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ASTM D3427-02

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Air Release Properties of Petroleum Oils

Standard Test Method for Air Release Properties of Petroleum Oils

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the ability of turbine, hydraulic, and gear oils to separate entrained air.
Note 1—This test method was developed for mineral based oils. It may be used for some synthetic fluids; however, the precision statement applies only to petroleum oils.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
22-Oct-2002
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
75.120 - Hydraulic fluids
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.C0.02 - Corrosion and Water/Air Separability
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3427-99 - Standard Test Method for Air Release Properties of Petroleum Oils
Effective Date
23-Oct-2002
Replaced By
ASTM D3427-03 - Standard Test Method for Air Release Properties of Petroleum Oils
Effective Date
01-Nov-2003
Referred By
ASTM D4293-22 - Standard Specification for Phosphate Ester-Based Fluids for Turbine Lubrication and Steam Turbine Electro-Hydraulic Control (EHC) Applications
Effective Date
23-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM D4378-22 - Standard Practice for In-Service Monitoring of Mineral Turbine Oils for Steam, Gas, and Combined Cycle Turbines
Effective Date
23-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM D8323-20 - Standard Guide for Management of In-Service Phosphate Ester-based Fluids for Steam Turbine Electro-Hydraulic Control (EHC) Systems
Effective Date
23-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7044-15 - Standard Specification for Biodegradable Fire Resistant Hydraulic Fluids
Effective Date
23-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM D8029-18 - Standard Specification for Biodegradable, Low Aquatic Toxicity Hydraulic Fluids
Effective Date
23-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM D6158-18 - Standard Specification for Mineral Hydraulic Oils
Effective Date
23-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM D6224-22 - Standard Practice for In-Service Monitoring of Lubricating Oil for Auxiliary Power Plant Equipment
Effective Date
23-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7155-20 - Standard Practice for Evaluating Compatibility of Mixtures of Turbine Lubricating Oils
Effective Date
23-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM D8324-21 - Standard Guide for Selection of Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Vessel General Permit
Effective Date
23-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM D4304-22 - Standard Specification for Mineral and Synthetic Lubricating Oil Used in Steam or Gas Turbines
Effective Date
23-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7752-18 - Standard Practice for Evaluating Compatibility of Mixtures of Hydraulic Fluids
Effective Date
23-Oct-2002

