ASTM E1209-99
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using the Water-Washable Process
Standard Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using the Water-Washable Process
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for water-washable fluorescent penetrant examination of materials. It is a nondestructive testing method for detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, laminations, isolated porosity, through leaks, or lack of porosity and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance examination. It can be effectively used in the examination of nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous and nonferrous, and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densified ceramics and certain nonporous plastics and glass.
1.2 This test method also provides a reference:
1.2.1 By which a fluorescent penetrant examination method using the water-washable process recommended or required by individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain its applicability and completeness.
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications dealing with the water-washable fluorescent penetrant examination of materials and parts. Agreement by the purchaser and the manufacturer regarding specific techniques is strongly recommended.
1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities and personnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.
1.3 This test method does not indicate or suggest standards for evaluation of the indications obtained. It should be pointed out, however, that after indications have been produced, they must be interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate code or specification or a specific agreement to define the type, size, location, and direction of indications considered acceptable, and those considered unacceptable.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. SI units are provided for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Notes 6, 14, and 20.
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Designation:E1209–99
Standard Test Method for
Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using the Water-
Washable Process
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1209; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers procedures for water-washable
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
fluorescent penetrant examination of materials. It is a nonde-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
structive testing method for detecting discontinuities that are
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts,
statements, see Notes 13 and 18.
laminations, isolated porosity, through leaks, or lack of poros-
ity and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance
2. Referenced Documents
examination. It can be effectively used in the examination of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous and nonferrous,
D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densified
eral Bomb Method)
ceramics and certain nonporous plastics and glass.
D 516 Test Methods for Sulfate Ion in Water
1.2 This test method also provides a reference:
D 808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petro-
1.2.1 By which a fluorescent penetrant examination method
leum Products (Bomb Method)
using the water-washable process recommended or required by
D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain its
(High-Temperature Method)
applicability and completeness.
E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications
E 433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-
dealing with the water-washable fluorescent penetrant exami-
tion
nation of materials and parts.Agreement by the purchaser and
E 543 Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform Non-
the manufacturer regarding specific techniques is strongly
destructive Testing
recommended.
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities and
2.2 ASNT Documents:
personnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.
Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualifica-
1.3 This test method does not indicate or suggest standards
tion and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
for evaluation of the indications obtained. It should be pointed
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Qualification and Certification of
out, however, that indications must be interpreted or classified
NDT Personnel
and then evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate
2.3 Military Standard:
code or specification or a specific agreement to define the type,
MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-
size, location, and direction of indications considered accept-
tion and Certification
able, and those considered unacceptable.
2.4 AIA Standard:
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
as the standard. SI units are provided for information only.
Test Personnel
1.5 All areas of this document may be open to agreement
2.5 Department of Defense (DoD) Contracts—Unless oth-
between the cognizant engineering organization and the sup-
erwise specified, the issue of the documents that are DoD
plier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering
organization.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
1 5
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-7 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlin-
Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. gate Plaza, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 1999. Published April 1999. Originally AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
published as E 1209 – 87. Last previous edition E 1209 – 94. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
2 8
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Test Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250
Method SE-1209 in Section II of that Code. Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1209–99
adopted are those listed in the issue of the DoDISS (Depart- a family of fluorescent water-washable penetrants and appro-
ment of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards) cited priate developers and are classified as Type I Fluorescent,
in the solicitation. Method A—Water-Washable. Intermixing of materials from
various manufacturers is not recommended.
2.6 Order of Precedence—In the event of conflict between
NOTE 4—Refer to 8.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen, and
the text of this test method and the references cited herein, the
alkali metal content.
text of this test method takes precedence.
NOTE 5—Caution: While approved penetrant materials will not ad-
verselyaffectcommonmetallicmaterials,someplasticsorrubbersmaybe
swollen or stained by certain penetrants.
