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ASTM E2277-14

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Coal Ash Structural Fills

Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Coal Ash Structural Fills

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 General:
4.1.1 Many CCPs are suitable materials for the construction of engineered structural fills. CCPs may be used as: structural fill for building sites and foundations; embankments for highways and railroads, road bases, dikes, and levees; and in any other application requiring a compacted fill material. Their low unit weight, relatively high shear strength, ease of handling, and compaction make CCPs useful as fill material. However, the specific engineering and environmental properties of these materials can vary from source to source and must be evaluated for each material, or combination of materials, to be used for an engineered structural fill. Information contained in Guide D5759 may be applicable to some CCPs to be used in engineered structural fills. AASHTO Standard Practice PP059-09-UL also addresses the use of coal combustion fly ash in embankments. The requirements for the type of CCPs that can be used for specific engineered structural fills may also vary because of local site conditions or the intended use of the fill, or both. Environmental considerations are addressed in Section 5.  
4.1.2 CCPs can be a cost-effective fill material. In many areas, they are available in bulk quantities at a reasonable cost. The use of CCPs conserves other resources and reduces the expenditures required for the purchase, permitting, and operation of a soil borrow pit. CCPs often can be delivered to a job site at near optimum moisture content and generally do not require additional crushing, screening, or processing as compared to comparable native materials.  
4.1.3 Use of CCPs conserves natural resources by avoiding extraction or mining of soils, aggregates, or similar fill material that also conserves energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions.  
4.1.4 The volume of beneficially used CCPs preserves valuable landfill space.  
4.2 Regulatory Framework:
4.2.1 Federal—Currently, there are no federal regulations addressing the beneficial use of CC...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for the design and construction of engineered structural fills using coal combustion products (CCPs) including but not limited to fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag or other CCPs that can meet the requirements of an engineered fill as described herein. CCPs may be used alone or blended with soils or other suitable materials to achieve desired geotechnical properties.  
1.2 This guide describes the unique design and construction considerations that may apply to engineered structural fills constructed of with CCPs that have been adequately characterized as being suitable for this beneficial use.  
1.3 Beneficial utilization of CCPs consistent with this standard conserves land, natural resources, and  
1.4 This guide applies only to CCPs produced primarily by the combustion of coal.  
1.5 The testing, engineering, and construction practices for coal ash fills are similar to generally accepted practices for natural soil fills. Coal ash structural fills should be designed using generally accepted engineering practices. However, when CCPs are used in saturated conditions such as ponds or impoundments, the potential for liquefaction may need to be considered.  
1.6 Laws and regulations governing the use of coal ash vary by state. The user of this guide has the responsibility to determine and comply with applicable requirements.  
1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2013
ICS
13.020.40 - Pollution, pollution control and conservation
Technical Committee
E50 - Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action
Drafting Committee
E50.03 - Beneficial Use
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2277-03 - Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Coal Ash Structural Fills (Withdrawn 2012)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2014
Replaced By
ASTM E2277-14(2019) - Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Coal Ash Structural Fills
Effective Date
01-Sep-2019
Referred By
ASTM D7762-18e1 - Standard Practice for Design of Stabilization of Soil and Soil-Like Materials with Self-Cementing Fly Ash
Effective Date
01-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM E3183-19 - Standard Guide for Harvesting Coal Combustion Products Stored in Active and Inactive Storage Areas for Beneficial Use
Effective Date
01-Jan-2014

