ASTM D4027-98(2011)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring Shear Properties of Structural Adhesives by the Modified-Rail Test
Standard Test Method for Measuring Shear Properties of Structural Adhesives by the Modified-Rail Test
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Structural design based on strength of materials principles or the theory of elasticity requires knowledge of the mechanical properties of the structural components, including adhesives. By the nature of their use, the most important adhesive properties are shear modulus and shear strength. A torsion test, such as described in Test Method E229, is theoretically the most accurate method for measuring adhesive shear properties. It is, however, impractical in many situations. For example, certain materials of construction are not readily adaptable to fabricating the thin-walled cylinders used as adherends in the torsion test. The modified-rail test does not have this disadvantage.
Two undesirable conditions occur in the modified-rail test specimens that do not occur in butt-joined cylinders; nonuniform shear-stress distribution along the joint, and the addition of some undefined combination of tension and compression stresses to the shear stress at a given location in the joint. The modified-rail shear tool minimizes but does not eliminate these undesirable effects.
Shear modulus, strength, and other properties are measured by the modified-rail method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes equipment and procedures to measure the shear modulus and shear strength of adhesive layers between rigid adherends. The equipment may also be used for determining the adhesive's shear creep compliance, the effects of strain history such as cyclic loading upon shear properties, and a failure criteria for biaxial stress conditions such as shear plus tension and shear plus compression.
1.2 High-density wood shall be the preferred substrate. The practical upper limit on the shear modulus that can be measured is determined by the shear modulus of the adherends and by the strain measuring device. Thus, the practical limit of adhesive shear modulus that can be measured using high-density wood adherends is about 690 MPa (1 × 105 psi).
Note 1—Wood-base composites, metal, plastic, reinforced plastics, and other common construction materials may also be used for adherends.
1.3 The range of specimen dimensions that can be tested are: width 1.59 to 12.70 mm (0.0625 to 0.500 in.), length 102 to 203 mm (4 to 8 in.), and adherend thickness 13 to 25 mm (0.50 to 1.00 in.). The standard specimen dimensions shall be: width 3.18 mm (0.125 in.), length 203 mm (8 in.), and adherend thickness 19 mm (0.75 in.). Bondline thicknesses from 0.15 to 3.18 mm (0.006 to 0.125 in.) may be tested.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D4027 −98 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Shear Properties of Structural Adhesives by the
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Modified-Rail Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4027; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 Thistestmethoddescribesequipmentandproceduresto
D905Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesive
measure the shear modulus and shear strength of adhesive
Bonds in Shear by Compression Loading
layers between rigid adherends. The equipment may also be
D907Terminology of Adhesives
used for determining the adhesive’s shear creep compliance,
D4442Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-
the effects of strain history such as cyclic loading upon shear
ment of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
properties, and a failure criteria for biaxial stress conditions
2
E83Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
such as shear plus tension and shear plus compression.
someter Systems
1.2 High-density wood shall be the preferred substrate. The
E229Test Method for Shear Strength and Shear Modulus of
practical upper limit on the shear modulus that can be
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Structural Adhesives (Withdrawn 2003)
measuredisdeterminedbytheshearmodulusoftheadherends
and by the strain measuring device.Thus, the practical limit of
3. Terminology
adhesive shear modulus that can be measured using high-
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3.1 Definitions:
density wood adherends is about 690 MPa (1×10 psi).
3.1.1 Many terms in this test method are defined in Termi-
NOTE1—Wood-basecomposites,metal,plastic,reinforcedplastics,and
nology D907.
other common construction materials may also be used for adherends.
3.1.2 shear modulus, n—the ratio of shear stress to corre-
1.3 The range of specimen dimensions that can be tested
sponding shear strain below the proportional limit. (Compare
are: width 1.59 to 12.70 mm (0.0625 to 0.500 in.), length 102 secant modulus.)
to 203 mm (4 to 8 in.), and adherend thickness 13 to 25 mm
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The term shear modulus is generally
(0.50 to 1.00 in.). The standard specimen dimensions shall be:
reserved for materials that exhibit linear elastic behavior over
width 3.18 mm (0.125 in.), length 203 mm (8 in.), and
most of their stress-strain diagram. Many adhesives exhibit
adherend thickness 19 mm (0.75 in.). Bondline thicknesses
curvilinear or nonelastic behavior, or both, in which case some
from 0.15 to 3.18 mm (0.006 to 0.125 in.) may be tested.
other term, such as secant modulus, may be substituted.
3.1.3 shear strain, n—thetangentoftheangularchange,due
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
to force between two lines originally perpendicular to each
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
other through a point in the body.
only.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Shear strain equals adherend slip/
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
adhesive layer thickness.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.4 shear strength, n—in an adhesive joint, the maximum
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
average stress when a force is applied parallel to the joint.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.4.1 Discussion—In most adhesive test methods, the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
shearstrengthisactuallythemaximumaveragestressatfailure
ofthespecimen,notnecessarilythetruemaximumstressinthe
material.
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 on
Adhesives and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.70 on Construction
Adhesives.
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Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published January 2011. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D4027–98(2004). contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
DOI: 10.1520/D4027-98R11. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
2
Kreuger, G. P., “Tests for the Shear Properties of Adhesives in Adherend- the ASTM website.
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Adhesive Assemblies,” Unpublished report. Michigan Technological Institute, The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Houghton, MI. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4027−98 (2011)
FIG. 1Top, Side, and End Views of the Modified-Rail Shear Apparatus
3.2 Definitions of Terms Speci
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