ASTM F3145-15(2022)

Standard Guide for Swiftwater/Flood Rescue Technician Basic

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum requirements for training SWFT-Basic personnel. A person trained to this guide is considered to be a SWFT-Basic.  
4.2 Every person who is identified as a SWFT-Basic shall have met the requirements or equivalent of this guide.  
4.3 This guide is to be used by the individuals and Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJs) that wish to identify the minimum training required for SWFT-Basic. No advanced skills are included or implied.  
4.4 This guide was developed specifically for use in the United States, but may be used in other countries as needed.  
4.5 This guide should be used in conjunction with established and authorized guidelines and procedures mandated by the AHJ.  
4.6 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from adding additional requirements for its own members.  
4.7 The AHJ shall determine that personnel, agencies, and organizations are qualified and authorized to participate in swiftwater/flood search and rescue operations.  
4.8 The AHJ shall determine the evaluation process used to assess the extent to which the requirements of this guide are met.  
4.9 Swiftwater personnel should only perform activities in the swiftwater environment after a thorough risk assessment and appropriate risk mitigation efforts (such as the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), restricting efforts to shore-based techniques, or delaying a recovery until more favorable water conditions exist) have been performed. At the very least, personnel should follow the appropriate national, federal, state, tribal, provincial, and local safety standards as they apply to activities in swiftwater environments. SWFT-Basic personnel should be supervised by a Swiftwater/Flood Rescue Technician-Intermediate (SWFT-Intermediate) or Swiftwater/Flood Rescue Technician-Advanced (SWFT-Advanced) for in-water rescue operations. Shore-based rescue does not necessarily require SWFT-Intermediate or SWFT-Advanced supervision, but any rescue requires appro...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the areas of expertise that Search and Rescue (SAR) Swiftwater/Flood Rescue Technician Basic (SWFT-Basic) personnel shall demonstrate in order to perform in, on, or around a swiftwater environment.  
1.1.1 Specifically, this guide defines the recommended training required to prepare SWFT-Basic personnel, or equivalent, for responding to or conducting shore-based swiftwater and flood rescue operations.  
1.1.2 This guide establishes the general areas of expertise that SWFT-Basic personnel shall demonstrate. This guide does not cover specialized types of swiftwater/flood SAR, such as helicopter and boat-based rescues.  
1.1.3 This guide also establishes the minimum training requirements.  
1.2 This is the entry-level position for swiftwater/flood responders.  
1.3 SWFT-Basic personnel shall be able to recognize, reduce, eliminate, or mitigate, within the scope of their training, the hazards and risks in a swiftwater or flood situation or environment and be able to request appropriate additional resources.  
1.4 This guide identifies types of rescues, tactics, and systems that are typically used by SWFT-Basic personnel, such as shore-based rescues using talking, reaching, throwing, and wading methods.  
1.5 SWFT-Basic personnel who have met the minimum qualifications and experience within this guide are capable of performing shore-based rescues and assisting with in-water rescues from the shore under qualified supervision.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2022
• ICS: 13.200 - Accident and disaster control
• Technical Committee: F32 - Search and Rescue
• Drafting Committee: F32.03 - Personnel, Training and Education