3. Terminology
6.2 Water-Washable Penetrants are designed to be directly
3.1 Definitions—definitions relating to liquid penetrant ex-
water-washable from the surface of the test part after a suitable
amination, which appear inTerminology E 1316, shall apply to
penetrant dwell time. Because the emulsifier is “built-in’’ to
the terms used in this test method.
the water-washable penetrant, it is extremely important to
4. Summary of Test Method exercise proper process control in removal of excess surface
penetrant to assure against overwashing. Water-washable pen-
4.1 A liquid penetrant is applied evenly over the surface
etrants can be washed out of discontinuities if the rinsing step
being tested and allowed to enter open discontinuities. After a
is too long or too vigorous. Some penetrants are less resistant
suitable dwell time, the excess surface penetrant is removed
to overwashing than others.
with water and the surface is dried prior to the application of a
6.3 Developers—Development of penetrant indications is
dry or nonaqueous developer. A developer is then applied,
the process of bringing the penetrant out of open discontinui-
drawing the entrapped penetrant out of the discontinuity and
ties through blotting action of the applied developer, thus
staining the developer. If an aqueous developer is to be
increasing the visibility of the penetrant indications. Several
employed,thedeveloperisappliedpriortothedryingstep.The
types of developers are suitable for use and the fluorescent
test surface is then examined visually under black light in a
penetrant water-washable process.
darkened area to determine the presence or absence of indica-
tions.
NOTE 6—Caution: Aqueous developers may cause stripping of indica-
tions if not properly applied and controlled. The procedure shall be
NOTE 1—The developer may be omitted by agreement between pur-
qualified in accordance with 9.2.
chaser and supplier.
NOTE 2—Caution: Fluorescent penetrant examination shall not follow
6.3.1 Dry Powder Developers are used as supplied (that is,
a visible penetrant examination unless the procedure has been qualified in
free-flowing,noncakingpowder)inaccordancewith7.1.7.1(a).
accordance with 9.2, because visible dyes may cause deterioration or
Care should be taken not to contaminate the developer with
quenching of fluorescent dyes.
fluorescent penetrant, as the specks can appear as indications.
4.2 The selection of particular water-washable penetrant
6.3.2 Aqueous Developers are normally supplied as dry
process parameters depends upon the nature of the application,
powder particles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble)
condition under which the examination is to be performed,
in water. The concentration, use, and maintenance shall be in
availability of processing equipment, and type of materials to
accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations (see
perform the examination.
7.1.7.1(b)).
6.3.3 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers are supplied as suspen-
NOTE 3—Caution: Acontrolled method for applying water and dispos-
sions of developer particles in nonaqueous, solvent carriers
ing of the water is essential.
ready for use as supplied. Nonaqueous, wet developers form a
4.3 Processing parameters, such as precleaning, penetration
coating on the surface of the part when dried, which serves as
time and wash times, are determined by the specific materials
the developing medium for fluorescent penetrants (see
used, the nature of the part under examination, (that is, size,
7.1.7.1(c)).
shape, surface condition, alloy) and type of discontinuities
expected. NOTE 7—Caution: This type of developer is intended for application
by spray only.
5. Significance and Use
6.3.4 Liquid Film Developers are solutions or colloidal
5.1 Liquidpenetrantexaminationmethodsindicatethepres-
suspensions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. These
ence, location, and, to a limited extent, the nature and magni-
developerswillformatransparentortranslucentcoatingonthe
tude of the detected discontinuities. This method is normally
surface of the part. Certain types of film developer will fix
used for production inspection of large volumes of parts or
indications and may be stripped from the part and retained for
structures, where emphasis is on productivity. The method
record purposes (see 7.1.7.1(d)).
enjoys a wide latitude in applicability when extensive and
controlled conditions are available. Multiple levels of sensitiv-
7. Procedure
ity can be achieved by proper selection of materials and
7.1 The following general procedure applies to the fluores-
variations in process.
cent penetrant examination water-washable method (see Fig.
6. Reagents and Materials
1).
