F42.01 - Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The overall objective of this practice is to provide recommendations for the systematic acquisition of image data that indicate the health condition of the wear-sensitive SPW in PBF-LB/M machines. These data may allow a user to determine calibration and maintenance cycles based on the actual health condition of the SPW.  
4.2 The recommendations are intended for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) of PBF-LB/M machines to provide guidance for the implementation of sensor systems to acquire spatially resolved data about the health condition of the SPW.  
4.3 The recommendations are intended for users of PBF-LB/M machines to provide guidance for the assessment of the actual health condition of the SPW to:  
4.3.1 Flag when a calibration or maintenance of the optical system is needed and alert the user or OEM to perform the calibration or maintenance and  
4.3.2 Generate statistical estimates for the useful life, or critical health state, of the SPW based on data recorded over the long term. The statistics may be used to derive maintenance cycles that allow a better utilization of the useful life of the SPW than current predetermined maintenance cycles.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides:  
1.1.1 Recommendations for the design and integration of an area scan camera system (referred to as “camera system”) into a laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) machine to assess the health condition of the scanner protective window (SPW),  
1.1.2 Recommendations for data acquisition with the aforementioned system,  
1.1.3 Description of a methodology for processing the aforementioned data, and  
1.1.4 Recommendation on ex-situ measurements of laser beam parameters and part properties suitable for labeling of the processed condition data.  
1.2 Many of the operational descriptions included in this practice are intended as general overviews. They may not present the detailed information required.  
1.3 Units-The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 General:  
5.1.1 This guide is intended to support PBF-LB process and parameter development, part acceptance criteria, and process control tests.  
5.1.2 Flaws and Defects-Fabricating fully dense parts continues to be a challenge in AM as the process intrinsically introduces volumetric flaws into a part reducing the part relative density (that is, increasing porosity or the presence of small voids in a part making it less than fully dense) and mechanical performance.
5.1.2.1 When a flaw reaches a size, shape, location, or criticality that makes it becomes unacceptable for part acceptance, it will be referred to as a defect.
5.1.2.2 Flaw or defect formation is governed by the manufacturing process, build parameters, feedstock, and geometric factors. Therefore, accurate measurement of fabricated part relative density is an important initial step in determining part and process quality.
5.1.2.3 The quantity, size, and shape of the volumetric flaws influences mechanical performance of a part, particularly under cyclic loading. These data could indicate irregularly shaped (for example, LOF pores or microcracking) or spherical porosity (for example, keyhole or entrapped gas porosity) and determine acceptability by assigning criteria. While these metrics can be quantified, in this guide, the general capabilities of each method to capture this data will be highlighted, but detailed recommendations on these data types will not be made and rather the focus will be on relative density measurements.  
5.1.3 Uncertainty and Error-Users should consider that each measurement technique considered in this guide has differing sensitivities to various sized features. The measurement methods will also have different potential systematic errors or measurement uncertainties due to sampling sizes, detection resolution, effect of surface condition, experimental set-up, or reliance on a theoretical material density. It is important that these effects are taken into considerati...
SCOPE
1.1 In this standard, guidelines for measuring post-manufacturing relative density of metallic additive manufactured (AM) parts and density assessment test specimens are given.  
1.2 In this guide, standard test methods commonly used to measure part relative density and details any procedural changes or recommendations for use with PBF-LB parts are referenced. Extensibility to other types of metallic AM processes may be considered on a case-by-case basis with user discretion.  
1.3 This guide is intended to be applied during the selection process of methods to measure the relative density of AM parts to balance cost, accuracy, complexity, part destruction, and part size concerns.  
1.4 Pore size, shape, and distribution and their implications relative to the AM process and material are beyond the scope of this guide; however, each method’s ability to obtain these metrics is discussed in the context of the various density measurement methods.  