Relations

• Refers: ASTM F1422-08(2020) - Standard Guide for Using the Incident Command System Framework in Managing Search and Rescue Operations
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2020
• Refers: ASTM F1768-97(2020) - Standard Guide for Using Whistle Signals During Rope Rescue Operations
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2020
• Refers: ASTM F2752-19 - Standard Guide for Training for Basic Rope Rescuer Endorsement
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2019
• Refers: ASTM F1422-08(2014) - Standard Guide for Using the Incident Command System Framework in Managing Search and Rescue Operations
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2014
• Refers: ASTM F2752-09(2014) - Standard Guide for Training for Level I Rope Rescue (R1) Rescuer Endorsement
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2014
• Refers: ASTM F1768-97(2014) - Standard Guide for Using Whistle Signals During Rope Rescue Operations
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2014
• Refers: ASTM F2752-09 - Standard Guide for Training for Level I Rope Rescue (R1) Rescuer Endorsement
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2009
• Refers: ASTM F1422-08 - Standard Guide for Using the Incident Command System Framework in Managing Search and Rescue Operations
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2008
• Refers: ASTM F1768-97(2007) - Standard Guide for Using Whistle Signals During Rope Rescue Operations
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2007
• Refers: ASTM F1422-92(1999) - Standard Guide for Using the Incident Command System Framework in Managing Civilian Search and Rescue Operations
• Effective Date: 10-Mar-1999
• Refers: ASTM F1768-97 - Standard Guide for Using Whistle Signals During Rope Rescue Operations
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-1997
• Refers: ASTM F1768-97(2002) - Standard Guide for Using Whistle Signals During Rope Rescue Operations
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-1997

Overview

ASTM F3145-15(2022): Standard Guide for Swiftwater/Flood Rescue Technician Basic defines the minimum knowledge, skills, training, and safety practices required for personnel involved in swiftwater and flood rescue operations at the basic (SWFT-Basic) level. Developed by ASTM International, this standard serves as an essential framework for public safety agencies, emergency services, and Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJs) to identify and verify competency in shore-based swiftwater and flood rescue response.

This guide focuses on the practical capabilities needed to conduct or support shore-based rescues and does not address advanced or specialized rescue scenarios such as those requiring boat or helicopter operations. The standard is developed primarily for use in the United States, but its principles and requirements may be applied internationally.

Key Topics

• Minimum Training Requirements: Specifies foundational training in incident command systems, hazardous materials awareness, emergency medical skills, and physical fitness, as determined by the AHJ.
• Knowledge Areas:
  • Safety codes and risk assessment for swiftwater/flood environments
  • Roles and responsibilities of rescue team members
  • Understanding of hydrology, water rescue techniques, and basic survival skills
• Shore-Based Rescue Techniques:
  • Communication methods including visual and audible signals
  • Methods such as “talk, reach, throw, wade” for rescuing victims from the shore
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
  • Requirements for water rescue PPE, including life jackets, helmets, and thermal protection
  • Use of minimum customization equipment, such as whistles, cutting devices, and rescue rope
• Supervision and Command Structure:
  • SWFT-Basic rescues must be supervised by higher-level personnel (SWFT-Intermediate or Advanced) during in-water operations
  • AHJs must determine and oversee qualification and evaluation processes

Applications

ASTM F3145-15(2022) is widely utilized by:

• Fire departments, emergency medical services, and law enforcement agencies for the onboard training of new swiftwater/flood responders
• Search and rescue teams to ensure responders meet clearly defined minimum standards for swiftwater emergencies
• AHJs and safety officers to develop or evaluate training programs that comply with national and local safety regulations, bolstering both responder safety and operational effectiveness
• International rescue organizations looking to benchmark or enhance basic swiftwater and flood rescue capabilities according to internationally recognized best practices

Practical applications include preparing personnel to:

• Assess and mitigate risks in rapidly moving water environments
• Request additional resources for complex incidents
• Employ shore-based rescue methods when direct water entry is too hazardous
• Use incident command systems to coordinate swiftwater/flood response operations efficiently

Related Standards

Implementing ASTM F3145-15(2022) may require reference to, or integration with, other rescue and safety standards, including:

• ASTM F1422: Guide for Using the Incident Command System Framework in Managing Search and Rescue Operations
• ASTM F1768: Guide for Using Whistle Signals During Rope Rescue Operations
• ASTM F2752: Guide for Training for Basic Rope Rescuer Endorsement
• National Response Framework (FEMA)
• NIMS: National Incident Management System
• Relevant OSHA (29 CFR 1910.120) requirements on hazardous materials
• Safety Code of American Whitewater for river rescue and boating safety protocols

