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ASTM D4885-01(2006)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining Performance Strength of Geomembranes by the Wide Strip Tensile Method

Standard Test Method for Determining Performance Strength of Geomembranes by the Wide Strip Tensile Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is a performance test intended as a design aid used to determine the ability of geomembranes to withstand the stresses and strains imposed under design conditions. This test method assists the design engineer in comparing several candidate geomembranes under specific test conditions.
As a performance test, this method is not intended for routine acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geomembranes. Other more easily performed test methods, such as Test Methods D 751 or Test Method D 882, can be used for routine acceptance testing of geomembranes. This test method will be used relatively infrequently, and to establish performance characteristics of geomembrane materials.
5.2.1 There is no known correlation between this test method and index test methods, such as Test Methods D 751.  
All geomembranes can be tested by this method. Some modification of techniques may be necessary for a given geomembrane depending upon its physical make-up. Special adaptations may be necessary with strong geomembranes or geomembranes with extremely slick surfaces, to prevent them from slipping in the clamps or being damaged by the clamps.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the performance strength of synthetic geomembranes by subjecting wide strips of material to tensile loading.
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of tensile strength and elongation of geomembranes and includes directions for calculating initial modulus, offset modulus, secant modulus, and breaking toughness.
1.3 The basic distinctions between this test method and other methods measuring tensile strength of geomembranes are the width of the specimens tested and the speed of applied force. The greater width of the specimens specified in this test method minimizes the contraction edge effect (necking) which occurs in many geosynthetics and provides a closer relationship to actual material behavior in service. The slower speed of applied strain also provides a closer relationship to actual material behavior in service.
1.4 As a performance test, this method will be used relatively infrequently, and to test large lots of material. This test method is not intended for routine quality control testing of geomembranes.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2006
ICS
59.080.70 - Geotextiles
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.10 - Geomembranes
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4885-01 - Standard Test Method for Determining Performance Strength of Geomembranes by the Wide Strip Tensile Method
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006
Replaced By
ASTM D4885-01(2011) - Standard Test Method for Determining Performance Strength of Geomembranes by the Wide Strip Tensile Method
Effective Date
01-Jun-2011
Referred By
ASTM D8364/D8364M-21 - Standard Specification for Geosynthetic Cementitious Composite Mat (GCCM) Materials
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM D6455-11(2018) - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (PBGMs)
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM D4439-23b - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM D6693/D6693M-20 - Standard Test Method for Determining Tensile Properties of Nonreinforced Polyethylene and Nonreinforced Flexible Polypropylene Geomembranes
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006

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ASTM D4885-01(2006) - Standard Test Method for Determining Performance Strength of Geomembranes by the Wide Strip Tensile MethodASTM D4885-01(2006) - Standard Test Method for Determining Performance Strength of Geomembranes by the Wide Strip Tensile Method
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ASTM D4885-01(2006) - Standard Test Method for Determining Performance Strength of Geomembranes by the Wide Strip Tensile Method
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D4885–01 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Performance Strength of Geomembranes by
1
the Wide Strip Tensile Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4885; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D751 Test Methods for Coated Fabrics
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the perfor-
D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
mance strength of synthetic geomembranes by subjecting wide
Sheeting
strips of material to tensile loading.
D1593 Specification for Nonrigid Vinyl Chloride Plastic
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of tensile
Film and Sheeting
strength and elongation of geomembranes and includes direc-
D1909 StandardTable of Commercial Moisture Regains for
tions for calculating initial modulus, offset modulus, secant
Textile Fibers
modulus, and breaking toughness.
D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing
1.3 The basic distinctions between this test method and
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
othermethodsmeasuringtensilestrengthofgeomembranesare
the width of the specimens tested and the speed of applied
3. Terminology
force. The greater width of the specimens specified in this test
3.1 Definitions:
method minimizes the contraction edge effect (necking) which
3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geomembranes, n—air main-
occurs in many geosynthetics and provides a closer relation-
tained at a relative humidity of 50 to 70 % and a temperature
ship to actual material behavior in service.The slower speed of
of 21 6 2°C (70 6 4°F).
applied strain also provides a closer relationship to actual
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Within the range of 50 to 70 % relative
material behavior in service.
humidity, moisture content is not expected to affect the tensile
1.4 As a performance test, this method will be used rela-
properties of geomembrane materials. In addition, geotextile
tively infrequently, and to test large lots of material. This test
standard test methods restrict the range of relative humidity to
method is not intended for routine quality control testing of
65 6 5 %, while geomembrane standard test methods restrict
geomembranes.
the range of relative humidity to 55 6 5 %. The restricted
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
rangeinthistestmethodismadebroadertoreducetheneedfor
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
testing laboratories to change laboratory conditions, and con-
only.
