ASTM D7099-04(2018)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Frozen Soil and Rock
Standard Terminology Relating to Frozen Soil and Rock
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This terminology can be used to find the definitions of all of those terms which are used in association with frozen materials, including rocks, soils, and water.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology includes all of those terms which relate to frozen soils and rocks.
1.2 It is based on: a list of definitions drawn up by ASTM Sub-Committee D18.19; ASTM standards; a list of definitions drawn up by the Canadian Geomorphology Research Group (CGRG); the Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-Ice Terms developed by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), at the University of Colorado, at Boulder; the Keys to Soil Taxonomy of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); and contributions by a number of individuals.
1.3 For all of the terms included, the source is included in parentheses after the definition.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7099 − 04 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Terminology Relating to
Frozen Soil and Rock
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7099; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope O., 1988,Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-Ice
Terms, Technical Memorandum,Associate Committee on
1.1 This terminology includes all of those terms which
Geotechnical Research, Ottawa, Canada
relate to frozen soils and rocks.
Everdingen, Robert van, ed., 1998, revised January,
1.2 It is based on: a list of definitions drawn up by ASTM
2002,Multi-Language Glossary of Permafrost and Re-
Sub-Committee D18.19;ASTM standards; a list of definitions
lated Ground-Ice Terms, National Snow and Ice Data
drawn up by the Canadian Geomorphology Research Group
Center/World Data Center for Glaciology, Boulder, Colo-
(CGRG); the Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-Ice
rado
Terms developed by the National Snow and Ice Data Center
NationalSnowandIceDataCenter,2003,EnglishLanguage
(NSIDC), at the University of Colorado, at Boulder; the Keys
Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-Ice Terms,
to Soil Taxonomy of the United States Department ofAgricul-
Boulder, Colorado, http://nsdic.org/fgdc/glossary/
ture (USDA); and contributions by a number of individuals.
english.html
1.3 For all of the terms included, the source is included in Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States De-
partment of Agriculture,Keys to Soil Taxonomy, Ninth
parentheses after the definition.
Edition, 2003, 331 pp., http://soils.usda.gov/technical/
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
classication/tax_keys
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Permafrost Map of the USSR (1:2,500,000), 1996,Depart-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
mentofGeocryology,MoscowStateUniversity,16sheets
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3. Significance and Use
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1 This terminology can be used to find the definitions of
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
all of those terms which are used in association with frozen
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
materials, including rocks, soils, and water.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4. Terminology
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.1 Definitions:
2. Referenced Documents
4.1.1 Allofthedefinitionsareconsistentwiththoselistedin
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Terminology D653.
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained active layer—the top layer of ground that is subject to annual
Fluids freezing and thawing. (In the zone of discontinuous
D4083Practice for Description of Frozen Soils (Visual- permafrost, the active layer is often underlain by unfrozen
Manual Procedure) ground.)
2.2 Other References:
active layer failure—any of several possible forms of slope
Harris, S. A., French, H. M., Heginbottom, J. A., Johnston,
failure in the active layer. NSIDC
G. H., Ladanyi, B., Sego, D. C., and van Everdingen, R.
active layer thickness—the thickness of the top layer of
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil ground that is subject to annual freezing and thawing.
and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.19 on Frozen Soils
NSIDC
and Rock.
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2018.PublishedJuly2018.Originallyapproved
active rock glacier—a mass of rock fragments and finer
in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D7099–04(2010). DOI:
material, on a slope, that contains an ice core or interstitial
10.1520/D7099-04R18.
2 ice,andwhichshowsevidenceofrecentmovement. NSIDC
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
adfreeze shear strength—the shear stress required to separate
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. two objects that are bonded together by ice.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7099 − 04 (2018)
adfreeze tensile strength—the tensile stress required to sepa- beaded stream—a characteristic pattern of small streams
rate two objects that are bonded together by ice. NSIDC underlain by ice wedges. “Beads,” or pools, occur at
junctions of wedges. The pools are linked by narrow
adfreezing—theprocessbywhichobjectsarebondedtogether
channels. NSIDC
by the ice formed between them. NSIDC
bottom temperature of snow cover—temperature measured
aggradation of permafrost—see permafrost aggradation.
at the base of the snow cover during mid- to late-winter
aggradational ice—newly formed ice lenses, especially in the (February/March). The measurements are used in the BTS
method to predict the presence or absence of permafrost.
lower part of the active layer, which become incorporated
intothepermafrostduetoaraisingofthepermafrosttableor NSIDC
a lowering of the permafrost base.