Summary

ASTM F3145-15(2022) provides a clear, recognized set of criteria to prepare and evaluate entry-level swiftwater and flood rescue technicians. By establishing a baseline for knowledge, personal safety, and competency, this standard helps enhance public safety, responder confidence, and the overall effectiveness of swiftwater/flood rescue operations. Organizations seeking robust, compliant, and practical swiftwater rescue training will find this guide a vital resource.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F3145 − 15 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Guide for
Swiftwater/Flood Rescue Technician Basic
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3145; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This guide establishes the areas of expertise that Search 2.1 ASTM Standards:
and Rescue (SAR) Swiftwater/Flood Rescue Technician Basic F1422 Guide for Using the Incident Command System
(SWFT-Basic) personnel shall demonstrate in order to perform Framework in Managing Search and Rescue Operations
in, on, or around a swiftwater environment. F1768 GuideforUsingWhistleSignalsDuringRopeRescue
1.1.1 Specifically, this guide defines the recommended Operations
training required to prepare SWFT-Basic personnel, or F2752 Guide for Training for Basic Rope Rescuer Endorse-
equivalent, for responding to or conducting shore-based swift- ment
water and flood rescue operations.
2.2 Other Documents:
1.1.2 This guide establishes the general areas of expertise
DRAFTLand Search and Rescue Addendum to the National
that SWFT-Basic personnel shall demonstrate. This guide does
Search and Rescue Supplement to the International Aero-
not cover specialized types of swiftwater/flood SAR, such as
nauticalandMaritimeSearchandRescueManual,Version
helicopter and boat-based rescues.
1.0, November 2011
1.1.3 This guide also establishes the minimum training
National Response Framework (NRF), FEMA, January
requirements.
Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations (29 CFR),
1.2 This is the entry-level position for swiftwater/flood
Subtitle B, Chapter XVII, 1910.120(Q)(6)(i) First Re-
responders.
sponder Awareness Training
1.3 SWFT-Basic personnel shall be able to recognize,
reduce, eliminate, or mitigate, within the scope of their
3. Terminology
training, the hazards and risks in a swiftwater or flood situation
3.1 Acronyms:
or environment and be able to request appropriate additional
3.1.1 AHJ—Authority Having Jurisdiction
resources.
3.1.2 CPR—Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
1.4 This guide identifies types of rescues, tactics, and
3.1.3 FEMA—Federal Emergency Management Agency
systemsthataretypicallyusedbySWFT-Basicpersonnel,such
as shore-based rescues using talking, reaching, throwing, and
3.1.4 HazMat—Hazardous Materials
wading methods.
3.1.5 HELP—Heat Escape Lessening Posture/Position
1.5 SWFT-Basic personnel who have met the minimum
3.1.6 ICS—Incident Command System
qualifications and experience within this guide are capable of
3.1.7 LKP—Last Known Point
performing shore-based rescues and assisting with in-water
3.1.8 NIMS—National Incident Management System
rescues from the shore under qualified supervision.
3.1.9 NRF—National Response Framework
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1.10 PLS—Point Last Seen
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.11 PPE—Personal Protective Equipment
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.12 PTB—Position Task Book
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search and contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Rescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel, Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Training and Education. the ASTM website.
Current edition approved July 1, 2022. Published July 2022. Originally approved http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/aviation/av_library/Revision%205-
in 2015. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as F3145 – 15. DOI: 10.1520/ EHE%20Source%20List%20(01-12).pdf.
F3145-15R22. http://www.fema.gov/national-response-framework
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F3145 − 15 (2022)
3.1.13 RBB—Rigid Buoyant Boats stranded by, swift or flood waters, conducted using the Na-