sidering the lack of expected effect of moisture on geomem-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
branes. The user should consult Table D1909 to resolve
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
questions regarding moisture regains of textile fibers, espe-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
cially if the user is testing a new or unknown material.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.2 breaking force, (F), J, n—the force at failure.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
−1 −2
3.1.3 breaking toughness, T, (FL ), Jm , n—for geosyn-
2. Referenced Documents thetics, the actual work per unit volume of a material corre-
2
sponding to the breaking force.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Breaking toughness is proportional to
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
the area under the force-elongation curve from the origin to the
breakingpoint(seealso,work-to-break).Breakingtoughnessis
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
calculated from work-to-break and width of a specimen. In
GeosyntheticsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD35.10onGeomem-
geomembranes, breaking toughness is often expressed as force
branes.
per unit width of material in inch-pound values. In other
Current edition approved June 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originally
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D4885 – 01. DOI:
materials, breaking toughness is often expressed as work per
10.1520/D4885-01R06.
unit mass of material.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.1.4 corresponding force, n—synonym for force at speci-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on fied elongation.
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile strength properties of geogrids by subjecting strips of varying width to tensile loading.  
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1.2.2 Method B—Testing multiple geogrid ribs in tension (kN/m or lbf/ft).  
1.2.3 Method C—Testing multiple layers of multiple geogrid ribs in tension (kN/m or lbf/ft).  
1.3 This test method is intended for quality control and conformance testing of geogrids.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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5.1 The increased use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict liquid or gas movement, and the common use of dual-track seams in joining these sheets, has created a need for a standard nondestructive test by which the quality of the seams can be assessed for continuity and watertightness. The test is not intended to provide any indication of the physical strength of the seam.  
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1.1 This practice covers a nondestructive evaluation of the continuity of parallel geomembrane seams separated by an unwelded air channel. The unwelded air channel between the two distinct seamed regions is sealed and inflated with air to a predetermined pressure. Long lengths of seam can be evaluated by this practice more quickly than by other common nondestructive tests.  
1.2 This practice should not be used as a substitute for destructive testing. Used in conjunction with destructive testing, this method can provide additional information regarding the seams undergoing testing.  
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4.1 The use of reinforced geomembranes as barrier materials has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate the quality of seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. This test method is used for quality control purposes and is intended to provide quality control and quality assurance personnel with data to evaluate seam quality.  
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FIG. 1 Break Codes for Dual Hot Wedge and Hot Air Seams of Reinforced Geomembranes Tested for Seam Strength in Shear and Peel Modes  
4.3 When reinforcement occurs in directions other than machine and cross-machine, scrim are cut at specimen edges, generally lowering results. To partially compensate for this, testing can be performed according to Test Method D7749 or the 2 in. wide strip specimen specified in this method can be utilized. Testing of 1 in. and 2 in. specimens is Method A and Method B, respectively.  
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1.3.1 Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE).  
1.3.2 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).  
1.3.3 Flexible polypropylene (fPP).  
1.3.4 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).  
1.3.5 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE).  
1.3.6 Ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA).  
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1.1 This test method covers an index test that covers laboratory measurement of flux through saturated geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) specimens using a flexible wall permeameter.  
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1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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5.1 Since tear resistance may be affected to a large degree by mechanical fibering of the membrane under stress, as well as by stress distribution, strain rate, and size of specimen, the results obtained in a tear resistance test can only be regarded as a measure of the resistance under the conditions of that particular test and not necessarily as having any direct relation to service value. This test method measures the force required to tear a reinforced geomembrane along a reasonably defined course such as that the tear propagates across the width of the specimen. The values may vary between types of reinforcement used within a geomembrane.  
5.2 The tongue tear method is useful for estimating the relative tear resistance of different reinforcing textiles or different directions in the same reinforcing textiles.  
5.3 Disputes—In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical difference between their laboratories.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a uniform procedure for determining the tear strength of flexible geomembranes internally reinforced with a textile, using the tongue tear method.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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ASTM D7006-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Geomembranes

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5.1 This practice covers test arrangements, measurement techniques, sampling methods, and calculations to be used for nondestructive evaluation of geomembranes using ultrasonic testing.  
5.2 Wave velocity may be established for particular geomembranes (for specific polymer type, specific formulation, specific density). Relationships may be established between velocity and both density and tensile properties of geomembranes. An example of the use of ultrasound for determining density of polyethylene is presented in Test Method D4883. Velocity measurements may be used to determine thickness of geomembranes (1, 2).4 Travel time and amplitude of transmitted waves may be used to assess the condition of geomembranes and to identify defects in geomembranes including surface defects (for example, scratches, cuts), inner defects (for example, discontinuities within geomembranes), and defects that penetrate the entire thickness of geomembranes (for example, pinholes) (3, 4). Bonding between geomembrane sheets can be evaluated using travel time, velocity, or impedance measurements for seam assessment (5-10). Examples of the use of ultrasonic testing for determining the integrity of field and factory seams through travel time and velocity measurements (resulting in thickness measurements) are presented in Practices D4437 and D4545, respectively. An ultrasonic testing device is routinely used for evaluating seams in prefabricated bituminous geomembranes in the field (11). Integrity of geomembranes may be monitored in time using ultrasonic measurements.