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ASTM E2277-14 - Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Coal Ash Structural Fills
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2277 − 14
Standard Guide for
1
Design and Construction of Coal Ash Structural Fills
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2277; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
1.1 This guide covers procedures for the design and con-
struction of engineered structural fills using coal combustion
2. Referenced Documents
products (CCPs) including but not limited to fly ash, bottom
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ash, boiler slag or other CCPs that can meet the requirements
C150/C150M Specification for Portland Cement
of an engineered fill as described herein. CCPs may be used
C188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
alone or blended with soils or other suitable materials to
C311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or
achieve desired geotechnical properties.
Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
1.2 This guide describes the unique design and construction
C593 Specification for FlyAsh and Other Pozzolans for Use
considerations that may apply to engineered structural fills
With Lime for Soil Stabilization
constructed of with CCPs that have been adequately charac-
C595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
terized as being suitable for this beneficial use.
C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
1.3 Beneficial utilization of CCPs consistent with this stan-
C1157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
dard conserves land, natural resources, and
C1600 Specification for Rapid Hardening Hydraulic Cement
1.4 This guide applies only to CCPs produced primarily by
D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
the combustion of coal.
D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
1.5 The testing, engineering, and construction practices for
Fluids
coal ash fills are similar to generally accepted practices for
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
natural soil fills. Coal ash structural fills should be designed
3
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft (600
using generally accepted engineering practices. However,
3
kN-m/m ))
when CCPs are used in saturated conditions such as ponds or
D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by
impoundments, the potential for liquefaction may need to be
Water Pycnometer
considered.
D1195/D1195M Test Method for Repetitive Static Plate
1.6 Laws and regulations governing the use of coal ash vary
Load Tests of Soils and Flexible Pavement Components,
by state. The user of this guide has the responsibility to
for Use in Evaluation and Design ofAirport and Highway
determine and comply with applicable requirements.
Pavements
1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded D1196/D1196M Test Method for Nonrepetitive Static Plate
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical Load Tests of Soils and Flexible Pavement Components,
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only for Use in Evaluation and Design ofAirport and Highway
and are not considered standard. Pavements
D1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling byAuger
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Borings
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D1556 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Place by Sand-Cone Method
D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
3
istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft
1
3
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental
(2,700 kN-m/m ))
Assessment, Risk Management and CorrectiveAction and is the direct responsibil-
ity of Subcommittee E50.03 on Pollution Prevention/Beneficial Use.
2
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2014. Published February 2014. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E2278–03 which was contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
withdrawn in January 2012 and reinstated in January 2014. DOI: 10.1520/E2277- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
14. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2277 − 14
4
D1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SP
...

