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ASTM E2277-03

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Coal Ash Structural Fills (Withdrawn 2012)

Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Coal Ash Structural Fills (Withdrawn 2012)

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for the design and construction of engineered structural fills using coal fly ash, bottom ash, or ponded ash.
1.2 The utilization of coal ash under this guide is a component of a pollution prevention program; Guide E 1609 describes pollution prevention activities in more detail. Utilization of coal ash in this manner conserves land, natural resources, and energy.
1.3 This guide applies only to fly ash and bottom ash produced primarily by the combustion of coal.
1.4 The testing, engineering, and construction practices for coal ash fills are similar to generally accepted practices for natural soil fills. Coal ash structural fills should be designed using generally accepted engineering practices.
1.5 Laws and regulations governing the use of coal ash vary by state. The user of this guide has the responsibility to determine and comply with applicable requirements.
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide covers procedures for the design and construction of engineered structural fills using coal fly ash, bottom ash, or ponded ash.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E50 on Environmental Assessment, Risk Management, and Corrective Action, this guide was withdrawn in January 2012 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
05-Jan-2012
Withdrawal Date
05-Jan-2012
ICS
13.020.40 - Pollution, pollution control and conservation
Technical Committee
E50 - Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action
Drafting Committee
E50.03 - Beneficial Use
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E2277-14 - Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Coal Ash Structural Fills
Effective Date
01-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM E3183-19 - Standard Guide for Harvesting Coal Combustion Products Stored in Active and Inactive Storage Areas for Beneficial Use
Effective Date
06-Jan-2012
Referred By
ASTM D7762-18e1 - Standard Practice for Design of Stabilization of Soil and Soil-Like Materials with Self-Cementing Fly Ash
Effective Date
06-Jan-2012

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ASTM E2277-03 - Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Coal Ash Structural Fills (Withdrawn 2012)ASTM E2277-03 - Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Coal Ash Structural Fills (Withdrawn 2012)
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ASTM E2277-03 - Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Coal Ash Structural Fills (Withdrawn 2012)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E2277–03
Standard Guide for
1
Design and Construction of Coal Ash Structural Fills
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2277; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering De-
sign and Construction Purposes
1.1 This guide covers procedures for the design and con-
D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
struction of engineered structural fills using coal fly ash,
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
bottom ash, or ponded ash.
Fluids
1.2 The utilization of coal ash under this guide is a compo-
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
nentofapollutionpreventionprogram;GuideE1609describes
3
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft (600
pollution prevention activities in more detail. Utilization of
3
kN-m/m ))
coal ash in this manner conserves land, natural resources, and
D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by
energy.
Water Pycnometer
1.3 This guide applies only to fly ash and bottom ash
D1195 TestMethodforRepetitiveStaticPlateLoadTestsof
produced primarily by the combustion of coal.
Soils and Flexible Pavement Components, for Use in
1.4 The testing, engineering, and construction practices for
Evaluation and Design ofAirport and Highway Pavements
coal ash fills are similar to generally accepted practices for
D1196 Test Method for Nonrepetitive Static Plate Load
natural soil fills. Coal ash structural fills should be designed
Tests of Soils and Flexible Pavement Components, for Use
using generally accepted engineering practices.
in Evaluation and Design of Airport and Highway Pave-
1.5 Laws and regulations governing the use of coal ash vary
ments
by state. The user of this guide has the responsibility to
D1452 PracticeforSoilExplorationandSamplingbyAuger
determine and comply with applicable requirements.
Borings
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
D1556 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in
as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for
Place by Sand-Cone Method
information only.
D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3 3
ft (2,700 kN-m/m ))
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Barrel Sampling of Soils
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
D1883 Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of
2. Referenced Documents
Laboratory-Compacted Soils
2
D2166 Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of Cohesive Soil
C150 Specification for Portland Cement
D2167 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in
C188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
Place by the Rubber Balloon Method
C311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-
Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
C595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
D2435 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation
D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading
D2850 Test Method for Unconsolidated-Undrained Triaxial
Compression Test on Cohesive Soils
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental
D2922 TestMethodsforDensityofSoilandSoil-Aggregate
Assessment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E50.03 on Pollution
3
in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
Prevention, Reuse, Recycling, and Environmental Efficiency.
Current edition approved May 10, 2003. Published July 2003. DOI: 10.1520/ D3080 Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under
E2277-03.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
the ASTM website. on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2277–03
Consolidated Drained Conditions for highways and railroads, dikes, levees; and in any other
D3550 Practice for Thick W
...