BTS method—a method to predict the presence or absence of
air freezing index—see freezing index. permafrost in a mountainous area, using measurements of
the bottom temperature of the snow in mid- to late-winter.
air thawing index—see thawing index.
NSIDC
albedo—the fraction of the total solar radiation incident on a
buried ice—ice formed on the ground surface and later
body that is reflected by it.
covered by sediments.
alpine permafrost—permafrost developed in temperate cli-
candled ice—ice that has rotted or otherwise formed, by
mate mountainous areas.
meltingduringthespring,intolongcolumnarcrystalswhich
altitudinal permafrost limit—the lowest altitude at which are very loosely bonded together. A distinctive “chiming”
mountainpermafrostoccursinahighlandareaoutsideofthe sound accompanies movement during “ice-out.”
general permafrost region. NSIDC
cave ice—ice formed in an open or closed cave. NSIDC
altitudinal permafrost zonation—the vertical subdivision of
clear ice—ice that is transparent and contains only a moderate
mountain permafrost into zones based on mean annual
number of air bubbles.
temperatures. NSIDC
closed-cavity ice—ice formed in a closed space, cavity, or
apparent heat capacity—the amount of heat required to raise
cave, in permafrost. NSIDC
the temperature of a unit mass of frozen ground by one
degree.ItisexpressedinJoulesperkgperdegreeK. NSIDC
closed-system freezing—freezingthatoccursunderconditions
thatprecludethegainorlossofwaterbythesystem. NSIDC
approximate freezing index—the cumulative number of
degree-days below 0°C for a given period, calculated from
closed-system pingo—a pingo formed by the doming of
the mean monthly temperatures for a given station without
frozen ground due to the freezing of injected water. The
making corrections for positive degree-days in the spring
water is provided by the expulsion of pore water during the
and fall. NSIDC
growth of permafrost. Closed-system pingos are found in
poorly-drained terrain in the continuous permafrost zone.
approximate thawing index—the cumulative number of
NSIDC
degree-days above 0°C for a given period, calculated from
the mean monthly temperatures for a given station without
closed talik—a body of unfrozen ground occupying a depres-
making corrections for negative degree-days in the spring
sion in the permafrost table below a lake or river. NSIDC
and fall.
cloudy ice—ice that is translucent or relatively opaque due to
artificial ground freezing—the process of freezing earth
the content of air or for other reasons, but which is
materials by artificial means.
essentially sound and nonpervious.
banded cryogenic fabric—a distinct soil morphology in
coefficient of compressibility—the change in volume per unit
whichsoilparticlesformsubhorizontallayersastheresultof
volume of a substance per unit increase in effective com-
freezing and thawing. NSIDC
pressive stress, under isothermal conditions. NSIDC
barrens—areas of discontinuous vegetation cover in the polar
collapse scar—thatpartofapeatlandwherethewhole,orpart,
semi-desert of the High Arctic. NSIDC
ofapeatplateauhasthawedandcollapsedtothelevelofthe
surroundingland.Collapsesscarsarenotdepressionsbutare
basal cryopeg—a layer of unfrozen ground, forming the basal
marked by vegetation different from the peatland that was
portion of permafrost, in which the temperature is perenni-
not underlain by permafrost. NSIDC
ally below 0°C (32°F). NSIDC
composite wedge—a wedge, containing both soil and ice, that
basal cryostructure—the structural characteristics of a frozen
deposit of boulders that is saturated with ice. NSIDC shows evidence of both primary and secondary filling.
NSIDC
basal-layered cryostructure—the structural characteristics of
a frozen layered deposit of gravel and boulders that is compressive strength—the load per unit area at which an
saturated with ice. NSIDC unconfined cylindrical specimen of soil or rock will fail in a
D7099 − 04 (2018)
simple compression test. Commonly the failure load is the cryogenic temperature—the term can apply to temperatures
maximum that the specimen can withstand in the test. D653 below−50°Cbutisusuallyusedforthosetemperaturesclose
to absolute zero (−273°C). NSIDC
conglomeric cryogenic fabric—a distinct soil micromorphol-
ogy resulting from the effects of freezing and thawing, in cryolithology—the study of the genesis, structure, and lithol-
which coarser soil particles form compound arrangements.