1.5 Units-The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 As noted in many of the standards in Section 2, there are multiple factors that may influence the reported properties, including material choice, material anisotropy, methods of material storage and preparation, porosity, methods of specimen storage and preparation, orientation and specimen build plate location during fabrication, testing environment, specimen alignment and gripping during testing, testing speed, and testing temperature. These factors should be recorded according to Practice F2971 and the guidelines of the referenced standards. This guide is intended to inform users of best practices for static mechanical testing of additive manufactured polymer specimens fabricated using material extrusion (MEX).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers existing standards or variations of existing standards that may be applicable to determine specific static mechanical properties of polymeric specimens fabricated with the material extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing (AM) process. The test methods covered within this document are recommendations supplied coming from the experience previous material qualification programs have provided. Additional test methods may be considered as well depending when evaluating material performance for specific applications. Recommendations for material handling prior to testing and characterization are included as they can greatly affect material properties. It is for the end user to determine if the recommended tests adequately evaluate the material performance for the intended application.  
1.2 Units-The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Determining optimal strategies for the measurement and characterization of surface texture is necessary to increase confidence in the assessment of surfaces and in any further comparisons and correlations sought between manufactured surfaces, manufacturing processes, and desired functionality. Further, measurement and characterization of surface texture have implications in the field of tribology and in the determination and specification of part quality. This guide is designed to provide users of measurement technologies in both industry and academia with good practice for optimizing measurements of surfaces produced by metal powder bed fusion (PBF) manufacturing processes. While the focus of this guide is on surfaces produced by metal PBF, some of the referenced methods may also be appropriate for surfaces produced by other manufacturing processes.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is designed to introduce the reader to techniques for surface texture measurement and characterization of surfaces made with metal powder bed fusion additive manufacturing processes. It refers the reader to existing standards that may be applicable for the measurement and characterization of surface texture.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide describes the use of torque and angle-of-twist data as a preliminary acceptance criteria for a production run utilizing a previously qualified AM process through periodical or continuous evaluation. A torsion device (for example, torque wrench, instrumented lathe with torque readout) is used to break strategically placed torque specimens within the build volume in the as-built state to provide evidence of build health. If a round of tests from a production run is determined to fall outside of some criteria (for example: 3 standard deviations from the mean or other user defined criteria), additional qualification procedures should be performed to ensure the AM machine or process health are acceptable.
Note 1: It is advantageous to locate the specimen at the same build height and near-critical locations of the part or component being fabricated for the evaluation to be representative of the specific region.  
5.2 This guide is not intended to replace rigorous qualification procedures and should only be considered as a preliminary acceptance criterion to increase confidence that an AM machine or process has not been significantly compromised.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide illustrates a test specimen geometry and testing protocol that can be used to assess the quality of a metal powder bed fusion build cycle as it could be affected by major system errors (for example, corrupted calibration, disrupted inert gas flow, laser wear) severely affecting the quality of materials fabricated by laser beam powder bed fusion (PBF-LB).  
1.2 This method is designed to interrupt the manufacturing process if poor material quality is identified through go/no-go torque/angle of twist measurements of witness coupons after each fabrication.  
1.3 Units-The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this guide.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The overall aim of this guide is to provide a common understanding of spreadability in relation to powder bed AM. This guide provides an overview of spreadability parameters and measurement methods that could be used to measure these parameters. These parameters could be used as the basis to develop process specifications for the powder bed.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides definitions of the spreading behavior or spreadability of metal powder feedstock used in powder bed additive manufacturing (AM) – Powder Bed Fusion and Metal Binder Jetting. Definitions are made in terms of powder bed characteristic parameters, and suggests measurement methods that could be used to measure these parameters.  
1.2 This standard is intended for the producers and users of powder feedstock used in powder bed AM to provide a common understanding of spreadability parameters. These parameters can be used as the basis for developing powder specifications that ensure proper powder spreadability.  
1.3 This guide provides guidance to manufacturers and users of AM machines by providing possible techniques to quantify powder bed spreadability, and highlighting possible process parameters that may affect this spreadability. These parameters can be used as the basis for developing process specifications and for developing measures to improve the quality of spreadability in AM processes.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard units. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide will help manufacturers and users of AM powder feedstocks to identify suitable methods for measuring moisture in the feedstocks.  
5.2 This guide will aid control of powder quality and allow powder producers and users of AM machines to assess moisture content of virgin and reused powders.  