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5.1 Soil toxicity tests provide information concerning the toxicity and bioavailability of chemicals associated with soils to terrestrial organisms. As important members of the soil fauna, lumbricid earthworms and enchytraeid potworms have a number of characteristics that make them appropriate organisms for use in the assessment of potentially hazardous soils. Earthworms may ingest large quantities of soil, have a close relationship with other soil biomasses (for example, invertebrates, roots, humus, litter, and microorganisms), constitute up to 92 % of the invertebrate biomass of soil, and are important in recycling nutrients (1, 2).4 Enchytraeids contribute up to 5.2 % of soil respiration, constitute the second-highest biomass in many soils (the highest in acid soils in which earthworms are lacking) and effect considerably nutrient cycling and community metabolism (3-5). Earthworms and potworms accumulate and are affected by a variety of organic and inorganic compounds (2-10, 11-14). In addition, earthworms and potworms are important in terrestrial food webs, constituting a food source for a very wide variety of organisms, including birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, nematodes, and centipedes  (15, 16, 3). A major change in the abundance of soil invertebrates such as lumbricids or enchytraeids, either as a food source or as organisms functioning properly in trophic energy transfer and nutrient cycling, could have serious adverse ecological effects on the entire terrestrial system.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Intended Application of Guide—This guide is intended for use at properties that are presently developed or proposed for development for residential, commercial, or industrial purposes but which contain chemical-affected soil, groundwater, air, or other environmental media, which may pose an unacceptable risk to human health. This guide can be used as a tool for planning and implementation of property reuse or redevelopment activities at former commercial/industrial facilities, “brownfield” properties, or properties containing naturally occurring, chemical-affected environmental media so as to effectively manage potential human exposures to COCs which might otherwise limit productive use of the property.  
4.2 Situations Where This Guide May Be Applied—An engineering control may be needed as part of the development plan when: (1) COCs are present in soil, groundwater, or other environmental media at concentrations posing unacceptable risk(s) to human health per applicable regulatory criteria or a risk-based evaluation; (2) a potentially complete exposure pathway for COCs is likely to exist in the absence of an engineering control or other response measure, and (3) installation and maintenance of the engineering control is determined to be an applicable and cost-effective response action relative to other options. A property should not be excluded from development or redevelopment solely on the basis of chemical-affected media, in general, and chemical-affected groundwater, in particular. If no affected environmental media are identified as having COC concentrations in excess of applicable regulatory standards or risk-based criteria, then engineering controls or other response measures are not required.  
4.3 Assumptions for Use of This Guide—For use of this guide, it is assumed that (1) an environmental site assessment has been completed to characterize chemical-affected environmental media, (2) exposures to COCs posing an unacceptable risk to the health of cur...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents general considerations for application of engineering controls to facilitate continued use or redevelopment of properties containing chemical-affected soil, groundwater, or other environmental media, due either to chemical releases or naturally-occurring conditions. This guide is not meant to be prescriptive but rather to present considerations for evaluating technologies capable of addressing potential human exposures associated with chemical-affected environmental media.  
1.2 Table 1 lists the considerations that should be taken into account when developing an engineering control in accordance with this guide.  
1.3 This guide is intended for use by real estate developers, civil/structural designers, environmental regulators, industrial parties, environmental consultants, and other persons concerned with residential, commercial, or industrial development of real properties where chemical-affected environmental media are present. The design process should involve the individuals and firms working on various aspects of the specifications for construction, operation, and maintenance. If the site is located on public property, then public participation should be considered during the design process.  
1.4 This guide is directed toward properties where chemical-affected environmental media, associated with either human-influenced activities or naturally-occurring conditions, will remain in place and where active or passive engineering controls will be used to reduce or eliminate exposures that may otherwise pose an unacceptable risk to property users.  
1.5 This guide identifies the exposure concerns associated with chemical-affected properties that may affect the property development plan, both in the construction phase and during the proposed use of the property; defines performance standards for control of applicable exposure pathways; and, for each exposure pathway, provides examples of eng...

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ASTM E2616-09(2020)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Remedy Selection Integrating Risk-Based Corrective Action and Non-Risk Considerations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended for use within a RBCA process or other risk-based framework for protection of human health and the environment that is based on an evaluation of sources, exposure pathways, and receptors.  
4.2 This guide is intended to identify the factors that should be considered in the selection and implementation of an appropriate remedial action to address COCs present in environmental media at the site at concentrations above the remedial action levels. The specific process used to select the remedial action will vary widely from site to site. However, in all cases, the selected remedial action should be both a protective remedial action (that is, achieves the risk-based remedial action objectives) and an acceptable remedial action (that is, satisfies the non-risk remedial action objectives).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection of appropriate remedial actions at sites where a release of chemicals (for example, vapor-phase, dissolved-phase, or non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL)) into the environment has occurred. This overall remedy selection process is illustrated in Fig. 1. The guide is intended to be applied within a risk-based corrective action (RBCA) framework.
FIG. 1 Remedy Selection Process  
1.2 The purpose of this guide is to facilitate the selection of acceptable remedial actions and to minimize bad decisions leading to the selection of remedial actions that do not satisfy both the risk-based remedial action objectives and the non-risk remedial action objectives.  
1.3 This guide is intended to be applied at sites that require a remedial action to address unacceptable human heath or ecological risks, other regulatory requirements, and/or other unacceptable site conditions. Prior to use of this guide, a site assessment should be completed resulting in: (1) the establishment of remedial action objectives, (2) a determination that a remedial action is required to achieve the remedial action objectives, (3) an identification of site areas requiring a remedial action, and (4) a conceptual site model that reflects the results of the site assessment. The risk-based remedial action objectives are assumed to have been established using RBCA or another risk-based assessment method that results in the identification of appropriate remedial action objectives based on an evaluation of sources, exposure pathways, and potential receptors. Remedial action objectives may be established using Guide E1739, Guide E2081, and/or Guide E2205. In addition, applicable federal, state, and local regulations, statutes, and policies should be followed and should form the basis for determining risk-based and non-risk remedial action objectives. The remedial action objectives may include resource protection standards and the prevention of aesthetic or nuisance impacts in addition to protection of human health and the environment.  
1.4 Each risk-based remedial action objective for an exposure pathway will typically include numeric remedial action levels for each chemical of concern (COC). Remedial action levels may also be developed for non-risk remedial action objectives such as resource protection standards. The non-risk remedial action levels may include thickness or mobility criteria for NAPL. The selected remedy must be effective and timely for each remedial action objective based on the consideration of the associated exposure pathway or resource protection standard.  
1.5 To facilitate the selection of acceptable remedial actions, this guide establishes a process for remedy selection (Fig. 2) that involves:
FIG. 2 Remedy Selection Flowchart  
FIG. 2 Remedy Selection Flowchart (continued)  
1.5.1 Development of risk-based remedial action objectives that includes identification of complete exposure pathways and numeric remedial action levels (Section 5).  
1.5.2 Development of non-risk remedial action objectives based on resource protection and other non-risk considerations...

