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ASTM D6851-02(2007)e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Contact pH with Activated Carbon

Standard Test Method for Determination of Contact pH with Activated Carbon

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The determination of contact pH can be used as a simple and fast measurement that can allow activated carbon producers and users to have a standard method for assessing the effect various carbons will have on the initial pH of the water in contact with the carbon. It has been determined that there is a bias between this method and Test Method D 3838; they are not equivalent.
SCOPE
1.1 This method is to be used in the determination of the pH of water on initial contact with activated carbon. This test method is not meant as a replacement for Test Method D 3838 and may give a different value.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2007
ICS
71.040.30 - Chemical reagents
Technical Committee
D28 - Activated Carbon
Drafting Committee
D28.02 - Liquid Phase Evaluation
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6851-02(2007) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Contact pH with Activated Carbon
Effective Date
01-Oct-2007
Replaced By
ASTM D6851-02(2011) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Contact pH with Activated Carbon
Effective Date
01-Sep-2011
Referred By
ASTM D3838-05(2017) - Standard Test Method for pH of Activated Carbon
Effective Date
01-Oct-2007

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ASTM D6851-02(2007)e1 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Contact pH with Activated Carbon
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation:D6851– 02 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Contact pH with Activated Carbon
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6851; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Paragraphs 14.1 and 15.1 were updated editorially in April 2009.
1. Scope 5. Interferences
1.1 This method is to be used in the determination of the pH 5.1 pH electrodes used to measure this quantity can even-
of water on initial contact with activated carbon. This test tually become clogged over time with carbon fines. Suitable
method is not meant as a replacement for Test Method D3838 electrodes can be found which have a detachable junction
and may give a different value. allowing the user when necessary to discard a fouled pH
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the membrane.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 5.2 Distilled water can become acidic on standing. Make
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- sure that the water used meets the minimum requirements for
priate safety and health practices and to determine the ASTM Type II water. Determine the pH as indicated in Test
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Method D1293.
2. Referenced Documents 6. Apparatus
2.1 ASTM Standards: 6.1 A pH meter (ambient temperature of 25 °C is assumed;
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water ifotherwise,temperaturecompensationisrequiredforaccurate
D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water pH measurement.
D3838 Test Method for pH of Activated Carbon 6.2 A combination pH electrode, or glass-calomel elec-
E300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals trodes used together.
6.3 A100 mL (TD) graduated cylinder
3. Summary of Test Method
6.4 A250 mL glass beaker (for each sample)
3.1 A sample of carbon is stirred with water and the pH of 6.5 A polymer-coated magnetic stir bar (for each sample)
the suspension is measured.
6.6 Magnetic stir plate
6.7 A balance capable of accurately measuring to 0.1 g
4. Significance and Use
7. Reagents and Materials
4.1 ThedeterminationofcontactpHcanbeusedasasimple
and fast measurement that can allow activated carbon produc- 7.1 Distilled or de-ionized water that meets theASTM Type
ers and users to have a standard method for assessing the effect
II requirements
various carbons will have on the initial pH of the water in 7.2 Buffers to calibrate the pH meter; typically pH 4.0, pH
contact with the carbon. It has been determined that there is a
7.0, and/or pH 10.0
bias between this method andTest Method D3838; they are not
8. Hazards
equivalent.
8.1 The water in contact with the carbon may have either a
low or high pH. Take precautions accordingly and wear
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D28 on
necessary protective equipment to prevent injuries from spills
ActivatedCarbonandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD28.02onLiquid
and splashes.
Phase Evaluation.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007. Published November 2007. Originally
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D6851 – 02. DOI:
9. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units
10.1520/D6851-02R07E01.
2 9.1 Follow Practice E300 in the collection and preparation
For re
...