5.3 This guide is intended to support acceptance and control tests.  
5.4 Moisture levels are usually relatively low in metallic powder feedstocks (typically lower than 250 µg/g) but could be significantly more important in polymer and ceramic (typically lower than 10 000 µg/g).  
5.5 Moisture may affect powder processability (powder supply and feeding, layer creation) and influence the process and properties of the printed components. As different processes and machines use powders with different characteristics (that is, particle size distribution and shape) and AM machines store and handle powders in different ways, the amount of moisture and its impact may vary significantly depending on the feedstock, process, and machine.  
5.6 A proportion of the water is physisorbed on the surface and can be easily adsorbed and desorbed.  
5.7 A fraction of the water can be strongly bonded to the surface of the powder (that is, chemisorbed) and can be difficult to extract even at temperatures significantly higher than 100 °C. Thus, the water may not all be recovered during the moisture analysis and some water may remain in the samples. Consequently, the values obtained during the tests may be underestimated. As water bonds differently to different materials, the evaporation of water as a function of temperature may vary from one material to another.  
5.8 Because of the reactive nature of powders, water may react with the surface of the powder and form oxides and hydroxides. Thus, the amount of moisture may change with time even if the powder is stored in a tightly sealed container. Reaction of the powder with water may also happen during the analysis as the powder i...
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides guidelines for measuring moisture in powder feedstock used in additive manufacturing (AM). It applies to metallic, ceramic, and polymer AM powder feedstocks.  
1.2 This guide provides a description of test methods commonly used to measure moisture and references to their associated standards.  
1.3 This guide provides best practice guidance on how to apply the test methods to make them suitable for AM powder characterization.  
1.4 This guide is suitable for measuring moisture in AM powder feedstock over the range of 10 µg/g to 10 000 µg/g.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Particle characterization, especially particle size distribution, has been an important parameter for quality control (QC) and research and development (R&D) in a very wide variety of industries and markets, anywhere a particulate system is a final product or an intermediate constituent somewhere in the process. But size alone is not a sufficient morphological measurement to use to understand many factors of the complete particle morphology of particulate systems and their effects on other properties. This information is expected to contribute to the understanding of the effects of shape on powder spreadability and flowability in the creation of the bed in powder bed fusion AM and the density and porosity of the final AM parts (definitions in ISO/ASTM 52900 and Terminology B243). Ultimately, specifications can be developed for quality control (QC) tolerances for these shape parameters that can be measured with a straightforward, fast automated analysis
SCOPE
1.1 This guide explains how to characterize the quality of metal powder feedstock to additive manufacturing (AM) relative to the powder shape using automated static or dynamic image analysis by optical photography. This guide will describe the method(s) to measure powder shape parameters that can identify potentially detrimental powder characteristics and specifically describe how to identify and quantify the proportion of agglomerates/satellites and other irregularly shaped non-spherical powder particles in a powder batch.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Due to variables unique to each AM process and piece of equipment, it is critical to standardize descriptions used to report the preparation, processing, and post processing of specimens produced for tests or evaluation. The intent of this practice is to consistently document the materials and processing history associated with specimens undergoing test or evaluation. The level of detail for the documentation will match the application.  
4.2 This practice establishes minimum data element requirements for reporting of material and process data for the purpose of:  
4.2.1 Standardizing test specimen descriptions and test reports,  
4.2.2 Assisting designers by standardizing AM materials databases,  
4.2.3 Aiding material traceability through testing and evaluation,  
4.2.4 Capturing property-parameter-performance relationships of AM specimens to enable predictive modeling and other computational approaches.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a standard procedure for reporting results by testing or evaluation of specimens produced by additive manufacturing (AM). This practice provides a common format for presenting data for AM specimens, for two purposes: (1) to establish further data reporting requirements, and (2) to provide information for the design of material property databases.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are required for all additive manufacturing related standards. However, when this standard is used in combination with any test method or equipment specified in inch-pound units the results should be reported with mathematical conversions to SI units immediately following in parentheses. The conversions shall be provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Although many additive manufacturing systems are based heavily upon the principles of Computer Numerical Control (CNC), the coordinate systems and nomenclature specific to CNC are not sufficient to be applicable across the full spectrum of additive manufacturing equipment. This terminology expands upon the principles of ISO 841 and applies them specifically to additive manufacturing. Although this terminology is intended to complement ISO 841, if there should arise any conflict, this terminology shall have priority for additive manufacturing applications. For any issues not covered in this terminology, the principles in ISO 841 may be applied.  