ogy of frozen earth materials. NSIDC
NSIDC
cryopedology—the study of soils at temperatures below 0°C.
construction methods in permafrost—special procedures of
cryopeg—alayerofunfrozengroundinwhichthetemperature
design and construction that are required when engineering
is perennially below 0°C. In general, the freezing of such
works are undertaken in areas of permafrost.
layers is prevented due to the depression of the freezing
contemporary permafrost—(1) newly formed permafrost in
point by solids dissolved in the pore water.
an area where surface temperatures have fallen below 0°C
cryoplanation—the process through which cryoplanation ter-
(32°F); (2)permafrostthatisinthermalequilibriumwiththe
races form. NSIDC
existing mean annual surface or sea-bottom temperature and
the geothermal heat flux.
cryoplanation terraces—hillside benches or table-like sum-
mitsurfaceswhicharethoughttohaveresultedfromintense
continuous permafrost—permafrost occurring everywhere
frost wedging associated with snowbanks.These are usually
beneath the exposed land surface throughout a geographic
underlain by permafrost and are considered by some as
region, with the exception of widely scattered sites, such as
diagnostic landforms of permafrost terrain. NSIDC
newly-deposited unconsolidated sediments, where the cli-
mate has just begun to impose its influence on the ground
cryosol—soilwithin1to2mofthesurfaceinwhichthemean
thermal regime and will cause the formation of continuous
annual ground temperature is below 0°C. NSIDC
permafrost.
cryosphere—that part of the Earth’s crust, hydrosphere, and
continuous permafrost zone—a major subdivision of a per-
atmosphere subject, for at least a part of each year, to
mafrost region, in which permafrost occurs everywhere
temperatures below 0°C (32°F). NSIDC
beneath the land surface, with the possible exception of
widely scattered sites; both in North American (GPRGIT) cryostructure—the structural characteristics of frozen earth
andinRussian(PermafrostMapoftheUSSR)usage:>80% materials. NSIDC
of area underlain by permafrost.
cryosuction—a suction which develops in freezing or
convection tube—a closed single-phase heat transfer device
partially-frozen fine-grained materials due to temperature-
that removes heat from the ground whenever conditions are dependent differences in unfrozen water content. NSIDC
appropriate to drive the internal convection cell.
cryotexture—the textural characteristics of frozen earth ma-
creep of frozen ground—the slow deformation that results
terials cemented together with ice. NSIDC
from long-term application of a stress too small to produce
cryotic ground—soil or rock in which the temperatures are
failure in the frozen material.
0°C, or below. NSIDC
creep strength—the failure strength of a material at a given
cryoturbate—a body of earth material moved or disturbed by
rate of strain or after a given period under deviatoric stress.
the action of frost. NSIDC
NSIDC
cryoturbation—(1) a collective term to describe all soil
crust-like cryostructure—thestructuralpropertiesofafrozen
movements due to frost action; (2) irregular structures
deposit of angular blocks that are coated with ice, while
formed in earth materials by deep frost penetration and frost
large spaces between the blocks are not filled with ice.
action processes. NSIDC
NSIDC
debris flow—a sudden and destructive form of landslide, in
cryofront—the boundary between frozen and unfrozen
which loose materials on a slope, with at least half of the
ground, as indicated by the position of the 0°C isotherm in
particles being larger than sand, are mobilized by saturation
the ground. NSIDC
and flow downwards. NSIDC
cryogenesis—the combination of thermophysical, physico-
deformability—the ability of a material to change its shape or
chemical, and physico-mechanical processes that occur in
size under the influence of an external or internal agency.
freezing, frozen, and thawing earth materials. NSIDC
NSIDC
cryogenic aquiclude—a frozen layer of ground with suffi-
ciently low permeability as to act as a confining bed for an degree-day—a unit of heat measurement equal to one degree
of the variation of the mean temperature for a day from a
aquifer. NSIDC
given reference (or, base) temperature.
cryogenic fabric—the distinct soil micromorphology which
results from the effects of freezing and thawing processes. degree of saturation—(1) the total degree of saturation of
NSIDC frozen soil is the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the
D7099 − 04 (2018)
volume of ice and unfrozen water in the soil pores to the drunken forest—agroupoftreesleaninginrandomdirections
volume of the pores
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