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ASTM E1848-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selecting and Using Ecological Endpoints for Contaminated Sites

ABSTRACT
This guide deals with an approach to identification, selection, and use of ecological endpoints (both assessment and measurement endpoints) that are susceptible to the direct and indirect effects of both chemical and non-chemical stressors and agents associated with wastes and contaminated media at specific sites under current and future land uses. It does not address assessment and measurement endpoints for non-site specific studies (for example, chemical specific or regional risk assessments) or measurements in abiotic media (soil, water, or air). Conditions of the site and risk assessment that should be considered in identifying and selecting assessment and measurement endpoints include stressor characteristics, ecosystem types, spatial scale, temporal scale, ecological organization, and functionality/values. The following subsections present a partial listing of representative measurement endpoints: measurement endpoints representing ecosystem assessment endpoints, measurement endpoints representing community assessment endpoints, measurement endpoints representing population assessment endpoints, and measurement endpoints representing individual organism assessment endpoints. Other general considerations, desirable characteristics of assessment and measurement endpoints, candidate site-related ecological receptors, candidate assessment endpoints, specific steps in identifying, selecting and using assessment and measurement endpoints, addressing uncertainties in the identification and selection of assessment and measurement endpoints, documenting the selection of assessment and measurement endpoints.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide assumes that a decision has been made that an ecological risk assessment is required for a contaminated site. In some cases, this decision could be made before any site data are collected. See Fig. 1.
FIG. 1 Conceptual Relationships between Assessment Endpoints, Measurement Endpoints and Lines of Evidence (Source: Federal Contaminated Sites Action Plan (FCSAP) Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance, Government of Canada, March 2012)  
4.2 The selection of assessment endpoints (defined as ecological values to be protected) and measurement endpoints (ecological characteristics related to the assessment endpoints) is a critical step in conducting an ecological risk assessment. Endpoint selection identifies those effects which are ecologically significant and not merely those that are adverse, thus providing a more rational and defensible basis for making risk and remedial decisions.  
4.3 This guide provides an approach for identifying, selecting and using assessment and measurement endpoints in an ecological risk assessment for a contaminated site. This guide has been developed because there is no universal, simple measure of ecological health analogous to measures used in human health risk assessment. Assessment and measurement endpoints have to be identified and selected from a variety of individual circumstances on a stressor-, ecosystem- and scale-specific basis. It is important to recognize that a diverse set of ecological endpoints could be required for a specific site. EPA/100/F15/005 Generic Ecological Assessment Endpoints (GEAEs) For Ecological Risk Assessment: Second Edition With Generic Ecosystem Services Endpoints Added. July 2016)  
4.4 This guide is intended to be used primarily by a biologist, ecologist, ecotoxicologist, or a team of environmental scientists during problem formulation and work plan development prior to initiating data collection activities at a contaminated site (3-8, 10).  
4.5 Ecological risk assessment is usually an...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers an approach to identification, selection, and use of ecological endpoints (both assessment and measurement endpoints) (1-8)2 that are susceptible to the direct and indirect effects of both chemical and non-chemical stressors or agents associated with wastes and contaminated media at spe...