tional Incident Management System (NIMS)/ICS, or equiva-
3.1.14 RHIB—Rigid Hull Inflatable Boat
lent.
3.1.15 SAR—Search and Rescue
3.2.11 swiftwater/flood search and rescue technician—an
3.1.16 SWFT-Basic—Swiftwater/Flood Technician-Basic
individual trained to perform swiftwater/flood search and
3.1.17 SWFT-Intermediate—Swiftwater/Flood Technician-
rescue operations.
Intermediate
3.2.12 throw-bag—a length of floating rope that is stored in
3.1.18 SWFT-Advanced—Swiftwater/Flood Technician-
a throwable container. When using a throw-bag for water
Advanced
rescue, the life safety line should be the appropriate tensile
3.1.19 USCG—U.S. Coast Guard
strength as determined by the AHJ.
3.2 Definitions Specific to the Series of Swiftwater/Flood 3.2.13 type—a classification series developed to identify an
Search and Rescue Guides:
incident’s level of complexity ranging from most complex
3.2.1 authority having jurisdiction—an organization, office, (Type 1) to least complex (Type 5).
or individual responsible for enforcing the requirements of a
code or standard, or for approving equipment, materials,
4. Significance and Use
installation, or a procedure.
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum requirements for
3.2.2 downstream—the direction of flow leading to a lower
training SWFT-Basic personnel.Aperson trained to this guide
position in a watercourse.
is considered to be a SWFT-Basic.
3.2.3 flood—a great flowing or overflowing of water, espe-
4.2 Every person who is identified as a SWFT-Basic shall
cially over land not usually submerged.
have met the requirements or equivalent of this guide.
3.2.4 personal flotation device (PFD)—a U.S. Coast Guard
4.3 This guide is to be used by the individuals andAuthori-
(USCG) approved buoyant device suitable for use by one
ties Having Jurisdiction (AHJs) that wish to identify the
person to stay afloat in a water emergency. This may be a vest,
minimum training required for SWFT-Basic. No advanced
ring buoy, life preserver, cushion, or other special purpose
skills are included or implied.
buoyant apparatus. Types include the following:
4.4 This guide was developed specifically for use in the
3.2.4.1 Type I—Offshore life jacket.
United States, but may be used in other countries as needed.
3.2.4.2 Type II—Near-shore buoyant vest.
4.5 This guide should be used in conjunction with estab-
3.2.4.3 Type III—Flotation aid.
lished and authorized guidelines and procedures mandated by
3.2.4.4 Type IV—Throwable device.
the AHJ.
3.2.4.5 Type V—Special use device.
4.6 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from adding
3.2.5 recovery—an operation to retrieve deceased persons
additional requirements for its own members.
from the current position and move them to a designated place.
4.7 The AHJ shall determine that personnel, agencies, and
3.2.6 rescue—an operation to retrieve persons in distress,
organizations are qualified and authorized to participate in
provide for the initial medical or other needs, and deliver them
swiftwater/flood search and rescue operations.
to a place of safety.
4.8 TheAHJ shall determine the evaluation process used to
3.2.7 search—an operation using available trained person-
7 assess the extent to which the requirements of this guide are
nel and facilities to locate persons in distress.
met.
3.2.8 shore-based—swiftwater/flood search and rescue op-
4.9 Swiftwater personnel should only perform activities in
erations conducted from land adjacent to the water.
the swiftwater environment after a thorough risk assessment
3.2.9 swiftwater—water moving with sufficient force to
and appropriate risk mitigation efforts (such as the use of
present a significant life and safety hazard to a person entering
personal protective equipment (PPE), restricting efforts to
it.
shore-based techniques, or delaying a recovery until more
3.2.10 swiftwater/flood search and rescue operations—
favorable water conditions exist) have been performed. At the
actions intended to locate and save individuals caught in, or
very least, personnel should follow the appropriate national,
federal, state, tribal, provincial, and local safety standards as
they apply to activities in swiftwater environments. SWFT-
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/flood?s=t (Accessed February 7, 2013.)
