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ASTM D910-07a

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Aviation Gasolines

Standard Specification for Aviation Gasolines

ABSTRACT
This specification covers purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. This specification does not include all gasoline satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines, but rather, defines the following specific types of aviation gasoline for civil use: Grade 80; Grade 91; Grade 100; and Grade 100LL. The gasoline shall adhere to octane rating requirements specified for individual grades, as follows: lean mixture knock value (motor octane number and aviation lean rating); rich mixture knock value (octane and performance number); tetraethyl lead content; color; and dye content (blue, yellow, red, and orange). Conversely, the gasoline shall meet the following requirements specified for all grades: density; distillation (initial and final boiling points, fuel evaporated, evaporated temperatures); recovery, residue, and loss volume; vapor pressure; freezing point; sulfur content; net heat of combustion; copper strip corrosion; oxidation stability (potential gum and lead precipitate); volume change during water reaction; and electrical conductivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies.
1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation gasolines for civil use. It does not include all gasolines satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2007
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.J0.02 - Aviation Piston Engine Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D910-07 - Standard Specification for Aviation Gasolines
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Replaced By
ASTM D910-11 - Standard Specification for Aviation Gasolines
Effective Date
01-May-2011
Referred By
ASTM F2245-23 - Standard Specification for Design and Performance of a Light Sport Airplane
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D7719-21a - Standard Specification for High Aromatic Content Unleaded Hydrocarbon Aviation Gasoline Test Fuel
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D8434-21 - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Test Fuel Containing Organo-metallic Additive
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D3343-22 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Hydrogen Content of Aviation Fuels
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4171-22 - Standard Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D7826-23a - Standard Guide for Evaluation of New Aviation Gasolines and New Aviation Gasoline Additives
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM F3397/F3397M-21 - Standard Practice for Aeroplane Turbine Fuel System Hot Weather Operations
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4865-19 - Standard Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D2386-19 - Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1259-23 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of Antimicrobials in Liquid Fuels Boiling Below 390 °C
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6227-18(2023) - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Containing a Non-hydrocarbon Component
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D7960-21 - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Test Fuel Containing Non-hydrocarbon Components
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6469-20 - Standard Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007

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ASTM D910-07a - Standard Specification for Aviation GasolinesASTM D910-07a - Standard Specification for Aviation Gasolines
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ASTM D910-07a - Standard Specification for Aviation Gasolines
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REDLINE ASTM D910-07a - Standard Specification for Aviation GasolinesREDLINE ASTM D910-07a - Standard Specification for Aviation Gasolines
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REDLINE ASTM D910-07a - Standard Specification for Aviation Gasolines
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: D910 – 07a
Standard Specification for
1
Aviation Gasolines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D910; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
3
1. Scope* Fuels by the Aviation Method
D873 TestMethodforOxidationStabilityofAviationFuels
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for
(Potential Residue Method)
purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended
D909 Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-
primarily for use by purchasing agencies.
Ignition Aviation Gasoline
1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation
D1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
gasolines for civil use. It does not include all gasolines
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equip-
(Lamp Method)
ment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
specification.
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
2. Referenced Documents D1948 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Motor
3
2
Fuels Above 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
D2392 Test Method for Color of Dyed Aviation Gasolines
Atmospheric Pressure
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
Closed Cup Tester
D2624 TestMethodsforElectricalConductivityofAviation
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Pe-
and Distillate Fuels
troleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
Ignition Engine Fuel
ucts (Reid Method)
D3338 TestMethodforEstimationofNetHeatofCombus-
D357 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Motor
3
tion of Aviation Fuels
Fuels Below 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method
D3341 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline—Iodine Mono-
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-
chloride Method
ration
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, andAPI
D614 Method ofTest for Knock Characteristics ofAviation
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
Petroleum Products
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.J0.02 on Aviation Gasoline. D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originally
Petroleum Products
approved in 1947 (replacing former D615). Last previous edition approved in 2007
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
as D910–07. DOI: 10.1520/D0910-07A.
2
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
D4529 TestMethodforEstimationofNetHeatofCombus-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
tion of Aviation Fuels
the ASTM website.
3
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
on www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D910 – 07a
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid 5.3 Although the grade designations show only a single
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision octane rating for each grade, they must meet a minimum lean
Method) mixture motor rating and a minimum rich mixture supercharge
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static rating (see X1.2.2).
Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
6. Materials and Manufacture
D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing
6.1 Aviation gasoline, except as otherwise specified in this
Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels
specification, shall consist of blends of refined hydrocarbons
D5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spec-
derived from crude petrol
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:D910–07 Designation: D 910 – 07a
Standard Specification for
1
Aviation Gasolines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D910; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended
primarily for use by purchasing agencies.
1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation gasolines for civil use. It does not include all gasolines satisfactory for
reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of
characteristics than is shown by this specification.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)
3
D357 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Motor Fuels Below 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
3
D614 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Aviation Fuels by the Aviation Method
D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)
D909 Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition Aviation Gasoline
D1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
D1298 TestMethodforDensity,RelativeDensity(SpecificGravity),orAPIGravityofCrudePetroleumandLiquidPetroleum
Products by Hydrometer Method
3
D1948 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Motor Fuels Above 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D2392 Test Method for Color of Dyed Aviation Gasolines
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate Fuels
D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
D3341 Test Method for Lead in GasolineIodine Monochloride Method
D4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.J0.02
on Aviation Gasoline.
Current edition approved July 15,Dec. 1, 2007. Published August 2007.January 2008. Originally approved in 1947 (replacing former D615). Last previous edition
approved in 20062007 as D910–06.D910–07.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Withdrawn.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 910 – 07a
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels
D5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spectroscopy
D5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Automatic Method)
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)
D6469 Guide for Microbi
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The combustion quality of aviation turbine fuel has traditionally been controlled in specifications by such tests as smoke point (see Test Method D1322), smoke volatility index, aromatic content of luminometer number (see Test Method D1740). Evidence is accumulating that a better control of the quality may be obtained by limiting the minimum hydrogen content of the fuel.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hydrogen content of aviation turbine fuels.  
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5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements necessary to support the development of specifications for these new products by ASTM members. The ultimate goal of the data generated in accordance with this guide is to provide an understanding of the performance of the new fuel or additive within the property constraints and compositional bounds of the proposed specification criteria.  
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1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.  
1.2 This data is intended to be used by the ASTM subcommittee to make a determination of the suitability of the fuel for use as an aviation fuel in either a fleet-wide or limited capacity, and to make a determination that the proposed properties and criteria in the associated standard specification provide the necessary controls to ensure this fuel maintains this suitability during high-volume production.  
1.3 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines.”  
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5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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5.1 The hydrogen content represents a fundamental quality of a petroleum product that has been correlated with many of the performance characteristics of that product.  
5.2 This test method provides a simple and more precise alternative to existing test methods, specifically combustion techniques (Test Methods D5291) for determining the hydrogen content on a range of petroleum products.
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ASTM
ASTM D5001-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7398-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). This test method is applicable to FAMES (biodiesel, B100) having an initial boiling point greater than 100 °C and a final boiling point less than 615 °C at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method.  
1.2 The test method can also be applicable to blends of diesel and biodiesel (B1 through B100), however precision for these samples types has not been evaluated.  
1.3 The test method is not applicable for analysis of petroleum containing low molecular weight components (for example naphthas, reformates, gasolines, crude oils).  
1.4 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillation such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160, especially the initial and final boiling points.  
1.5 This test method uses the principles of simulated distillation methodology. See Test Methods D2887, D6352, and D7213.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7484-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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