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ASTM E2790-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Identifying and Complying With Continuing Obligations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Uses—This guide is intended for use on a voluntary basis primarily by parties who desire to satisfy  continuing obligations at commercial real estate or at forestland or rural properties. As such, this guide provides information and suggested procedures that could be useful to persons who wish to establish one of the CERCLA LLPs or similar liability protections offered under state law. This guide may apply where response actions have already occurred, where response actions remain ongoing, or where response actions may be necessary in the future. As noted in 1.1.2, the use of this guide need not be necessarily limited to CERCLA LLPs.  
4.2 Clarifications on Use:  
4.2.1 Use is Property-Specific—Continuing obligations, and the process to identify and implement continuing obligations, is necessarily property-specific. Therefore, this guide includes information to consider when performing a property-specific, fact-based evaluation to determine appropriate continuing obligations.  
4.2.2 Partially Addresses Eligibility for CERCLA LLPs—Users wishing to establish CERCLA LLPs should be aware that the continuing obligations covered by this guide comprise only part of CERCLA's statutory eligibility requirements for LLPs. For example, users seeking to qualify for LLPs  must perform AAI before property acquisition. Users  seeking the BFPP or CPO LLP must also demonstrate that they are not liable or potentially liable or affiliated with any person who is liable or potentially liable for releases of  hazardous substances under CERCLA. 42 U.S.C. §9607(q)(1)(A)(ii); 42 U.S.C. §9601(40)(B)(viii). Further, users seeking the BFPP  or ILO  LLP must establish that disposal of hazardous substances occurred on the property prior to its acquisition. 42 U.S.C. §9601(40)(B)(i); 42 U.S.C. §9601(35)(A). Users seeking the CPO LLP must establish that they did not cause, contribute or consent to the release of hazardous substances. 42 U.S.C. §9607(q)(A)(i). Finally, users seeking to qual...
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—The purpose of this guide is to provide information and guidance2 related to the process of identifying and fulfilling continuing obligations3 at commercial real estate, and forestland and rural property that is contaminated by hazardous substances within the scope of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) (42 U.S.C. § 9601 et seq.), petroleum products, or other contaminants that require cleanup under federal or state law (collectively hereafter chemicals of concern). Because of the importance of federal law, this guide largely focuses on continuing obligations applicable to the innocent landowner (ILO), the contiguous property owner (CPO), and the bona fide prospective purchaser (BFPP) protections from CERCLA liability (hereinafter, collectively referred to as the “CERCLA Landowner Liability Protections,” or “CERCLA LLPs”) (see Legal Appendix X1 to Appendix X3 for an outline of CERCLA's liability and defense provisions). However, the continuing obligations arising from CERCLA LLPs are often very similar to the types of continuing obligations that state laws set as conditions for state liability protections. And, therefore, the purpose of this guide seeks to help users who wish to perform continuing obligations because of concerns over CERCLA liability and also extends to help users who wish to perform continuing obligations because of concerns over state law liability. Similarly, where sound risk management rather than a desire for liability protection is the goal, the procedures recommended in this guide can also prove useful  
1.1.1 Intended Scope of Standard Guide—As a standard guide, this document provides a compendium of information and options but does not recommend a specific course of action. As a guide, the purpose of this standard is to simply increase the awareness of possible techniques or procedures related to continuing obligations and to offer guida...

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