Basic personnel should be supervised by a Swiftwater/Flood
DRAFTLandSearchandRescueAddendumtotheNationalSearchandRescue
Rescue Technician-Intermediate (SWFT-Intermediate) or
Supplement to the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue
Swiftwater/Flood Rescue Technician-Advanced (SWFT-
Manual, Version 1.0, November 2011, http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/aviation/av_library/
Advanced) for in-water rescue operations. Shore-based rescue
Revision%205-EHE%20Source%20List%20(01-12).pdf.
Land Search and Rescue Addendum to the National Search and Rescue
does not necessarily require SWFT-Intermediate or SWFT-
Supplement to the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue
Advanced supervision, but any rescue requires appropriate
Manual, Version 1.0, November 2011, http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/cg534/nsarc/
command and control, determined by the level of complexity.
Land_SAR_Addendum/Published_
Land%20SAR%20Addendum%20%281118111%29%20-%20Bookmark.pdf Rescue shall be done using the appropriate safety precautions.
F3145 − 15 (2022)
5. General Knowledge, Qualifications, and Training 5.2.7 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
Incident Command System (ICS) as it applies to swiftwater/
5.1 SWFT-Basic personnel shall have the following
flood rescue operations.
knowledge, qualifications, and training:
5.2.8 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of land
5.1.1 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
navigation, including the following:
and NIMS training or equivalent, to include the following:
5.2.8.1 General use of maps, compasses, and GPS; and
5.1.1.1 ICS/IS 100: Introduction to ICS;
5.2.8.2 The ability to plot on a map and locate on a GPS
5.1.1.2 ICS/IS-200: ICS for Single Resources and Initial
receiver a reported PLS and LKP. Demonstrate knowledge and
Action Incidents;
understanding of hazard recognition, which may include:
5.1.1.3 As required by the AHJ, or when responding to an
ineffective team communication, changing conditions, lack of
outside jurisdiction:
command and control, multi-agency efforts without
(1) FEMA IS-700: NIMS, An Introduction; and
coordination, night operations, improvised techniques, high
(2) FEMA IS-800: National Response Framework (NRF),
water flows, strainers, flood debris, cold water, hydraulics,
An Introduction.
low-head dams, multiple patients, multiple incidents, air tem-
5.1.2 SWFT-Basic personnel shall additionally have the
perature extremes, man-made obstacles, and debris.
following training:
5.1.2.1 Basic Aircraft Safety (A-101), or equivalent; 5.2.9 SWFT-Basic personnel shall demonstrate knowledge
and understanding of safety requirements specific to
5.1.2.2 Hazardous materials (HazMat) awareness level
training that includes the information defined in 29 CFR swiftwater/flood rescue and the swiftwater/flood environment,
including the following:
1910.120(Q)(6)(i) or equivalent, as determined by the AHJ;
5.1.2.3 Swiftwater/flood rescue pre-planning and notifica- 5.2.9.1 Safe work area zones;
tion systems;
5.2.9.2 Risks to personnel from pollution, recommended
5.1.2.4 Identifying the need for additional assistance and/or
personal hygiene techniques to reduce these risks, and proce-
expertise, and how to request it;
dures to be used on contaminated personnel;
5.1.2.5 Bloodborne/airborne pathogens training;
5.2.9.3 The use and effectiveness of the Heat Escape Less-
5.1.2.6 Physical fitness standards as established and re-
ening Posture/Position (HELP);
quired by the AHJ; and
5.2.9.4 Theuseandeffectivenessofthehuddleposition;and
5.1.2.7 Emergency medical skills as established and re-
5.2.9.5 The use and effectiveness of the self-rescue/
quired by the AHJ.
swimmer position.
5.1.3 SWFT-Basic personnel shall undergo annual refresher
5.2.10 SWFT-Basic personnel shall demonstrate knowledge
and/or maintenance training, as determined by the AHJ,
and understanding of hydrology in regard to its effects on
including the following:
swiftwater/flood rescue, including the following:
5.1.3.1 PPE;
5.2.10.1 Water temperature;
5.1.3.2 Self-rescue techniques;
5.2.10.2 Currents, including flow rates, force, and features
5.1.3.3 Simple rescue techniques; and