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5.1 Soil toxicity tests provide information concerning the toxicity and bioavailability of chemicals associated with soils to terrestrial organisms. As important members of the soil fauna, lumbricid earthworms and enchytraeid potworms have a number of characteristics that make them appropriate organisms for use in the assessment of potentially hazardous soils. Earthworms may ingest large quantities of soil, have a close relationship with other soil biomasses (for example, invertebrates, roots, humus, litter, and microorganisms), constitute up to 92 % of the invertebrate biomass of soil, and are important in recycling nutrients (1, 2).4 Enchytraeids contribute up to 5.2 % of soil respiration, constitute the second-highest biomass in many soils (the highest in acid soils in which earthworms are lacking) and effect considerably nutrient cycling and community metabolism (3-5). Earthworms and potworms accumulate and are affected by a variety of organic and inorganic compounds (2-10, 11-14). In addition, earthworms and potworms are important in terrestrial food webs, constituting a food source for a very wide variety of organisms, including birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, nematodes, and centipedes  (15, 16, 3). A major change in the abundance of soil invertebrates such as lumbricids or enchytraeids, either as a food source or as organisms functioning properly in trophic energy transfer and nutrient cycling, could have serious adverse ecological effects on the entire terrestrial system.  
5.2 A number of species of lumbricids and enchytraeid worms have been used in field and laboratory investigations in the United States and Europe. Although the sensitivity of various lumbricid species to specific chemicals may vary, from their study of four species of earthworms (including E. fetida) exposed to ten organic compounds representing six classes of chemicals, Neuhauser, et al  (7)  suggest that the selection of earthworm test species does not affect the a...
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1.2 Table 1 lists the considerations that should be taken into account when developing an engineering control in accordance with this guide.  
1.3 This guide is intended for use by real estate developers, civil/structural designers, environmental regulators, industrial parties, environmental consultants, and other persons concerned with residential, commercial, or industrial development of real properties where chemical-affected environmental media are present. The design process should involve the individuals and firms working on various aspects of the specifications for construction, operation, and maintenance. If the site is located on public property, then public participation should be considered during the design process.  
1.4 This guide is directed toward properties where chemical-affected environmental media, associated with either human-influenced activities or naturally-occurring conditions, will remain in place and where active or passive engineering controls will be used to reduce or eliminate exposures that may otherwise pose an unacceptable risk to property users.  
1.5 This guide identifies the exposure concerns associated with chemical-affected properties that may affect the property development plan, both in the construction phase and during the proposed use of the property; defines performance standards for control of applicable exposure pathways; and, for each exposure pathway, provides examples of eng...

