ASTM E9-89a(2000)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature (Withdrawn 2009)
Standard Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature (Withdrawn 2009)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Significance—The data obtained from a compression test may include the yield strength, the yield point, Young’ modulus, the stress-strain curve, and the compressive strength (see Terminology E 6). In the case of a material that does not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, compressive strength is a value that is dependent on total strain and specimen geometry.
Use—Compressive properties are of interest in the analyses of structures subject to compressive or bending loads or both and in the analyses of metal working and fabrication processes that involve large compressive deformation such as forging and rolling. For brittle or nonductile metals that fracture in tension at stresses below the yield strength, compression tests offer the possibility of extending the strain range of the stress-strain data. While the compression test is not complicated by necking as is the tension test for certain metallic materials, buckling and barreling (see Section 3) can complicate results and should be minimized.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the apparatus, specimens, and procedure for axial-load compression testing of metallic materials at room temperature (Note 1). For additional requirements pertaining to cemented carbides, see Annex A1.
Note 1--For compression tests at elevated temperatures, see Practice E209.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric equivalent values cited in the standard may be approximate.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
These test methods cover the apparatus, specimens, and procedure for axial-load compression testing of metallic materials at room temperature (Note 1). For additional requirements pertaining to cemented carbides, see Annex A1.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing, these test methods were withdrawn in March 2009 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:E9–89a(Reapproved 2000)
Standard Test Methods of
Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room
1
Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 9; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope E 209 Practice for Compression Tests of Metallic Materials
at Elevated Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid
1.1 These test methods cover the apparatus, specimens, and
3
Heating Rates and Strain Rates
procedure for axial-load compression testing of metallic mate-
E 251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of
rials at room temperature (Note 1). For additional requirements
3
Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
pertaining to cemented carbides, see Annex A1.
NOTE 1—For compression tests at elevated temperatures, see Practice 3. Terminology
E 209.
3.1 Definitions: The definitions of terms relating to com-
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
pression testing and room temperature in TerminologyE6 and
as the standard. The metric equivalent values cited in the
Specification E 171, respectively, shall apply to these test
standard may be approximate.
methods.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.1 buckling—In addition to compressive failure by
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
crushing of the material, compressive failure may occur by ( 1)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
elastic instability over the length of a column specimen due to
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
nonaxiality of loading, (2) inelastic instability over the length
of a column specimen, (3) a local instability, either elastic or
2. Referenced Documents
inelastic, over a small portion of the gage length, or (4)a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
twisting or torsional failure in which cross sections rotate over
B 557 Test Methods for Tension Testing Wrought and Cast
eachotheraboutthelongitudinalspecimenaxis.Thesetypesof
2
Aluminum- and Magnesium-Alloy Products
failures are all termed buckling.
3
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
3.2.2 column—a compression member that is axially loaded
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-
and that may fail by buckling.
3
ing
3.2.3 radius of gyration—the square root of the ratio of the
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
moment of inertia of the cross section about the centroidal axis
3
someter
to the cross-sectional area:
E 111 TestMethodforYoung’sModulus,TangentModulus,
1/2
r5 ~I/A! (1)
3
and Chord Modulus
E 171 Specification for Standard Atmospheres for Condi-
where:
4
tioning and Testing Flexible Barrier Materials
r = radius of gyration,
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
I = moment of inertia of the cross section about centroidal
5
ASTM Test Methods
axis (for specimens without lateral support, the smaller
value of I is the critical value), and
A = cross-sectional area.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
3.2.4 critical stress—the axial uniform stress that causes a
Mechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.04 on
column to be on the verge of buckling. The critical load is
Uniaxial Testing.
calculatedbymultiplyingthecriticalstressbythecross-section
Current edition approved March 31, 1989. Published May 1989. Originally
published asE9–24T. Last previous editionE9–89.
area.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.02.
3.2.5 buckling equations—If the buckling stress is less than
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
4
or equal to the proportional limit of the material its value may
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.
5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. be calculated using the Euler equation:
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E9–89a (2000)
2 2
modulus, the stress-strain curve, and the compressive strength
S 5 Cp E/~L/r! (2)
cr
(see TerminologyE6). In the case of a material that does not
If the buckling stress is greater than the proportional limit of
fail in compression by a shattering fracture, compressive
the material its value may be calculated from the modified
strength is a value that is dependent on total strain and
Euler equation:
specimen geometry.
2 2
S 5 Cp E /~L/r
...
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