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ASTM D4171-22

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors

Standard Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors

ABSTRACT
This specification covers additives for aviation fuels used to inhibit ice formation in aircraft fuel systems. Three types of fuel system icing inhibitors are provided as follows: type I - ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, type II - anhydrous isopropanol, and type III - diethylene glycol monomethyl ether. The relative density, color, distillation range, non-volatile matter, and odor shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed. The water properties, heptanes miscibility, acidity, water miscibility, and flash point shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers additives for aviation fuels (for example, Specifications D910, D7547, and D1655) used to inhibit ice formation in aircraft fuel systems.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Jun-2022
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.J0.04 - Additives and Electrical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D93-20 - Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
Effective Date
01-Aug-2020

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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:D4171 −22
Standard Specification for
1
Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4171; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D268 Guide for Sampling and Testing Volatile Solvents and
Chemical Intermediates for Use in Paint and Related
1.1 Thisspecificationcoversadditivesforaviationfuels(for
Coatings and Material
example, Specifications D910, D7547, and D1655) used to
D891 TestMethodsforSpecificGravity,Apparent,ofLiquid
inhibit ice formation in aircraft fuel systems.
Industrial Chemicals
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D910 Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
D1078 Test Method for Distillation Range of Volatile Or-
standard.
ganic Liquids
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
D1209 Test Method for Color of Clear Liquids (Platinum-
regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause Cobalt Scale)
serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been dem-
D1296 Test Method for Odor of Volatile Solvents and
3
onstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Diluents (Withdrawn 2021)
Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing
D1353 Test Method for Nonvolatile Matter in Volatile Sol-
products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
vents for Use in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related
for additional information. The potential exists that selling
Products
mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited
D1364 Test Method for Water in Volatile Solvents (Karl
by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales
Fischer Reagent Titration Method)
in their location.
D1476 Test Method for Heptane Miscibility of Lacquer
3
Solvents (Withdrawn 2021)
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D1613 Test Method for Acidity in Volatile Solvents and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Chemical Intermediates Used in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and Related Products
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D1722 Test Method for Water Miscibility of Water-Soluble
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
Solvents
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Cup Tester
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing
2. Referenced Documents
Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: D5386 Test Method for Color of Liquids Using Tristimulus
Colorimetry
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens D7547 Specification for Hydrocarbon Unleaded Aviation
Gasoline
Closed Cup Tester
D8005 Test Method for Color of Clear Liquids (Platinum-
1
Cobalt Scale)
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
Subcommittee D02.J0.04 on Additives and Electrical Properties.
E70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With the
Current edition approved July 1, 2022. Published August 2022. Originally
Glass Electrode
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as D4171 – 21. DOI:
10.1520/D4171-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4171−22
TABLE 2
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4171 − 21 D4171 − 22
Standard Specification for
1
Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4171; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers additives for aviation fuels (for example, Specifications D910, D7547, and D1655) used to inhibit
ice formation in aircraft fuel systems.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious
medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution
when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional
information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national
law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
D268 Guide for Sampling and Testing Volatile Solvents and Chemical Intermediates for Use in Paint and Related Coatings and
Material
D891 Test Methods for Specific Gravity, Apparent, of Liquid Industrial Chemicals
D910 Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
D1078 Test Method for Distillation Range of Volatile Organic Liquids
D1209 Test Method for Color of Clear Liquids (Platinum-Cobalt Scale)
3
D1296 Test Method for Odor of Volatile Solvents and Diluents (Withdrawn 2021)
D1353 Test Method for Nonvolatile Matter in Volatile Solvents for Use in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Products
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.J0.04 on Additives and Electrical Properties.
Current edition approved April 1, 2021July 1, 2022. Published April 2021August 2022. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 20162021 as
D4171 – 16a.D4171 – 21. DOI: 10.1520/D4171-21.10.1520/D4171-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4171 − 22
D1364 Test Method for Water in Volatile Solvents (Karl Fischer Reagent Titration Method)
3
D1476 Test Method for Heptane Miscibility of Lacquer Solvents (Withdrawn 2021)
D1613 Test Method for Acidity in Volatile Solvents and Chemical Intermediates Used in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related
Products
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
D1722 Test Method for Water Miscibility of Water-Soluble Solvents
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup Tester
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels
D5386 Test Method for Color of Liquids Using Tristimulus Colorimetry
D7547 Specification for Hydrocarbon Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
D8005 Test
...