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ASTM E2616-09(2020)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Remedy Selection Integrating Risk-Based Corrective Action and Non-Risk Considerations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended for use within a RBCA process or other risk-based framework for protection of human health and the environment that is based on an evaluation of sources, exposure pathways, and receptors.  
4.2 This guide is intended to identify the factors that should be considered in the selection and implementation of an appropriate remedial action to address COCs present in environmental media at the site at concentrations above the remedial action levels. The specific process used to select the remedial action will vary widely from site to site. However, in all cases, the selected remedial action should be both a protective remedial action (that is, achieves the risk-based remedial action objectives) and an acceptable remedial action (that is, satisfies the non-risk remedial action objectives).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection of appropriate remedial actions at sites where a release of chemicals (for example, vapor-phase, dissolved-phase, or non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL)) into the environment has occurred. This overall remedy selection process is illustrated in Fig. 1. The guide is intended to be applied within a risk-based corrective action (RBCA) framework.
FIG. 1 Remedy Selection Process  
1.2 The purpose of this guide is to facilitate the selection of acceptable remedial actions and to minimize bad decisions leading to the selection of remedial actions that do not satisfy both the risk-based remedial action objectives and the non-risk remedial action objectives.  
1.3 This guide is intended to be applied at sites that require a remedial action to address unacceptable human heath or ecological risks, other regulatory requirements, and/or other unacceptable site conditions. Prior to use of this guide, a site assessment should be completed resulting in: (1) the establishment of remedial action objectives, (2) a determination that a remedial action is required to achieve the remedial action objectives, (3) an identification of site areas requiring a remedial action, and (4) a conceptual site model that reflects the results of the site assessment. The risk-based remedial action objectives are assumed to have been established using RBCA or another risk-based assessment method that results in the identification of appropriate remedial action objectives based on an evaluation of sources, exposure pathways, and potential receptors. Remedial action objectives may be established using Guide E1739, Guide E2081, and/or Guide E2205. In addition, applicable federal, state, and local regulations, statutes, and policies should be followed and should form the basis for determining risk-based and non-risk remedial action objectives. The remedial action objectives may include resource protection standards and the prevention of aesthetic or nuisance impacts in addition to protection of human health and the environment.  
1.4 Each risk-based remedial action objective for an exposure pathway will typically include numeric remedial action levels for each chemical of concern (COC). Remedial action levels may also be developed for non-risk remedial action objectives such as resource protection standards. The non-risk remedial action levels may include thickness or mobility criteria for NAPL. The selected remedy must be effective and timely for each remedial action objective based on the consideration of the associated exposure pathway or resource protection standard.  
1.5 To facilitate the selection of acceptable remedial actions, this guide establishes a process for remedy selection (Fig. 2) that involves:
FIG. 2 Remedy Selection Flowchart  
FIG. 2 Remedy Selection Flowchart (continued)  
1.5.1 Development of risk-based remedial action objectives that includes identification of complete exposure pathways and numeric remedial action levels (Section 5).  
1.5.2 Development of non-risk remedial action objectives based on resource protection and other non-risk considerations...

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ASTM E1848-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selecting and Using Ecological Endpoints for Contaminated Sites

ABSTRACT
This guide deals with an approach to identification, selection, and use of ecological endpoints (both assessment and measurement endpoints) that are susceptible to the direct and indirect effects of both chemical and non-chemical stressors and agents associated with wastes and contaminated media at specific sites under current and future land uses. It does not address assessment and measurement endpoints for non-site specific studies (for example, chemical specific or regional risk assessments) or measurements in abiotic media (soil, water, or air). Conditions of the site and risk assessment that should be considered in identifying and selecting assessment and measurement endpoints include stressor characteristics, ecosystem types, spatial scale, temporal scale, ecological organization, and functionality/values. The following subsections present a partial listing of representative measurement endpoints: measurement endpoints representing ecosystem assessment endpoints, measurement endpoints representing community assessment endpoints, measurement endpoints representing population assessment endpoints, and measurement endpoints representing individual organism assessment endpoints. Other general considerations, desirable characteristics of assessment and measurement endpoints, candidate site-related ecological receptors, candidate assessment endpoints, specific steps in identifying, selecting and using assessment and measurement endpoints, addressing uncertainties in the identification and selection of assessment and measurement endpoints, documenting the selection of assessment and measurement endpoints.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide assumes that a decision has been made that an ecological risk assessment is required for a contaminated site. In some cases, this decision could be made before any site data are collected. See Fig. 1.
FIG. 1 Conceptual Relationships between Assessment Endpoints, Measurement Endpoints and Lines of Evidence (Source: Federal Contaminated Sites Action Plan (FCSAP) Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance, Government of Canada, March 2012)  
4.2 The selection of assessment endpoints (defined as ecological values to be protected) and measurement endpoints (ecological characteristics related to the assessment endpoints) is a critical step in conducting an ecological risk assessment. Endpoint selection identifies those effects which are ecologically significant and not merely those that are adverse, thus providing a more rational and defensible basis for making risk and remedial decisions.  
4.3 This guide provides an approach for identifying, selecting and using assessment and measurement endpoints in an ecological risk assessment for a contaminated site. This guide has been developed because there is no universal, simple measure of ecological health analogous to measures used in human health risk assessment. Assessment and measurement endpoints have to be identified and selected from a variety of individual circumstances on a stressor-, ecosystem- and scale-specific basis. It is important to recognize that a diverse set of ecological endpoints could be required for a specific site. EPA/100/F15/005 Generic Ecological Assessment Endpoints (GEAEs) For Ecological Risk Assessment: Second Edition With Generic Ecosystem Services Endpoints Added. July 2016)  
4.4 This guide is intended to be used primarily by a biologist, ecologist, ecotoxicologist, or a team of environmental scientists during problem formulation and work plan development prior to initiating data collection activities at a contaminated site (3-8, 10).  
4.5 Ecological risk assessment is usually an...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers an approach to identification, selection, and use of ecological endpoints (both assessment and measurement endpoints) (1-8)2 that are susceptible to the direct and indirect effects of both chemical and non-chemical stressors or agents associated with wastes and contaminated media at spe...