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ASTM D3427-02 - Standard Test Method for Air Release Properties of Petroleum OilsASTM D3427-02 - Standard Test Method for Air Release Properties of Petroleum Oils
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ASTM D3427-02 - Standard Test Method for Air Release Properties of Petroleum Oils
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: D 3427 – 02
Standard Test Method for
1
Air Release Properties of Petroleum Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3427; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
Note 10 and Paragraph 10.4 were corrected, and the yeardate was changed per the Editorial Review Board in October 2002.
1. Scope 4. Summary of Test Method
1.1 This test method covers the ability of turbine, hydraulic, 4.1 Compressed air is blown through the test oil, which has
and gear oils to separate entrained air. been heated to a temperature of 25, 50, or 75°C. After the air
flow is stopped, the time required for the air entrained in the oil
NOTE 1—This test method was developed for mineral based oils. It may
to reduce in volume to 0.2 % is recorded as the air release time.
be used for some synthetic fluids; however, the precision statement applies
only to petroleum oils.
5. Significance and Use
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.1 Agitation of lubricating oil with air in equipment, such
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
as bearings, couplings, gears, pumps, and oil return lines, may
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
produce a dispersion of finely divided air bubbles in the oil. If
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
the residence time in the reservoir is too short to allow the air
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
bubbles to rise to the oil surface, a mixture of air and oil will
circulate through the lubricating oil system. This may result in
2. Referenced Documents
an inability to maintain oil pressure (particularly with centrifu-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
gal pumps), incomplete oil films in bearings and gears, and
2
D 329 Specification for Acetone
poor hydraulic system performance or failure.
3
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
5.2 This test method measures the time for the entrained air
D 1401 Test Method for Water Separability of Petroleum
content to fall to the relatively low value of 0.2 % volume
4
Oils and Synthetic Fluids
under a standardized set of test conditions and hence permits
5
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
the comparison of the ability of oils to separate entrained air
6
2.2 DIN Standard:
under conditions where a separation time is available. The
DIN 51 381
significance of this test method has not been fully established.
However, entrained air can cause sponginess and lack of
3. Terminology
sensitivity of the control of turbine and hydraulic systems. This
3.1 Definition of Term Specific to This Standard:
test may not be suitable for ranking oils in applications where
3.1.1 air release time, n—the number of minutes needed for
residence times are short and gas contents are high.
air entrained in the oil to reduce in volume to 0.2 % under the
conditions of this test and at the specified temperature.
6. Apparatus
6.1 A schematic diagram of the apparatus is shown in Fig. 1.
The component parts are described as follows:
1
6.1.1 Test Vessel, made of borosilicate glass as shown in Fig.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
2, consisting of a jacketed sample tube fitted with an air inlet
D02.C0.02 on Corrosion and Water/Air Separability.
capillary, baffle plate, and air outlet tube. The two parts of each
Current edition approved Oct. 23, 2002. Published October 2002. Originally
test vessel should be marked and preferably used as a pair.
published as D 3427–75. Last previous edition D 3427–99.
2
Interchanged parts may be used so long as the resultant test
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.04.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
vessel conforms to the stated dimensions.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
6.1.2 Pressure Gage, covering the range from 0 to 35 kPa,
5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
6
with divisions at least every 2 kPa, and an accuracy of 1.5 kPa.
Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstrasse 6, 1000 Berlin 30,
Germany. 6.1.3 Thermometers:
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3427–02
dangerous. Back pressure in excess of a gage pressure of 70
kPa (10 psi) can be generated when oil is pumped at the
required rate; this can cause fracture of the glass or slippage of
the hose connections. Use of a pressure relief valve set at 70
kPa (10 psi) is recommende
...

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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle concentration and particle size distribution in new and in-service oils used for lubrication and hydraulic purposes.  
1.2 Particles considered are in the range from 4 µm (c) to 200 µm (c) with the upper limit being dependent on the specific automatic particle counter being used.
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1.4 Samples containing visible particles may not be suitable for analysis using this test method.  
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1.1.1 The test method is applicable to petroleum and synthetic based fluids. Samples from 2 mm2/s to 150 mm2/s at 40 °C may be processed directly. Samples of greater viscosity may be processed after solvent dilution.  
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Test Method for Dry Filterability of Lubricants and Hydraulic Fluids by Mass Flow Technique

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Precision equipment and high pressure hydraulic machinery require filtered lubricants and fluids to prevent damage from the circulation of hard particulate contaminants. Three types of particulate contaminants are present in lubricants and hydraulic fluids: built in contaminants from the machinery assembly process, generated contaminants from equipment wear, and contaminants that enter from external sources.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the dry filterability of lubricants and hydraulic fluids based upon mass flow rate measurements through a 0.8 µm membrane after ageing (Note 1). The procedure applies to lubricants and hydraulic fluids that are formulated with American Petroleum Institute (API) Group I, II, III, IV, and certain V base stocks. Products formulated with water or base stocks that are heavier than water are out of scope.
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The laboratory preparation of liquid blends of known composition is required to provide analytical standards for the calibration of chromatographic and other types of analytical instrumentation.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a laboratory procedure for the preparation of small volumes of multicomponent liquid blends for use as analytical standards.  
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1.3 This practice is limited to those components that fulfill the following conditions:  
1.3.1 They are completely soluble in the final blend.  
1.3.2 They are not reactive with other blend components or with blend containers.  
1.3.3 The combined vapor pressure of the blended components is such that there is no selective evaporation of any of the components.
1.3.3.1 The butane content of the blend is not to exceed 10 %. (Warning—Extremely flammable liquefied gas under pressure. Vapor reduces oxygen available for breathing.) Components with a vapor pressure higher than butanes are not to be blended.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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