3.2 Furthermore, this terminology does not prescribe the use of any specific existing testing methodologies or standards that practitioners of AM may wish to employ for testing purposes; however, it is expected that practitioners will employ appropriate existing methodologies and standards to test parts made by AM.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology includes terms, definitions of terms, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and acronyms associated with coordinate systems and testing methodologies for additive manufacturing (AM) technologies in an effort to standardize terminology used by AM users, producers, researchers, educators, press/media, and others, particularly when reporting results from testing of parts made on AM systems. Terms included cover definitions for machines/systems and their coordinate systems plus the location and orientation of parts. It is intended, where possible, to be compliant with ISO 841 and to clarify the specific adaptation of those principles to additive manufacturing.
Note 1: The applicability of this standard to cladding has to be evaluated. Discussions are under progress.
Note 2: Non-cartesian systems are not covered by this standard.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This standard serves as a guide to existing standards or variations of existing standards that may be applicable to determine specific mechanical properties of materials made with an additive manufacturing process.  
1.2 As noted in many of these referenced standards, there are several factors that may influence the reported properties, including material, material anisotropy, method of material preparation, porosity, method of specimen preparation, testing environment, specimen alignment and gripping, testing speed, and testing temperature. These factors should be recorded, to the extent that they are known, according to Practice F2971 and the guidelines of the referenced standards.  
1.3 The following standards are not referred to directly in the guide but also have information that may be useful in the testing of metal test specimens made via additive manufacturing: A370, A1058, B211, B348, B557, B565, B724, B769, E3, E6, E7, E290, E467, E468, E837, E915, E1049,E1823, E1942.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This standard serves as a guide to existing standards or variations of existing standards that may be applicable to determine specific mechanical properties of materials made with an additive manufacturing process.  
1.2 As noted in many of these referenced standards, there are several factors that may influence the reported properties, including material, material anisotropy, method of material preparation, porosity, method of specimen preparation, testing environment, specimen alignment and gripping, testing speed, and testing temperature. These factors should be recorded, to the extent that they are known, according to Practice F2971 and the guidelines of the referenced standards.  
1.3 The following standards are not referred to directly in the guide but also have information that may be useful in the testing of metal test specimens made via additive manufacturing: A370, A1058, B211, B348, B557, B565, B724, B769, E3, E6, E7, E290, E467, E468, E837, E915, E1049,E1823, E1942.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Due to variables unique to each AM process and piece of equipment, it is critical to standardize descriptions used to report the preparation, processing, and post processing of specimens produced for tests or evaluation. The intent of this practice is to consistently document the materials and processing history associated with specimens undergoing test or evaluation. The level of detail for the documentation will match the application.  
4.2 This practice establishes minimum data element requirements for reporting of material and process data for the purpose of:  
4.2.1 Standardizing test specimen descriptions and test reports,  
4.2.2 Assisting designers by standardizing AM materials databases,  
4.2.3 Aiding material traceability through testing and evaluation,  
4.2.4 Capturing property-parameter-performance relationships of AM specimens to enable predictive modeling and other computational approaches.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a standard procedure for reporting results by testing or evaluation of specimens produced by additive manufacturing (AM). This practice provides a common format for presenting data for AM specimens, for two purposes: (1) to establish further data reporting requirements, and (2) to provide information for the design of material property databases.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are required for all additive manufacturing related standards. However, when this standard is used in combination with any test method or equipment specified in inch-pound units the results should be reported with mathematical conversions to SI units immediately following in parentheses. The conversions shall be provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology includes terms, definitions of terms, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and acronyms associated with coordinate systems and testing methodologies for additive manufacturing (AM) technologies in an effort to standardize terminology used by AM users, producers, researchers, educators, press/media, and others, particularly when reporting results from testing of parts made on AM systems. Terms included cover definitions for machines/systems and their coordinate systems plus the location and orientation of parts. It is intended, where possible, to be compliant with ISO 841 and to clarify the specific adaptation of those principles to additive manufacturing.
