ASTM D4966-98(2007)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. Fabrics of all types may be tested by this method but difficulties may arise with fabrics with a pile depth greater than 0.08 in. (2 mm).
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard; the values in SI units are provided as information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1 - For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D 3884, D 3885, D 3886, D 4157, D 4158, and AATCC Test Method 93.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D4966 – 98 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Test Method for
Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion
Tester Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4966; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Editorial changes were made in August 2007.
1. Scope 2.2 AATCC Methods and Procedures:
Evaluation Procedure 1 Gray Scale for Color Change
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abra-
TestMethod 93 AbrasionResistanceofFabrics:Accelerator
sion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion
Method
tester. Fabrics of all types may be tested by this method but
difficulties may arise with fabrics with a pile depth greater than
3. Terminology
0.08 in. (2 mm).
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of other textile terms used
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
in this test method, refer to Terminology D123.
as standard; the values in SI units are provided as information
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
only.
3.2.1 abrasion, n—the wearing away of any part of a
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
material by rubbing against another surface.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.2 abrasion cycle, n—total number of movements re-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
quired to complete a geometric shape in a Martindale abrasion
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tester.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.3 cycle, n—16 movements required for the completion
NOTE 1—For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resis-
of one Lissajous figure on a Martindale tester.
tance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157,
3.2.4 lissajous figure, n—a geometric figure that starts as a
D4158, and AATCC Test Method 93.
straight line, then becomes a widening ellipse and narrows to
again become a straight line. There are 16 movements in one
2. Referenced Documents
2 Lissajous figure.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.5 movement, n—one rotation of the two outer gearing of
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
the Martindale tester.
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
3.2.6 standard atmosphere for preconditioning textiles,
D3884 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
n—anatmospherehavingarelativehumidityof10to25 %and
Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
a temperature not over 122°F (50°C).
D3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
3.2.7 standard atmosphere for testing, in textiles, n—an
Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
atmosphere for testing in which the air is maintained at a
D3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
relative humidity of 65 6 2 % and at a temperature of 70 6
Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)
2°F (21 6 1°C).
D4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
4. Summary of Test Method
D4158 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics
4.1 Abrasion resistance is measured by subjecting the speci-
(Uniform Abrasion)
men to rubbing motion in the form of a geometric figure, that
is, a straight line, which becomes a gradually widening ellipse,
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
until it forms another straight line in the opposite direction and
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
traces the same figure again under known conditions of
Specific.
pressure and abrasive action. Resistance to abrasion is evalu-
Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originally
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D4966 – 98(2004).
ated by various means which are described in Section 11.
DOI: 10.1520/D4966-98R07E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists,
the ASTM website. P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D4966 – 98 (2007)
surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change
appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar
abradantsusedindifferentlaboratorieswillnotlikelychangeat
the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants
also may change due to pick up of finishing or other material
from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent
intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion
also may be affected by the method of evaluation and may be
influenced by the judgment of the operator.
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as mea-
sured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only
one of several factors contributing to wear performance or
durability as experienced in the actual use of the material.
While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the
number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified
technique to produce a specified degree or amount of abrasion)
and “durability” (defined as the ability to withstand deteriora-
tion or wearing out in use, including the effects of abrasion)
FIG. 1 Martindale Abrasion Tester
frequently are related, the relationship varies with different end
uses, and different factors may be necessary in any calculation
of predicted durability from specific abrasion data.
5. Significance and Use
5.4.1 Laboratory tests may be reliable as an indication of
5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered
relative end-use performance in cases where the difference in
satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of
abrasion resistance of various materials is large, but they
fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is
should not be relied upon where differences in laboratory test
poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself,
findings are small. In general, they should not be relied upon
technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the
for prediction of actual wear-life in specific-end uses unless
same type of testing instrument, both within and between
there are data showing the specific relationship between
laboratories.Although this test method is not recommended for
laboratory abrasion tests and actual wear in the intended
acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely,
end-use.
especially outside the United States.
5.5 These general observations apply to all types of fabrics,
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
including woven, nonwoven, and knit apparel fabrics, house-
reported test results when using this test method for acceptance
hold fabrics, industrial fabrics, and floor coverings. It is not
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
surprising, therefore, to find that there are many different types
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
of abrasion testing machines, abradants, testing conditions,
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
testing procedures, methods of evaluation of abrasion resis-
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
tance, and interpretation of results.
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
5.6 All the test methods and instruments so far developed
specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are
forabrasionresistancemayshowahighdegreeofvariabilityin
from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
results obtained by different operators and in different labora-
specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers
tories; however, they represent the methods now most widely
to each laboratory for testing.The average results from the two
in use.
laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for
5.7 Since there is a definite need for measuring the relative
unpaireddataandanacceptableprobabilitylevelchosenbythe
resistance to abrasion, standardized test methods are desirable
two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either
and useful and may clarify the problem and lessen the
its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
confusion.
supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the
known bias.
6. Apparatus and Materials
5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by the
6.1 Martindale Abrasion Tester, (Fig. 1) with the following
conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable
replaceable items:
action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the
6.1.1 Standard Abradant Fabric, a plain weave, crossbred,
tension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimen
worsted wool fabric described in the finished state as in Table
and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.
1.
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes
6.1.2 Standard Felt, of mass 22 6 1.5 oz
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