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1.1 This practice provides a summary of equipment and procedures for ultrasonic testing of geomembranes using the pulse echo method.  
1.2 Ultrasonic wave propagation in solid materials is correlated to physical and mechanical properties and condition of the materials. In ultrasonic testing, two wave propagation characteristics are commonly determined: velocity (based on wave travel time measurements) and attenuation (based on wave amplitude measurements). Velocity of wave propagation is used to determine thickness, density, and elastic properties of materials. Attenuation of waves in solid materials is used to determine microstructural properties of the materials. In addition, frequency characteristics of waves are analyzed to investigate the properties of a test material. Travel time, amplitude, and frequency distribution measurements are used to assess the condition of materials to identify damage and defects in solid materials. Ultrasonic measurements are used to determine the nature of materials/media in contact with a test specimen as well. Measurements are conducted in the time-domain (time versus amplitude) or frequency-domain (frequency versus amplitude).  
1.3 Measurements of one or more ultrasonic wave transmission characteristics are made based on the requirements of the specific testing program.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D6992-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Accelerated Tensile Creep and Creep-Rupture of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use of the Stepped Isothermal Method decreases the time required for creep to occur and the obtaining of the associated data.  
5.2 The statements set forth in 1.6 are very important in the context of significance and use, as well as scope of the standard.  
5.3 Creep test data are used to calculate the creep modulus of materials as a function of time. These data are then used to predict the long-term creep deformation expected of geosynthetics used in reinforcement applications.
Note 1: Currently, SIM testing has focused mainly on woven and knitted geogrids and woven geotextiles made from polyester, aramid, polyaramid, poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA), and polypropylene yarns and narrow strips. Additional correlation studies on other materials are needed.  
5.4 Creep-rupture test data are used to develop a regression line relating creep stress to rupture time. These results predict the long-term rupture strength expected for geosynthetics in reinforcement applications.  
5.5 Tensile testing is used to establish the ultimate tensile strength (TULT) of a material and to determine elastic stress, strain, and variations thereof for SIM tests.  
5.6 Ramp and Hold (R+H) testing is done to establish the range of creep strains experienced in the brief period of very rapid response following the peak of the load ramp.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers accelerated testing for tensile creep, and tensile creep-rupture properties using the Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM).  
1.2 The test method is focused on geosynthetic reinforcement materials such as yarns, ribs of geogrids, or narrow geotextile specimens.  
1.3 The SIM tests are laterally unconfined tests based on time-temperature superposition procedures.  
1.4 Tensile tests are to be completed before SIM tests and the results are used to determine the stress levels for subsequent SIM tests defined in terms of the percentage of Ultimate Tensile Strength (TULT). Additionally, the tensile test can be designed to provide estimates of the initial elastic strain distributions appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.5 Ramp and Hold (R+H) tests may be completed in conjunction with SIM tests. They are designed to provide additional estimates of the initial elastic and initial rapid creep strain levels appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.6 This method can be used to establish the sustained load creep and creep-rupture characteristics of a geosynthetic. Results of this method are to be used to augment results of Test Method D5262 and may not be used as the sole basis for determination of long-term creep and creep-rupture behavior of geosynthetic material.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5322-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures for Evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to Liquids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a standard immersion procedure for investigating the chemical resistance of a geosynthetic to a liquid waste, leachate, or chemical in a laboratory environment. The conditions specified in this practice are intended both to provide a basis of standardization and to serve as a guide for those wishing to compare or investigate the chemical resistance of a geosynthetic material(s) in a laboratory environment. Practice D5496 can be used should the user need to assess the performance of a geosynthetic in field conditions.  
4.2 This practice is not intended to establish, by itself, the behavior of geosynthetics when exposed to liquids. Such behavior, referred to as chemical resistance, can be defined only in terms of specific chemical solutions and methods of testing and evaluation criteria selected by the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers laboratory immersion procedures for the testing of geosynthetics for chemical resistance to liquid wastes, prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solid wastes.  
1.2 This standard is not applicable to some geosynthetics such as geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs), because of their composite nature requiring a confining pressure during immersion. However, individual geosynthetic components of the GCL can be tested.  
1.3 This standard was originally developed to supplement and expand EPA 9090 to include all geosynthetics. EPA 9090 has not been updated since 1992.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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    English language
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