ASTM D4404-18
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determination of Pore Volume and Pore Volume Distribution of Soil and Rock by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry
Standard Test Method for Determination of Pore Volume and Pore Volume Distribution of Soil and Rock by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use in determining the volume and the volume distribution of pores in soil and rock with respect to the apparent diameter of the entrances of the pores. In general, both the size and volume of the pores affects the performance of soil and rock. Thus, the pore volume distribution is useful in understanding soil and rock performance and in identifying a material that can be expected to perform in a particular manner (1, 2).3
5.2 The intrusion process to determine the volume of a pore proceeds from the outside of a specimen toward its center. Comparatively large interior pores can exist that have smaller outside openings as the only means of access. Mercury intrusion porosimetry will incorrectly register the entire volume of these “ink-bottle” pores as having the apparent diameter of the smaller access pores. In a test specimen, exterior specimen pores can exist in addition to intra-specimen pores (see 3.2 for definitions). The inter-fragment pores will vary in size and volume depending on the size and shape of the soil or rock fragments and on the manner in which the fragments are packed together. It is possible that some exterior specimen pores can have the same apparent diameter as some intra-specimen pores. When this occurs, this test method cannot distinguish between them. Thus, the test method yields an intruded pore volume distribution that is in part dependent upon the packing of multifragment specimens. However, most soils and rocks have intra-fragment pores much smaller than the inter-fragment pores. This situation leads to a bi-modal pore size distribution and the distinction between the two classes of pores can then be made (see Figs. 1 and 2). The intr-fragment pore concentration is shown to the left of the plot; the inter-fragment concentration is to the right.
FIG. 1 Example of Cumulative Pore Volume Distribution Plot
FIG. 2 Example of Differential Pore Volume Distribution Plot
Note 1: The quality of the re...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pore volume and the pore volume distributions of soil and rock by the mercury intrusion porosimetry method. The range of apparent diameters of pores for which this test method is applicable is fixed by the operating pressure range of the testing instrument. This range is typically between apparent pore entrance diameters of about 400 μm and 2.5 nm (0.0025 μm). Larger pores must be measured by another method.
1.2 Mercury intrusion porosimetry is useful only for measuring pores open to the outside of a soil or rock fragment; mercury intrusion porosimetry will not give the volume of any pores completely enclosed by surrounding solids. This test method will give only the volume of intrudable pores that have an apparent diameter corresponding to a pressure within the pressurizing range of the testing instrument.
1.3 Mercury intrusion may involve the application of high pressures to the specimen. This may result in a temporary or permanent alteration or both in the pore geometry. Generally, soils and rocks are composed of comparatively strong solids and are less subject to these alterations than certain other materials. However, the possibility remains that the use of this test method may alter the natural pore volume distribution that is being measured.
1.4 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products or both into your state may be prohibited by state law.
1.5 Units—The valu...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4404 − 18
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Pore Volume and Pore Volume Distribution
1
of Soil and Rock by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4404; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
asstandard.Nootherunitsofmeasurementareincludedinthis
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pore
standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI, such
volume and the pore volume distributions of soil and rock by
as cgs, shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test
the mercury intrusion porosimetry method. The range of
method.
apparent diameters of pores for which this test method is
applicable is fixed by the operating pressure range of the 1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
testing instrument. This range is typically between apparent guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
pore entrance diameters of about 400 µm and 2.5 nm (0.0025 Practice D6026.
µm). Larger pores must be measured by another method. 1.6.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the
1.2 Mercury intrusion porosimetry is useful only for mea-
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
suring pores open to the outside of a soil or rock fragment;
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
mercury intrusion porosimetry will not give the volume of any
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
pores completely enclosed by surrounding solids. This test
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
methodwillgiveonlythevolumeofintrudableporesthathave
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
an apparent diameter corresponding to a pressure within the
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
pressurizing range of the testing instrument.
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
1.3 Mercury intrusion may involve the application of high
of these test methods to consider significant digits used in
pressures to the specimen. This may result in a temporary or
analysis methods for engineering data.
permanent alteration or both in the pore geometry. Generally,
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
soils and rocks are composed of comparatively strong solids
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
and are less subject to these alterations than certain other
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
materials. However, the possibility remains that the use of this
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
test method may alter the natural pore volume distribution that
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
is being measured.
For specific precaution statements, see Section 8.
1.4 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
materials.Cautionshouldbetakenwhenhandlingmercuryand
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Ma-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website
(http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional informa- 2. Referenced Documents
tion. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
containing products or both into your state may be prohibited
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
by state law.
Fluids
D3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
RockandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD18.06onPhysical-Chemical
2
Interactions of Soil and Rock. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published March 2018. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For An
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4404 − 10 D4404 − 18
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Pore Volume and Pore Volume Distribution
1
of Soil and Rock by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4404; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pore volume and the pore volume distributions of soil and rock by the
mercury intrusion porosimetry method. The range of apparent diameters of pores for which this test method is applicable is fixed
by the operating pressure range of the testing instrument. This range is typically between apparent pore entrance diameters of about
100400 μm and 2.5 nm (0.0025 μm). Larger pores must be measured by another method.
1.2 Mercury intrusion porosimetry is useful only for measuring pores open to the outside of a soil or rock fragment; mercury
intrusion porosimetry will not give the volume of any pores completely enclosed by surrounding solids. This test method will give
only the volume of intrudable pores that have an apparent diameter corresponding to a pressure within the pressurizing range of
the testing instrument.
1.3 Mercury intrusion may involve the application of high pressures to the specimen. This may result in a temporary or
permanent alteration or both in the pore geometry. Generally, soils and rocks are composed of comparatively strong solids and are
less subject to these alterations than certain other materials. However, the possibility remains that the use of this test method may
alter the natural pore volume distribution that is being measured.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.4 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central
nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution
should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional information. Users should be aware
that selling mercury or mercury-containing products or both into your state may be prohibited by state law.
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI, such as cgs, shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test
method.
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives;
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precaution statements, see Section 8.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.06 on Physical-Chemical
Interactions of Soil and Rock.
Current edition
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