(for example, eddies, holes, etc.);
5.1.3.4 Hydrology.
5.2.10.3 Contaminants;
5.2 Agency Policy Updates—This guide recommends that
5.2.10.4 Hazards, including: strainers, sieves, weirs/low-
personnel meet the following minimum qualifications and
headdams,undercuts,debris/loads,highwaterflows,strainers,
experience to function within a swiftwater/flood search and
flood debris, cold water, hydraulics, and low-head dams;
rescue operation. Depending on the geography of theAHJ, the
5.2.10.5 Shoreline characteristics and conditions, including
AHJ may require SWFT-Basic personnel to have rope skills in
ice, mud, and steep or unstable banks;
accordance with Guide F2752.
5.2.10.6 Weather, both local and upstream; and
5.2.1 Demonstrate an understanding of the Safety Code of
5.2.10.7 Tides.
American Whitewater (refer to X1.1).
5.2.11 SWFT-Basic personnel shall demonstrate knowledge
5.2.2 Demonstrate an understanding of visual and audible
and understanding of the physiology of drowning, including
river signals (refer to X1.2 and X1.3).
the following:
5.2.3 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
5.2.11.1 Basic survivor care;
policies, standards, objectives, and goals of the AHJ in regard
5.2.11.2 The occurrence of immersion shock and the cold
to swiftwater/flood rescue.
water reflex and their effects; and
5.2.4 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
5.2.11.3 The signs and symptoms of hypothermia and hy-
swiftwater/flood rescue team member roles and responsibili-
perthermia and their effects on patient care.
ties.
5.2.11.4 SWFT-Basic personnel shall demonstrate knowl-
5.2.5 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of estab-
edge and understanding of water rescue equipment and its
lishing point last seen (PLS)/last known point (LKP).
limitations, including the following:
5.2.6 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of proce-
dures for interviewing witnesses. 5.2.11.5 Throw-bags and other throwing rescue equipment
used by the AHJ;
8 5.2.11.6 Reaching devices; and
American Whitewater, Safety Code of American Whitewater – 2012, http://
www.americanwhitewater.org/content/Wiki/safety:start? 5.2.11.7 Other items such as boards, ladders, and floats.
F3145 − 15 (2022)
5.2.12 SWFT-Basic personnel shall demonstrate cognitive 5.2.16.2 Use of the technique only when appropriate down-
and practical understanding of night rescue considerations and stream safety procedures have been implemented.
operations; and
5.2.13 Self-awareness, including limitations. 6. Skills and Abilities Specific to a Swiftwater/Flood
5.2.14 SWFT-Basic personnel shall demonstrate knowledge
Rescue
and understanding of water rescue PPE and its limitations,
6.1 SWFT-Basic personnel shall demonstrate an under-
including the following:
standing of, and the ability to use, visual and audible river
5.2.15 Minimum customization equipment, such as a
signals defined in X1.2 and X1.3.
whistle, and a cutting device;
6.2 SWFT-Basic personnel shall demonstrate cognitive and
5.2.15.1 Wet suits, dry suits, ice suits, their similarities, and
practical understanding of the following:
their differences;
5.2.15.2 Thermalprotectionfortherescuerandclothingand 6.2.1 Huddle position;
equipment intended for that purpose;
6.2.2 Donning and doffing of relevant PPE;
5.2.15.3 Helmets specifically designed for water rescue;
6.2.3 Self-rescue techniques;
5.2.15.4 Waterproof lighting; and
6.2.4 Throwing techniques;
5.2.15.5 Gloves and footwear.
6.2.5 Talking rescue techniques; and
5.2.16 SWFT-Basic personnel shall demonstrate knowledge
6.2.6 Reaching rescue techniques.
and understanding of the advantages and risks specific to
wading rescues, including the following:
7. Keywords
5.2.16.1 Use of the technique only when water depths can
be confirmed; and 7.1 flood; rescue; search; swiftwater; technician; water
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. SAFETY CODE OF AMERICAN WHITEWATER
X1.1 Safety Code of American Whitewater narrows. Use reliable gauge information whenever possible,
and be aware that sun on snowpack, hard rain, and upstream
X1.1.1 Personal Preparedness and Responsibility:
dam releases may greatly increase the flow.
X1.1.1.1 Be a competent swimmer,withtheabilitytohandle
(2) Cold—Cold drains your strength and robs you of the
