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ASTM D1822-99

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Tensile-Impact Energy to Break Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials

Standard Test Method for Tensile-Impact Energy to Break Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the energy required to rupture standard tension-impact specimens of plastic or electrical insulating materials. Materials that can be tested by this test method are those too flexible or too thin to be tested in accordance with Test Methods D256, as well as more rigid materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  Note 1-A complete metric companion to Test Method D1822 has been developed-D1822M.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Apr-1999
ICS
29.035.20 - Plastics and rubber insulating materials
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.10 - Mechanical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D1822-06 - Standard Test Method for Tensile-Impact Energy to Break Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
Effective Date
15-Mar-2006
Referred By
ASTM D4762-18 - Standard Guide for Testing Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
Effective Date
10-Apr-1999
Referred By
ASTM D4101-17e1 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Polypropylene Injection and Extrusion Materials
Effective Date
10-Apr-1999
Referred By
ASTM F2136-18(2024) - Standard Test Method for Notched, Constant Ligament-Stress (NCLS) Test to Determine Slow-Crack-Growth Resistance of HDPE Resins or HDPE Corrugated Pipe
Effective Date
10-Apr-1999
Referred By
ASTM D4762-23 - Standard Guide for Testing Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
Effective Date
10-Apr-1999
Referred By
ASTM D2990-17 - Standard Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and Flexural Creep and Creep-Rupture of Plastics
Effective Date
10-Apr-1999
Referred By
ASTM F1635-16 - Standard Test Method for <emph type="bdit">in vitro</emph> Degradation Testing of Hydrolytically Degradable Polymer Resins and Fabricated Forms for Surgical Implants
Effective Date
10-Apr-1999
Referred By
ASTM D4000-23 - Standard Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials
Effective Date
10-Apr-1999
Referred By
ASTM D4101-24 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Polypropylene Injection and Extrusion Materials
Effective Date
10-Apr-1999
Referred By
ASTM D638-22 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
Effective Date
10-Apr-1999
Referred By
ASTM F1855-00(2019) - Standard Specification for Polyoxymethylene (Acetal) for Medical Applications
Effective Date
10-Apr-1999
Referred By
ASTM F2136-18 - Standard Test Method for Notched, Constant Ligament-Stress (NCLS) Test to Determine Slow-Crack-Growth Resistance of HDPE Resins or HDPE Corrugated Pipe
Effective Date
10-Apr-1999

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ASTM D1822-99 - Standard Test Method for Tensile-Impact Energy to Break Plastics and Electrical Insulating MaterialsASTM D1822-99 - Standard Test Method for Tensile-Impact Energy to Break Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
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ASTM D1822-99 - Standard Test Method for Tensile-Impact Energy to Break Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D1822–99
Standard Test Method for
Tensile-Impact Energy to Break Plastics and Electrical
1
Insulating Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1822; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope * 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the energy 3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms applying to this test
required to rupture standard tension-impact specimens of method appear in Terminology D883.
plastic or electrical insulating materials. Materials that can be
4. Summary of Test Method
tested by this test method are those too flexible or too thin to
be tested in accordance with Test Methods D256, as well as 4.1 The energy utilized in this test method is delivered by a
single swing of a calibrated pendulum of a standardized
more rigid materials.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the tension-impact machine. The energy to fracture by shock in
tension is determined by the kinetic energy extracted from the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only. pendulum of an impact machine in the process of breaking the
specimen. One end of the specimen is mounted in the pendu-
NOTE 1—This test method is not equivalent to ISO 8256, and results
lum. The other end of the specimen is gripped by a crosshead
cannot be directly compared between the two methods.
whichtravelswiththependulumuntiltheinstantofimpactand
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
instant of maximum pendulum kinetic energy, when the
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
crosshead is arrested.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5. Significance and Use
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 Tensile-impact energy is the energy required to break a
standard tension-impact specimen in tension by a single swing
2. Referenced Documents
of a standard calibrated pendulum under a set of standard
2.1 ASTM Standards:
conditions (Note 2). In order to compensate for the minor
D256 Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastics and
differencesincross-sectionalareaofthespecimensastheywill
2
Electrical Insulating Materials
occur in the preparation of the specimens, the energy to break
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics and Electrical
can be normalized to units of kilojoules per square metre (or
2
Insulating Materials for Testing
foot-pounds-forcepersquareinch)ofminimumcross-sectional
2
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
area.Analternativeapproachtonormalizingtheimpactenergy
2
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
that compensates for these minor differences and still retains
2
D1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics
thetestunitasjoules(foot-pounds)isshowninSection11.For
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Mate-
aperfectlyelasticmaterialtheimpactenergymightbereported
3
rials
perunitvolumeofmaterialundergoingdeformation.However,
D4066 Specification for Nylon Injection and Extrusion
since much of the energy to break the plastic materials for
3
Materials
which this test method is written is dissipated in drawing of
E23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of
only a portion of the test region, such normalization on a
4
Metallic Materials
volume basis is not feasible. The test method permits two
specimen geometries so that the effect of elongation or rate of
extension, or both, upon the result can be observed. With the
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD-20onPlastics
Type S (short) specimen the extension is comparatively low,
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approved April 10, 1999. Published July 1999. Originally
while with the Type L (long) specimen the extension is
published as D 1822–61 T. Last previous edition D 1822–93.
comparatively high. In general, the Type S specimen (with its
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1822
greater occurrence of brittle fracture) gives greater reproduc- materials may have properties that result in equal tensile-
ibility, but less differentiation among materials. Results ob- impactenergiesonthesamespecimengeometry,arisinginone
taine
...

