: A 437/A 437M – 04
Standard Specification for
Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially Heat
1
Treated for High-Temperature Service
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA 437/A 437M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.5 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units
2 and in SI units. However, unless the order specifies the
1.1 This specification covers alloy-steel bolting material
applicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the mate-
specially heat treated for high-temperature service, such as
rial shall be furnished to inch-pound units.
steam turbine, gas turbine, and similar uses. This material
1.6 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
requires special processing and should not be used in general-
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
purpose applications. The term “bolting material,” as used in
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
this specification, covers rolled or forged bars, bolts, nuts,
system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must
screws, washers, studs, and stud bolts. The bars shall be hot
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
wrought. The material may be further processed by centerless
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-
grinding or by cold drawing.
cation.
1.2 The high-temperature properties of the material covered
by this specification are dependent upon special heat treatment,
2. Referenced Documents
which is required. Although the high-temperature properties
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
are not specified, they are implied by control of the chemistry,
A 962/A 962M Specification for Common Requirements
heat treatment, and room-temperature properties of the mate-
forSteelFastenersorFastenerMaterials,orBoth,Intended
rial.
for Use at Any Temperature from Cryogenic to the Creep
NOTE 1—High-temperature tests shall not be required, unless made a
Range
matter of agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
3. Common Requirements
1.3 Three levels of bolting strength are covered, designated
Grades B4B, B4C, and B4D. Selection will depend on the 3.1 Material and Fasteners supplied to this specification
design and the stresses and service for which the product is to
shall conform to Specification A 962/A 962M. These require-
be used. ments include test methods, finish, thread dimensions, marking
certification, optional supplementary requirements, and others.
NOTE 2—When ordering material under this specification, or when
If the requirements of this specification are in conflict with
incorporating this specification as a reference in any individual specifica-
those of A 962/A 962M, then the requirements of this specifi-
tion, the purchaser must designate the steel by identification symbol or
analysis, or both, and definitely specify the minimum mechanical prop- cation shall prevail.
erties required as selected from Table 1.
4. Ordering Information
1.4 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are
4.1 The inquiry and order should indicate the following:
provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supple-
4.1.1 Specification designation, grade and class, issue date
mentary requirements shall apply only when specified indi-
and revision letter,
vidually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.
4.1.2 Quantity (weight or number of pieces),
4.1.3 Description (bars, bolts, nuts, etc.),
1
4.1.4 Dimensions,
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel, and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee 4.1.5 Finish, and
A01.22 on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for PipingApplications and Bolting
Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications.
3
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2004. Published September 2004. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2001 asA 437/A 437M – 01a. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
cation SA-437 in Section II of that code. the ASTM website.
*ASummary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A 437/A 437M – 04
A
TABLE 1 Te
...

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1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements that shall apply to carbon, alloy, stainless steel, and nickel alloy bolting under any of the following ASTM Specifications (or under any other ASTM Specifications that invoke this specification or portions thereof):
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1.3 Fasteners are a wide-ranging classification that includes screws, bolts, nuts, washers, stud bolts, rivets, powder-actuated studs, staples, tacks, and pins. Bolting, which is composed of bolting materials, such as rods, bars, flats, and forgings, which are subsequently manufactured into bolting components, are a special sub-group of fasteners. Bolting materials and components have designated compositions and specific properties intended for applications in aggressive service where commercial generic fasteners may not be suitable or have insufficient fitness for purpose under certain conditions. These conditions include cryogenic or high temperature service, or excessive vibration, impact, or shock. To further address any other special service conditions where bolting is intended for use, additional requirements may be specified by mutual agreement between the purchaser and supplier.  
1.4 Supplementary requirements are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements only apply when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.5 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units. Unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable “M” specification designation (SI units) the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; there...