yourself underwater.
ability to make sound decisions on matters affecting your
X1.1.1.2 Wear a life jacket. A snugly fitting vest-type life
survival. Cold-water immersion, because of the initial shock
preserver offers back and shoulder protection as well as the
and the rapid heat loss that follows, is especially dangerous.
flotation needed to swim safely in whitewater.
Dress appropriately for bad weather or sudden immersion in
X1.1.1.3 Wear a solid, correctly fitted helmet when upsets
the water. When the water temperature is less than 50 °F, a
are likely. This is essential in kayaks or covered canoes, and
wetsuit or drysuit is essential for protection if you swim; the
recommended for open canoeists using thigh straps and rafters
next best is wool or pile clothing under a waterproof shell. In
running steep drops.
this case, you should also carry waterproof matches and a
X1.1.1.4 Do not boat out of control. Your skills should be
change of clothing in a waterproof bag. If, after prolonged
sufficient to stop or reach shore before reaching danger. Do not
exposure a person experiences uncontrollable shaking, loss of
enter unless you are reasonably sure that you can run it safely
or swim it without injury. coordination, or difficulty speaking, he or she is hypothermic,
and needs your assistance.
X1.1.1.5 Whitewater rivers contain many hazards that are
not always easily recognized. The following are the most (3) Strainers—Brush, fallen trees, bridge pilings, undercut
frequent killers: rocks, or anything else that allows river current to sweep
(1) High Water—The river’s speed and power increase through can pin boats and boaters against the obstacle. Water
tremendously as the flow increases, raising the difficulty of pressure on anything trapped this way can be overwhelming.
most rapids. Rescue becomes progressively harder as the water
Rescue is often extremely difficult. Pinning may occur in fast
rises, adding to the danger. Floating debris and strainers make current, with little or no whitewater to warn of the danger.
even an easy rapid quite hazardous. It is often misleading to
(4) Dams, Weirs, Ledges, Reversals, Holes, and
judge the river level at the put-in, since a small rise in a wide,
Hydraulics—When water drops over an obstacle, it curls back
shallow place will be multiplied many times where the river
on itself, forming a strong upstream current that may be
capable of holding a boat or swimmer. Some holes make for
excellent sport. Others are proven killers. Paddlers who cannot
9 recognizethedifferenceshouldavoidallbutthesmallestholes.
American Whitewater, Safety Code of American Whitewater – 2012, http://
www.americanwhitewater.org/content/Wiki/safety:start? Hydraulics around man-made dams shall be treated with
F3145 − 15 (2022)
utmost respect regardless of their height or the level of the courseofaction.Paddlersareencouragedtospeakwithanyone
river. Despite their seemingly benign appearance, they can whose actions on the water are dangerous, whether they are a
create an almost escape-proof trap. The swimmer’s only exit part of your group or not.
from the “drowning machine” is to dive below the surface
X1.1.2 Boat and Equipment Preparedness:
when the downstream current is flowing beneath the reversal.
X1.1.2.1 Test new and different equipment under familiar
X1.1.1.6 Broaching. When a boat is pushed sideways
conditions before relying on it for difficult runs. This is
against a rock by strong current, it may collapse and wrap, this
especially true when adopting a new boat design or outfitting
is especially dangerous to kayak and decked canoe paddlers;
system. Low-volume craft may present additional hazards to
these boats will collapse and the combination of indestructible
inexperienced or poorly conditioned paddlers.
hulls and tight outfitting may create a deadly trap. Even
X1.1.2.2 Be sure your boat and gear are in good repair
without entrapment, releasing pinned boats can be extremely
before starting a trip. The more isolated and difficult the run,
time consuming and dangerous. To avoid pinning, throw your
the more rigorous this inspection should be.
weight downstream towards the rock; this allows the current to
slide harmlessly underneath the hull. X1.1.2.3 Install flotation bags in non-inflatable craft, se-