6.1 Liquid Fluorescent Penetrant Examination Materials 7.1.1 Temperature Limits—Thetemperatureofthepenetrant
(see Note 4) for use in the water-washable process consist of materials and the surface of the part to be processed should be
E1209–99
Incoming Parts
Alkaline Steam Vapor Degrease Solvent Wash Acid Etch
PRECLEAN
(See 7.1.3.1)
Mechanical Paint Stripper Ultrasonic Detergent
DRY
(See 7.1.3.2)
Dry
PENETRANT Apply Water-
APPLICATION Washable
(See 7.1.4) Penetrant
FINAL RINSE
(See 7.1.5)
Water Wash
Spray Dip
DRY DEVELOP Developer
(See 7.1.6) (See 7.1.7) (Aqueous)
Dry
DEVELOP DRY Developer,
(See 7.1.7) (See 7.1.6) Dry,
Nonaqueous
Dry
or
Liquid Film
EXAMINE
(See 7.1.8)
Examine
Water Rinse Detergent Mechanical
Wash
POST CLEAN
(See 7.1.10 and
Prac-
tice E 165, Annex
on
Post Cleaning.)
Dry
Vapor Degrease Solvent Soak Ultrasonic Clean
Outgoing Parts
FIG. 1 General Procedure Flowsheet for Fluorescent Penetrant Examination Using the Water-Washable Process
between 40° and 120°F (4° and 49°C).Where it is not practical effectiveness of the examination. For metals, unless otherwise
to comply with these temperature limitations, qualify the specified, etching shall be performed when evidence exists that
procedure at the temperature of intended use as described in previous cleaning, surface treatments or service usage have
9.2. produced a surface condition that degrades the effectiveness of
7.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to Penetrant Inspection— the examination. (See Annex on Mechanical Cleaning and
Satisfactory results can usually be obtained on surfaces in the Surface Conditioning and Annex on Acid Etching in Test
as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged conditions or for Method E 165 for general precautions relative to surface
ceramics in the densified condition. The more sensitive pen- preparation.)
etrants are generally less easily rinsed away and are therefore
NOTE 8—When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blasting
less suitable for rougher surfaces. When only loose surface
without subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.
residuals are present, these may be removed by wiping the
NOTE 9—Caution: Sand or shot blasting may possibly close indica-
surface with clean lint-free cloths. However, precleaning of
tions and extreme care should be used with grinding and machining
operations.
metals to remove processing residuals such as oil, graphite,
NOTE 10—For structural or electronic ceramics, surface preparation by
scale, insulating materials, coatings, and so forth, should be
grinding, sand blasting and etching for penetrant examination is not
done using cleaning solvents, vapor degreasing or chemical
recommended because of the potential for damage.
removing processes. Surface conditioning by grinding, ma-
chining, polishing or etching shall follow shot, sand, grit and 7.1.3 Removal of Surface Contaminants:
vapor blasting to remove the peened skin and when penetrant 7.1.3.1 Precleaning—The success of any penetrant exami-
entrapment in surface irregularities might mask the indications nation procedure is greatly dependent upon the surface and
of unacceptable discontinuities or otherwise interfere with the discontinuity being free of any contaminant (solid or liquid)
E1209–99
TABLE 1 Recommended Minimum Dwell Times
that might interfere with the penetrant process. All parts or
A
areas of parts to be examined must be clean and dry before the Dwell Times
(minutes)
penetrant is applied. If only a section of a part, such as weld Type of
Material Form
Discontinuity
Pene- Devel-
including the heat-affected zone, is to be examined, all con-
B C
trant oper
taminants shall be removed from the area being examined as
Aluminum, castings and cold shuts, 510
defined by the contracting parties. “Clean” is intended to mean
magnesium, steel, welds porosity,
that the surface must be free of any rust, scale, welding flux,
brass and bronze, lack of fusion,
titanium and cracks (all forms)
spatter, grease, paint, oily films, dirt, etc., that might interfere
high-temperature
with penetration. All of these contaminants can prevent the
alloys
penetrant from entering discontinuities. (See Annex on Clean-
wrought- laps, cracks (all 10 10
materials— forms)
ing of Parts and Materials in Test Method E 165 for more
extrus
...
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