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5.1 Before proceeding with these test methods, reference should be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, and testing parameters covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in these test methods. If there is no material specification, then the default conditions apply.  
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5.3.2 Energy to propagate the fracture across the specimen;  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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Standard Test Method for Determining the Tensile-Impact Resistance of Plastics

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5.1 Tensile-impact energy is the energy required to break a standard tension-impact specimen in tension by a single swing of a standard calibrated pendulum under a set of standard conditions (see Note 2). To compensate for the minor differences in cross-sectional area of the specimens, the energy to break is normalized to units of kilojoules per square metre (or foot-pounds-force per square inch) of minimum cross-sectional area. An alternative approach to normalizing the impact energy that compensates for these minor differences and still retains the test unit as joules (foot-pounds) is shown in Section 10. For a perfectly elastic material, the impact energy is usually reported per unit volume of material undergoing deformation. However, since much of the energy to break the plastic materials for which this test method is written is dissipated in drawing of only a portion of the test region, such normalization on a volume basis is not feasible. In order to observe the effect of elongation or rate of extension, or both, upon the result, the test method permits two specimen geometries. Results obtained with different capacity machines generally are not comparable.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the energy required to rupture standard tension-impact specimens of plastic materials. Rigid materials are suitable for testing by this method as well as specimens that are too flexible or thin to be tested in accordance with other impact test methods.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Conditioning of specimens is typically conducted: (1) for the purpose of bringing the material into equilibrium with normal or average room conditions, (2) simply to obtain reproducible results, regardless of previous history of exposure, or (3) to subject the material to abnormal conditions of temperature or humidity in order to predict its service behavior.  
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5.1 Flexural properties as determined by this test method are especially useful for quality control and specification purposes. They include:  
5.1.1 Flexural Stress (σf)—When a homogeneous elastic material is tested in flexure as a simple beam supported at two points and loaded at the midpoint, the maximum stress in the outer surface of the test specimen occurs at the midpoint. Flexural stress is calculated for any point on the load-deflection curve using equation (Eq 3) in Section 12 (see Notes 5 and 6).
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Note 6: When testing highly orthotropic laminates, the maximum stress may not always occur in the outer surface of the test specimen.4 Laminated beam theory must be applied to determine the maximum tensile stress at failure. If Eq 3 is used to calculate stress, it will yield an apparent strength based on homogeneous beam theory. This apparent strength is highly dependent on the ply-stacking sequence of highly orthotropic laminates.  
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1.2 Test specimens of rectangular cross section are injection molded or, cut from molded or extruded sheets or plates, or cut from molded or extruded shapes. Specimens must be solid and uniformly rectangular. The specimen rests on two supports and is loaded by means of a loading nose midway between the supports.  
1.3 Measure deflection in one of two ways; using crosshead position or a deflectometer. Please note that studies have shown that deflection data obtained with a deflectometer will differ from data obtained using crosshead position. The method of deflection measurement shall be reported.  
Note 1: Requirements for quality control in production environments are usually met by measuring deflection using crosshead position. However, more accurate measurement may be obtained by using an deflection indicator such as a deflectometer.
Note 2: Materials that do not rupture by the maximum strain allowed under this test method may be more suited to a 4-point bend test. The basic difference between the two test methods is in the location of the maximum bending moment and maximum axial fiber stresses. The maximum axial fiber stresses occur on a line under the loading nose in 3-point bending and over the area between the loading noses in 4-point bending. A four-point loading system method can be found in Test Method D6272.  
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ASTM D6272-17e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials by Four-Point Bending