curely fixed at each end, designed to displace as much water as
X1.1.1.7 Boating alone is discouraged. The minimum party
possible. Inflatable boats should have multiple air chambers
is three people or two craft. Have a frank knowledge of your
and be test-inflated before launching.
boating ability, and don’t attempt rivers or rapids that lie
beyond that ability.
X1.1.2.4 Have strong, properly sized paddles or oars for
X1.1.1.8 Be in good physical and mental condition, consis- controllingyourcraft.Carrysufficientsparesforthelengthand
tent with the diffıculties that may be expectected. Make difficulty of the trip.
adjustments for loss of skills due to age, health, fitness. Any
X1.1.2.5 Outfit your boat safely. The ability to exit your
health limitations shall be explained to your fellow paddlers
boat quickly is an essential component of safety in rapids. It is
prior to starting the trip.
your responsibility to see that there is absolutely nothing to
X1.1.1.9 Be practiced in self-rescue, including escape from
cause entrapment when coming free of an upset craft. This
anoverturnedcraft.TheEskimoRollisstronglyrecommended
includes the following:
for decked boaters who run rapids Class IV or greater, or who
(1) Spray covers that won’t release reliably or that release
paddle in cold environmental conditions.
prematurely.
X1.1.1.10 Be trained in rescue skills, cardiopulmonary (2) Boat outfitting too tight to allow a fast exit, especially
resuscitation (CPR), and first aid with special emphasis on in low-volume kayaks or decked canoes. This includes low-
recognizing and treating hypothermia. It may save your hungthwartsincanoeslackingadequateclearanceforyourfeet
friend’s life. and kayak foot braces that fail or allow your feet to become
wedged under them.
X1.1.1.11 Carry equipment needed for unexpected
(3) Inadequately supported decks that collapse on a pad-
emergencies, including footwear that protects your feet when
walking out, a throw rope, knife, whistle, and waterproof dler’s legs when a decked boat is pinned by water pressure.
Inadequate clearance with the deck because of your size or
matches. If you wear eyeglasses, tie them on and carry a spare
pair on long trips. Bring cloth repair tape on short runs, and a build.
(4) Loose ropes that cause entanglement. Beware of any
full repair kit on isolated rivers. Do not wear bulky jackets,
ponchos, heavy boots, or anything else that could reduce your length of loose line attached to a whitewater boat. All items
shall be tied tightly and excess line eliminated; painters, throw
ability to survive a swim.
lines, and safety rope systems shall be completely and effec-
X1.1.1.12 Despite the mutually supportive group structure
tively stored. Do not knot the end of a rope as it can get caught
described in this code, individual paddlers are ultimately
in cracks between rocks.
responsible for their own safety, and shall assume sole respon-
sibility for the following decisions: X1.1.2.6 Provide ropes that permit you to hold on to your
(1) The decision to participate on any trip.This includes an craft so that it may be rescued. The following methods are
evaluation of the expected difficulty of the rapids under the recommended:
conditions existing at the time of the put-in. (1) Kayaks and covered canoes should have grab loops of
(2) The selection of appropriate equipment, including a ⁄4 in. plus rope or equivalent webbing sized to admit a
boat design suited to their skills and the appropriate rescue and normal-sized hand. Stern painters are permissible if properly
survival gear. secured.
(3) The decision to scout any rapid, and to run or portage (2) Open canoes should have securely anchored bow and
according to their best judgment. Other members of the group stern painters consisting of 8 to 10 ft of ⁄4 in. plus line. These
may offer advice, but paddlers should resist pressure from shall be secured in such a way that they are readily accessible,
anyone to paddle beyond their skills. It is also their responsi- but cannot loosen accidentally. Grab loops are acceptable, but
bility to decide whether to pass up any walk-out or take-out are more difficult to reach after an upset.
opportunity. (3) Rafts and dories may have taut perimeter
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