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ASTM A193/A193M-23(Specification)
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1.1 This specification2 covers alloy and stainless steel bolting materials and bolting components for pressure vessels, valves, flanges, and fittings for high temperature or high pressure service, or other special purpose applications. See Specification A962/A962M for the definition of bolting. Bars and wire shall be hot-wrought and may be further processed by centerless grinding or by cold drawing. Austenitic stainless steel may be carbide solution treated or carbide solution treated and strain-hardened. When strain hardened austenitic stainless steel is ordered, the purchaser should take special care to ensure that Appendix X1 is thoroughly understood.  
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Note 1: The committee formulating this specification has included several steel types that have been rather extensively used for the present purpose. Other compositions will be considered for inclusion by the committee from time to time as the need becomes apparent.
Note 2: For grades of alloy-steel bolting suitable for use at the lower range of high temperature applications, reference should be made to Specification A354.
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1.1 This specification2 covers regular and special-quality alloy steel bolting materials and bolting components that may be used for nuclear and other special applications. See Specification A962/A962M for the definition of bolting.  
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1.1 This specification2 covers five grades of bolting materials with twelve classes of yield strength ranging from 50 to 120 ksi [345 to 827 MPa] for use in high-temperature service for bolting components, such as bolts, screws, nuts, or studs, for pressure vessel and valve flanges. See Specification A962/A962M for the definition of bolting. The material requires special processing and is not intended for general purpose applications.  
1.2 The following referenced general requirements are indispensable for application of this specification: Specification A962/A962M.  
1.3 Supplementary Requirements are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The Supplementary Requirements shall only apply when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
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1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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This specification covers the requirements for carbon and alloy steel compressible-washer-type direct tension indicators (DTIs) capable of indicating a specified bolt tension in cap screws, bolts, anchors, and studs. These DTIs are intended for installation under a bolt or cap screw head, a hex nut, or against a hardened washer or other flat hardened surface. The following are two types of DTIs: Type 1 DTIs are suitable for comparatively large bearing surfaces and Type 2 DTIs are suitable for comparatively smaller bearing surfaces. DTIs shall have a configuration produced by extrusion, punching, pressing, or similar forming to permit a measurable decrease in thickness when placed in compression. The design shall be such that the degree of plastic deformation of the protrusions shall indicate the tension in a tightened cap screw, bolt, anchor, or stud. The process used for heat treatment of DTIs, if required, shall be through-hardening by heating to a temperature above the upper transformation temperature, quenching in oil, and then tempering by reheating to a suitable temperature to attain desired mechanical/performance properties. Protective coatings, platings, or finishes may be applied on the DTIs if specified. Compression load and hardness of the DTIs shall be determined by performing mechanical tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for carbon and alloy steel compressible-washer-type direct tension indicators (DTIs) capable of indicating a specified bolt tension in cap screws, bolts, anchors, and studs.  
1.2 Direct tension indicators in inch sizes 1/4 through 21/2 in. and metric sizes M6 and M72 are covered.  
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1.3.2 Style 2 DTIs are suitable for comparatively large bearing surfaces. Style 2 DTIs are available in Grades 55 and 105, which differ in the amount of tension they indicate at a prescribed gap (see Table 1 and Table 3).    
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1.5 Recommended Fasteners—Fasteners meeting the requirements of the standards referenced in Table 3 are considered compatible with the DTI grade or class listed.  
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1.7 The following precautionary statement pertains only to the test method portions, Section 12of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers the requirements for two types (Types 8.8 and 10.9) of compressible-washer-type direct tension indicators, in nominal diameter sizes M16 through M36, capable of indicating the achievement of a specified minimum bolt tension in a structural bolt and are intended for installation under either a bolt head or a hardened washer. Steel materials used in the manufacture of direct tension indicators shall be designed, processed, heat treated, and protectively coated as specified. The direct tension indicators shall conform to required chemical composition, compression load, outside diameter, number of protrusions, thickness values, inside diameter, and protrusion tangential diameter values.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for compressible-washer-type direct tension indicators, (DTIs) capable of indicating the achievement of a specified minimum tension in a structural bolting assembly.  
1.2 Eight types of DTIs in nominal diameter sizes 1/2 through 1 1/2 in. as well as M16 through M36 are covered:  
1.2.1 Type 325-1—DTIs for use with Specification F3125 Grade A325 Type 1 bolts or Grade F1852 assemblies.  
1.2.2 Type 325–3—DTIs for use with Specification F3125 Grade A325 Type 3 bolts or Grade F1852 Type 3 assemblies.  
1.2.3 Type 490–1—DTIs for use with Specification F3125 Grade A490 Type 1 bolts or Grade F2280 assemblies.  
1.2.4 Type 490–3—DTIs for use with Specification F3125 Grade A490 Type 3 bolts Grade F2280 Type 3 assemblies.  
1.2.5 Type 8.8-1—DTIs for use with Specification F3125 Grade A325M Type 1 bolts.  
1.2.6 Type 8.8-3—DTIs for use with Specification F3125 Grade A325M Type 3 bolts.  
1.2.7 Type 10.9-1—DTIs for use with Specification F3125 Grade A490M Type 1 bolts.  
1.2.8 Type 10.9-3—DTIs for use with Specification F3125 Grade A490M Type 3 bolts.  
1.3 DTIs are intended for installation with the protrusions against a hardened surface such as a bolt head, a hardened nut, or a hardened washer. (See Research Council on Structural Connections: Specification for Structural Joints Using High–Strength Bolts.)  
1.4 This specification provides for furnishing Type 3 DTIs to a Chemical Composition Requirement or a Corrosion Resistance Index (CRI) at the manufacturer’s discretion.  
1.5 Terms used in this specification are defined in Terminology F1789 unless otherwise specified.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7 The following precautionary statement pertains only to the test method portions, Section 10 and Appendix X1 of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F1789-23(Terminology)
Standard Terminology for F16 Mechanical Fasteners

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of definitions for terminology used for mechanical fasteners.  
1.2 Terms in this terminology are organized alphabetically. In Appendix X1 they are listed under fastener characteristic.  
1.3 Additional definitions are shown in ANSI/ASME B18.12; IFI Glossary of Terms, IFI-139 and IFI-140; and SAE J412.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM G198-17(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Relative Corrosion Performance of Driven Fasteners in Contact with Treated Wood

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides controlled environments which are utilized to produce corrosion of metal, metal-coated, or nonmetallic-coated smooth or deformed shank driven fasteners in contact with treated wood exposed to the given test environments. The test method provides information that can be used to evaluate the corrosion resistance of metal, metal-coated, or nonmetallic-coated smooth or deformed shank driven fasteners in contact with different chemical wood treatments.  
5.2 The results shall be used for comparative purposes only and they shall not be correlated to exposure time in natural environments.  
5.3 The reproducibility of results in these types of tests is highly dependent on the type of samples tested and the evaluation criteria selected, as well as the control of the operating variables.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and focuses on the corrosion resistance of metal, metal-coated, and nonmetallic-coated smooth and deformed shank driven fasteners in contact with treated wood in exterior or high moisture exposure applications using comparative tests with control fastener specimens of standardized benchmarks. This test method may be used for preservative-treated wood.  
1.2 This test method describes the apparatus, procedure, and conditions required to maintain test environments for the Cyclic Fog Test and the Steady State Moisture Test.  
1.3 This test method describes the types of test samples, lists exposure periods, and gives guidance on interpretation of results.  
1.4 Until experience is gained comparing laboratory-to-laboratory results with this test method, comparisons of fasteners, coatings, materials, or preservatives shall be made only within the results of the same test.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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