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Flexural properties determined by this test method are especially useful for quality control and specification purposes.  
5.2 This test method is recommended for those materials that do not fail within the strain limits imposed by Test Method D790. The major difference between four point and three point bending modes is the location of the maximum bending moment and maximum axial fiber stress. In four point bending the maximum axial fiber stress is uniformly distributed between the loading noses. In three point bending the maximum axial fiber stress is located immediately under the loading nose.  
5.3 Flexural properties vary with specimen depth, temperature, atmospheric conditions, and the difference in rate of straining specified in Procedures A and B.  
5.4 Before proceeding with this test method, reference the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters covered in the material specification, or both, shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no material specifications, then these default conditions apply. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics, including high-modulus composites and electrical insulating materials in the form of rectangular bars molded directly or cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes. These test methods are generally applicable to rigid and semirigid materials. However, flexural strength cannot be determined for those materials that do not break or that do not fail in the outer fibers. This test method utilizes a four point loading system applied to a simply supported beam.  
1.2 This test method describes two procedures (Procedure A and Procedure B), the selection of which depends on the behavior of the sample to be tested as explained below:  
1.2.1 Procedure A, designed principally for materials that break at comparatively small deflections. It shall be used for measurement of flexural properties, particularly flexural modulus, unless the material specification states otherwise.  
1.2.2 Procedure B, designed particularly for those materials that undergo large deflections during testing. It is suitable for measurement of flexural strength.  
1.3 Comparative tests are permitted to be run according to either procedure, provided that the procedure is found satisfactory for the material being tested.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values provided in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method is similar to ISO 14125, Method B. However, ISO 14125, Method B specifies only a load span of 1/3 the support span whereas D6272 also permits a load span of 1/2 the support span. For this reason and other differences in technical content, exercise extreme care if attempting to compare results between the two test methods.  
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1.2 Insulated vinyl siding shall be tested with the insulation material in place or removed, as specified in the applicable requirement or test method.  
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1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3005-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Low-Temperature Resistant Vinyl Chloride Plastic Pressure-Sensitive Electrical Insulating Tape

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the properties and requirements for electrical insulating tape consisting of a backing of vinyl chloride plastic, coated on one side with a pressure-sensitive adhesive, for use at low temperatures. Four types are included providing two thicknesses at two operating temperatures. Selected from standard widths and lengths, the tapes shall conform to specified values of the following requirements: break strength; break and static elongation; dielectric breakdown; adhesion to both steel and backing; roll unwind; high-humidity insulation resistance; flammability; and behavior during flagging test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers an electrical insulating tape for use at low temperature down to approximately -18 °C (0 °F). The tape consists of a backing of vinyl chloride plastic, coated on one side with a pressure-sensitive adhesive. Four types are included providing two thicknesses at two operating temperatures.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1710-24(Guide)
Standard Guide for Installation of Flexible Closed Cell Preformed Insulation in Tube and Sheet Form

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide applies to flexible closed cell insulation tubing and sheet materials manufactured according to Specifications C534 and C1427. This standard is intended to provide a basic guide for installing these types of materials.  
5.2 Confirm application use temperature is consistent with specified use temperature for material as defined in ASTM Specifications unless otherwise agreed upon with the manufacturer. There are different grades for each of the insulation types referred to in this guide, material and grade installed should be that specified.  
5.3 This guide is not intended to cover all aspects associated with installation for all applications, consult the National, Commercial Industrial Insulation Standards (MICA Manual) or the specific product manufacturer for recommendations, or both. See ASHRAE Handbook (Fundamentals – Chapter 23) and ASHRAE Handbook (Refrigeration – Chapter 10).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers recommended installation techniques for flexible closed cell pre-formed insulation in tube or sheet form. This guide is applicable to materials manufactured in accordance with Specification C534 (Elastomeric based insulation) or Specification C1427 (polyolefin based insulation). The materials covered in this guide encompass a service temperature of –297 to 300°F (–183 to 150°C) as indicated in the material specifications referenced above. Many of the recommendations made are specific to below ambient applications only.  
1.2 The purpose of this guide is to optimize the thermal performance and longevity of installed closed cell flexible insulation systems. By following this guide, the owner, and designer can expect to achieve the energy savings expected and prevention of condensation under the specified design conditions. This document is limited to installation procedures and does not encompass system design.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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