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ABSTRACT
This specification describes the various characteristics and requirements of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions in ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The spark-ignition engine fuels covered here are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols and ethers, and not fuels that contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such as fuel methanol (M85). This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to the legal requirements, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements as well.
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
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5.1 Sulfur present as mercaptans or as hydrogen sulfide in distillate fuels and solvents can attack many metallic and non-metallic materials in fuel and other distribution systems. A negative result in the doctor test ensures that the concentration of these compounds is insufficient to cause such problems in normal use.
SCOPE
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
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1.5 While it is beyond the scope of this guide, investigation of the future health and environmental impacts of the new aviation gasoline or new aviation gasoline additive and the requirements of environmental agencies is recommended.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
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Standard Specification for Special-Purpose Test Fuels for Aviation Compression-Ignition Engines

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the material, manufacturing, and specialized property requirements for producing special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. It deals with special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. Aviation distillate fuel, except as otherwise specified in this specification, shall consist predominantly of refined hydrocarbons derived from conventional sources such as crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, and oil sands. The use of middle distillate fuel blends containing components from other sources is permitted. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. It is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification is intended to support purchasing agencies when formulating specifications for purchases of aviation distillate fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines specialized property requirements to produce special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. Its use is at the discretion of the aircraft manufacturer, engine manufacturer, or certification authorities when determining criteria for validation of aircraft equipment design.  
1.3 This specification defines special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. The aviation distillate test fuels defined in this specification are not intended for general purpose use in aircraft. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels.  
1.4 Specification D8147 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.  
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation distillate fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel continues to comply with this specification after batch certification.  
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation compression-ignition (CI) engines.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.7.1 Exception—Other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1655-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

ABSTRACT
This specification covers purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for reciprocating aviation turbine engines, but rather, defines the following specific types of aviation fuel for civil use: Jet A; and Jet A-1. The fuels shall be sampled and tested appropriately to examine their conformance to detailed requirements as to composition, volatility, fluidity, combustion, corrosion, thermal stability, contaminants, and additives.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for Jet A and Jet A-1 aviation turbine fuel and lists acceptable additives for use in civil and military operated engines and aircraft. Specification D1655 was developed initially for civil applications, but has also been adopted for military aircraft. Guidance information regarding the use of Jet A and Jet A-1 in specialized applications is available in the appendix.  
1.3 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103.  
1.4 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.5 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed and certified for this fuel.  
1.6 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviation turbine fuel (Jet B). FAA has issued a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin which now approves the use of Specification D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specification for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. However, other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7544-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Pyrolysis Liquid Biofuel

ABSTRACT
This specification details the physical and chemical requirements for pyrolysis liquid biofuels produced from biomass that are intended for use in industrial burners equipped to handle these types of fuels. The type of biofuel covered here is not intended for use in residential heaters, small commercial boilers, engines, or marine applications. It shall remain uniform in medium-term storage and shall not separate into layers due to gravity. Properly sampled test specimens shall undergo test procedures to determine their adherence to the following requirements: gross heat of combustion; water content; pyrolysis solids content; kinematic viscosity; density; sulfur content; ash content; pH; flash point; and pour point.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers grades of pyrolysis liquid biofuel produced from biomass intended for use in various types of fuel-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:  
1.1.1 Grade G is intended for use in industrial burners equipped to handle the pyrolysis liquid biofuels meeting the requirements listed for Grade G in Table 1. The pyrolysis liquid biofuel listed under Grade G in Table 1 is not intended for use in residential heaters, small commercial boilers, engines, or marine applications.  
1.1.2 Grade D is intended for use in commercial/industrial burners requiring lower solids and ash content and which are equipped to handle the pyrolysis liquid biofuels meeting the requirements listed for Grade D in Table 1. The pyrolysis liquid biofuel listed under Grade D in Table 1 is not intended for use in residential heaters, engines, or marine applications not modified to handle these types of fuels.
Note 1: For information on the significance of the physical, chemical, and performance properties identified in this specification, see Appendix X1.  
1.2 This specification is for use in contracts for the purchase of pyrolysis liquid biofuel and for guidance of consumers of this type of fuel.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification should preclude observance of national or local regulations, which may be more restrictive.
Note 2: The generation and dissipation of static electricity may create problems in the handling of pyrolysis liquid biofuel. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 Exception—BTU units are included for information only in 3.2.3.1.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3241-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine Fuels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test results are indicative of fuel performance during gas turbine operation and can be used to assess the level of deposits that form when liquid fuel contacts a heated surface that is at a specified temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for rating the tendencies of gas turbine fuels to deposit decomposition products within the fuel system.  
1.2 The differential pressure values in mm Hg are defined only in terms of this test method.  
1.3 The deposition values stated in SI units shall be regarded as the referee value.  
1.4 The pressure values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The psi comparison is included for operational safety with certain older instruments that cannot report pressure in SI units.  
1.5 No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1.1, 7.1, 7.3, 12.1.1, and Annex A6.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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