NOTE 1—The applicability of this standard to cladding has to be evaluated. Discussions are under progress.
NOTE 2—Non-cartesian systems are not covered by this standard.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Although many additive manufacturing systems are based heavily upon the principles of Computer Numerical Control (CNC), the coordinate systems and nomenclature specific to CNC are not sufficient to be applicable across the full spectrum of additive manufacturing equipment. This terminology expands upon the principles of ISO 841 and applies them specifically to additive manufacturing. Although this terminology is intended to complement ISO 841, if there should arise any conflict, this terminology shall have priority for additive manufacturing applications. For any issues not covered in this terminology, the principles in ISO 841 may be applied.
Furthermore, this terminology does not prescribe the use of any specific existing testing methodologies or standards that practitioners of AM may wish to employ for testing purposes; however, it is expected that practitioners will employ appropriate existing methodologies and standards to test parts made by AM.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology includes terms, definitions of terms, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and acronyms associated with coordinate systems and testing methodologies for additive manufacturing (AM) technologies in an effort to standardize terminology used by AM users, producers, researchers, educators, press/media, and others, particularly when reporting results from testing of parts made on AM systems. Terms included cover definitions for machines/systems and their coordinate systems plus the location and orientation of parts. It is intended, where possible, to be compliant with ISO 841 and to clarify the specific adaptation of those principles to additive manufacturing.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Although many additive manufacturing systems are based heavily upon the principles of Computer Numerical Control (CNC), the coordinate systems and nomenclature specific to CNC are not sufficient to be applicable across the full spectrum of additive manufacturing equipment. This terminology expands upon the principles of ISO 841 and applies them specifically to additive manufacturing. Although this terminology is intended to complement ISO 841, if there should arise any conflict, this terminology shall have priority for additive manufacturing applications. For any issues not covered in this terminology, the principles in ISO 841 may be applied.  
3.2 Furthermore, this terminology does not prescribe the use of any specific existing testing methodologies or standards that practitioners of AM may wish to employ for testing purposes; however, it is expected that practitioners will employ appropriate existing methodologies and standards to test parts made by AM.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology includes terms, definitions of terms, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and acronyms associated with coordinate systems and testing methodologies for additive manufacturing (AM) technologies in an effort to standardize terminology used by AM users, producers, researchers, educators, press/media, and others, particularly when reporting results from testing of parts made on AM systems. Terms included cover definitions for machines/systems and their coordinate systems plus the location and orientation of parts. It is intended, where possible, to be compliant with ISO 841 and to clarify the specific adaptation of those principles to additive manufacturing.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Although many additive manufacturing systems are based heavily upon the principles of Computer Numerical Control (CNC), the coordinate systems and nomenclature specific to CNC are not sufficient to be applicable across the full spectrum of additive manufacturing equipment. This terminology expands upon the principles of ISO 841 and applies them specifically to additive manufacturing. Although this terminology is intended to complement ISO 841, if there should arise any conflict, this terminology shall have priority for additive manufacturing applications. For any issues not covered in this terminology, the principles in ISO 841 may be applied.  
3.2 Furthermore, this terminology does not prescribe the use of any specific existing testing methodologies or standards that practitioners of AM may wish to employ for testing purposes; however, it is expected that practitioners will employ appropriate existing methodologies and standards to test parts made by AM.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology includes terms, definitions of terms, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and acronyms associated with coordinate systems and testing methodologies for additive manufacturing (AM) technologies in an effort to standardize terminology used by AM users, producers, researchers, educators, press/media, and others, particularly when reporting results from testing of parts made on AM systems. Terms included cover definitions for machines/systems and their coordinate systems plus the location and orientation of parts. It is intended, where possible, to be compliant with ISO 841 and to clarify the specific adaptation of those principles to additive manufacturing.Note 1—The applicability of this standard to cladding has to be evaluated. Discussions are under progress.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.