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ASTM E2790-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Identifying and Complying With Continuing Obligations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Uses—This guide is intended for use on a voluntary basis primarily by parties who desire to satisfy  continuing obligations at commercial real estate or at forestland or rural properties. As such, this guide provides information and suggested procedures that could be useful to persons who wish to establish one of the CERCLA LLPs or similar liability protections offered under state law. This guide may apply where response actions have already occurred, where response actions remain ongoing, or where response actions may be necessary in the future. As noted in 1.1.2, the use of this guide need not be necessarily limited to CERCLA LLPs.  
4.2 Clarifications on Use:  
4.2.1 Use is Property-Specific—Continuing obligations, and the process to identify and implement continuing obligations, is necessarily property-specific. Therefore, this guide includes information to consider when performing a property-specific, fact-based evaluation to determine appropriate continuing obligations.  
4.2.2 Partially Addresses Eligibility for CERCLA LLPs—Users wishing to establish CERCLA LLPs should be aware that the continuing obligations covered by this guide comprise only part of CERCLA's statutory eligibility requirements for LLPs. For example, users seeking to qualify for LLPs  must perform AAI before property acquisition. Users  seeking the BFPP or CPO LLP must also demonstrate that they are not liable or potentially liable or affiliated with any person who is liable or potentially liable for releases of  hazardous substances under CERCLA. 42 U.S.C. §9607(q)(1)(A)(ii); 42 U.S.C. §9601(40)(B)(viii). Further, users seeking the BFPP  or ILO  LLP must establish that disposal of hazardous substances occurred on the property prior to its acquisition. 42 U.S.C. §9601(40)(B)(i); 42 U.S.C. §9601(35)(A). Users seeking the CPO LLP must establish that they did not cause, contribute or consent to the release of hazardous substances. 42 U.S.C. §9607(q)(A)(i). Finally, users seeking to qual...
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—The purpose of this guide is to provide information and guidance2 related to the process of identifying and fulfilling continuing obligations3 at commercial real estate, and forestland and rural property that is contaminated by hazardous substances within the scope of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) (42 U.S.C. § 9601 et seq.), petroleum products, or other contaminants that require cleanup under federal or state law (collectively hereafter chemicals of concern). Because of the importance of federal law, this guide largely focuses on continuing obligations applicable to the innocent landowner (ILO), the contiguous property owner (CPO), and the bona fide prospective purchaser (BFPP) protections from CERCLA liability (hereinafter, collectively referred to as the “CERCLA Landowner Liability Protections,” or “CERCLA LLPs”) (see Legal Appendix X1 to Appendix X3 for an outline of CERCLA's liability and defense provisions). However, the continuing obligations arising from CERCLA LLPs are often very similar to the types of continuing obligations that state laws set as conditions for state liability protections. And, therefore, the purpose of this guide seeks to help users who wish to perform continuing obligations because of concerns over CERCLA liability and also extends to help users who wish to perform continuing obligations because of concerns over state law liability. Similarly, where sound risk management rather than a desire for liability protection is the goal, the procedures recommended in this guide can also prove useful  
1.1.1 Intended Scope of Standard Guide—As a standard guide, this document provides a compendium of information and options but does not recommend a specific course of action. As a guide, the purpose of this standard is to simply increase the awareness of possible techniques or procedures related to continuing obligations and to offer guida...

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