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1.1 This test method covers determination of the activation level of activated carbon. Butane activity (BA) is defined herein as the ratio (in percent) of the mass of butane adsorbed by an activated carbon sample to the mass of the sample, when the carbon is saturated with butane under the conditions listed in this test method.  
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5.1 The BWC, as determined by this test method, is a measure of the ability of an activated carbon to adsorb and desorb butane from dry air under specified conditions. It is useful for quality control and evaluation of granular activated carbons that are used in applications where the adsorption of butane and desorption with dry air are of interest. The BWC can also provide a relative measure of the effectiveness of the tested activated carbons on other adsorbates.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the butane working capacity (BWC) of new granular activated carbon. The BWC is defined as the difference between the butane adsorbed at saturation and the butane retained per unit volume of carbon after a specified purge. The test method also produces a butane activity value that is defined as the total amount of butane adsorbed on the carbon sample and is expressed as a mass of butane per unit weight or volume of carbon.  
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5.1 The particle size of fine mesh and powdered activated carbon is sometimes used to evaluate filter cake filtration rates and the filter penetration in filtering applications.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the density expressed in g/mL for powdered or fine mesh carbon. Due to the nature of the small particles, the density of these carbon types cannot be measured using the same procedure as granular carbon.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mechanically tapped density of powdered and fine mesh activated carbon. For the purpose of this test method, “powdered carbon” is defined as having a mean particle diameter less than 45 µm, and “fine mesh carbon” is defined as having a particle size predominately between 80 and 325 U.S. Standard mesh.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The moisture content of activated carbon is often required to define and express its properties in relation to the net weight of the carbon.  
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ASTM D3803-91(2022)(Test Method)
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5.1 The results of this test method give a conservative estimate of the performance of nuclear-grade activated carbon used in all nuclear power plant HVAC systems for the removal of radioiodine.
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4.1 Three forces can mechanically degrade a granular activated carbon: impact, crushing, and attrition. Of these three, attrition, or abrasion, is the most common cause of dust formation in actual service. Published test procedures to determine the “hardness” of activated carbons produce results that in general cannot be correlated with field experience. For example, the ball-pan hardness test applies all three forces to the sample in a variable manner determined by the size, shape, and density of the particles. The “stirring bar” abrasion test measures attrition so long as the particle size is smaller than 12 mesh. There is some evidence, however, that the results of this test method are influenced by particle geometry. The procedure set forth in this guide measures the effect of friction forces between vibrating or slowly moving particles during the test and may be only slightly dependent on particle size, shape, and density effects.
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1.1 This guide presents a procedure for evaluating the resistance to dusting attrition of granular activated carbons. For the purpose of this guide, the dust attrition coefficient, DA, is defined as the weight (or calculated volume) of dust per unit time, collected on a preweighed filter, in a given vibrating device during a designated time per unit weight of carbon. The initial dust content of the sample may also be determined. Granular activated carbon is defined as a minimum of 90 % being larger than 80 mesh (0.18 mm) (see Test Methods D2867).  
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ASTM D6586-03(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for the Prediction of Contaminant Adsorption on GAC in Aqueous Systems Using Rapid Small-Scale Column Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Granular activated carbon (GAC) is commonly used to remove contaminants from water. However if not used properly, GAC can not only be expensive but can at times be ineffective. The development of engineering data for the design of full-scale adsorbers often requires time-consuming and expensive pilot plant studies. This rapid standard practice has been developed to predict adsorption in large-scale adsorbers based upon results from small column testing. In contrast to pilot plant studies, the small-scale column test presented in this practice does not allow for a running evaluation of factors that may affect GAC performance over time. Such factors may include, for example, an increased removal of target compounds by bacterial colonizing GAC3 or long-term fouling of GAC caused by inorganic compounds or background organic matter.4 Nevertheless, this practice offers more relevant operational data than isotherm testing without the principal drawbacks of pilot plant studies, namely time and expense; and unlike pilot plant studies, small-scale studies can be performed in a laboratory using water sampled from a remote location.  
5.2 This practice known as the rapid small-scale column test (RSSCT) uses empty bed contact time (EBCT) and hydraulic loading to describe the adsorption process. Mean carbon particle diameter is used to scale RSSCT results to predict the performance of a full-scale adsorber.  
5.3 This practice can be used to compare the effectiveness of different activated carbons for the removal of contaminants from a common water stream.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a test method for the evaluation of granular activated carbon (GAC) for the adsorption of soluble pollutants from water. This practice can be used to estimate the operating capacities of virgin and reactivated granular activated carbons. The results obtained from the small-scale column testing can be used to predict the adsorption of target compounds on GAC in a large column or full-scale adsorber application.  
1.2 This practice can be applied to all types of water including synthetically contaminated water (prepared by spiking high-purity water with selected contaminants), potable waters, industrial wastewaters, sanitary wastes, and effluent waters.  
1.3 This practice is useful for the determination of breakthrough curves for specific contaminants in water, the determination of the lengths of the adsorbates mass transfer zones (MTZ), and the prediction of GAC usage rates for larger scale adsorbers.  
1.4 The following safety caveat applies to the procedure section, Section 10, of this practice: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D4069-95(2020)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Impregnated Activated Carbon Used to Remove Gaseous Radio-Iodines from Gas Streams

ABSTRACT
This standard covers the specifications for physical properties and performance requirements of virgin impregnated activated carbon to be used for the removal of gaseous radioiodine species from gas streams. The activated carbon furnished under this specification shall be virgin material. Each batch of impregnated activated carbon shall conform to the requirements for physical properties prescribed. The following test methods shall used to determine the physical properties and performance capability of the sample: apparent density; particle size distribution; ash content; moisture content; ignition temperature; ball-pan hardness; and pH.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Activated carbons used in containment systems for nuclear reactors must be capable of functioning under both normal operating conditions and those conditions which may exist following a design basis accident (DBA). Adsorbent beds that are part of recirculatory systems inside containment may be exposed to the peak pressure, temperature, and steam content of a post-DBA condition.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the specifications for physical properties and performance requirements of virgin impregnated activated carbon to be used for the removal of gaseous radioiodine species from gas streams.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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