ASTM D5133-15
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate, Viscosity/Temperature Dependence of Lubricating Oils Using a Temperature-Scanning Technique
Standard Test Method for Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate, Viscosity/Temperature Dependence of Lubricating Oils Using a Temperature-Scanning Technique
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Significance of Low-Temperature, Low Shear Rate, Engine Oil Rheology—The low-temperature, low-shear viscometric behavior of an engine oil determines whether the oil will flow to the sump inlet screen, then to the oil pump, then to the sites in the engine requiring lubrication in sufficient quantity to prevent engine damage immediately or ultimately after cold temperature starting.
5.1.1 Two forms of flow problems have been identified,4 flow-limited and air-binding behavior. The first form of flow restriction, flow-limited behavior, is associated with the oil's viscosity; the second, air-binding behavior, is associated with gelation.
5.2 Significance of the Test Method—The temperature-scanning technique employed by this test method was designed to determine the susceptibility of the engine oil to flow-limited and air-binding response to slow cooling conditions by providing continuous information on the rheological condition of the oil over the temperature range of use.4 ,5,7 In this way, both viscometric and gelation response are obtained in one test.
Note 1: This test method is one of three related to pumpability related problems. Measurement of low-temperature viscosity by the two other pumpability Test Methods D3829 and D4684, hold the sample in a quiescent state and generate the apparent viscosity of the sample at shear rates ranging up to 15 sec-1 and shear stresses up to 525 Pa at a previously selected temperature. Such difference in test parameters (shear rate, shear stress, sample motion, temperature scanning, and so forth) can lead to differences in the measured apparent viscosity among these test methods with some test oils, particularly when other rheological factors associated with gelation are present. In addition, the three methods differ considerably in cooling rates.
5.3 Gelation Index and Gelation Index Temperature—This test method has been further developed to yield parameters called the Gelation Index and Gelation Index temperature. ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the apparent viscosity of engine oil at low temperatures.
1.2 A shear rate of approximately 0.2 s-1 is produced at shear stresses below 100 Pa. Apparent viscosity is measured continuously as the sample is cooled at a rate of 1 °C/h over the range −5 °C to −40 °C, or to the temperature at which the viscosity exceeds 40 000 mPa·s (cP).
1.3 The measurements resulting from this test method are viscosity, the maximum rate of viscosity increase (Gelation Index), and the temperature at which the Gelation Index occurs.
1.4 Applicability to petroleum products other than engine oils has not been determined in preparing this test method.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D5133 − 15
Standard Test Method for
Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate, Viscosity/Temperature
Dependence of Lubricating Oils Using a Temperature-
1
Scanning Technique
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5133; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D4684Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress and
Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils at Low Temperature
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the appar-
ent viscosity of engine oil at low temperatures.
3. Terminology
-1
1.2 A shear rate of approximately 0.2s is produced at
3.1 Definitions:
shear stresses below 100Pa. Apparent viscosity is measured
3.1.1 apparent viscosity, n—theviscosityobtainedbyuseof
continuously as the sample is cooled at a rate of 1°C⁄h over
this test method.
the range −5°C to −40°C, or to the temperature at which the
3.1.1.1 Discussion—See 3.1.6for definition of viscosity and
viscosity exceeds 40000mPa·s (cP).
units.
1.3 The measurements resulting from this test method are
3.1.2 Newtonian oil, n—an oil that, at a given temperature,
viscosity, the maximum rate of viscosity increase (Gelation
exhibits a constant viscosity at all shear rates or shear stresses.
Index), and the temperature at which the Gelation Index
3.1.3 non-Newtonian oil, n—an oil that, at a given
occurs.
temperature,exhibitsaviscositythatvarieswithshearstressor
1.4 Applicability to petroleum products other than engine
shear rate.
oils has not been determined in preparing this test method.
3.1.4 shear rate, n—velocity gradient perpendicular to the
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
direction of flow.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.1.4.1 Discussion—The SI unit for shear rate is the recip-
-1
standard.
rocal second (1/s; also s ).
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.5 shear stress, n—force per unit area in the direction of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
flow.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.5.1 Discussion—TheSIunitforshearstressisthePascal
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
(Pa).
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.6 viscosity, n—thatpropertyofafluidwhichresistsflow.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Viscosity is defined as the ratio of the
2. Referenced Documents
applied shear stress (force causing flow) and the shear rate
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
(resultant velocity of flow per unit distance from a stationary
D341Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid
surface wet by the fluid). Mathematically expressed:
Petroleum Products
viscosity 5 shearstress/shearrateor, symbolically, η 5 τ/γ˙ (1)
D3829Test Method for Predicting the Borderline Pumping
Temperature of Engine Oil in which the symbols in the second portion of Eq 1 are
defined by the terms in the first portion of the equation.
The SI unit for viscosity used herein is milliPascal sec-
1 onds (mPa·s).
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of 3
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved June 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originally
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D5133–13. DOI:
3
10.1520/D5133-15. The sole source of supply of the equipment and materials known to the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or committee at this time is Tannas Co., 4800 James Savage Rd., Midland, MI 48642.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
1
the ASTM website. meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D5133 − 15
3.2.1 air-binding oils—those engine oils whose borderline cess of nucleation and crystallization of components of the
4
pumping temperatures are determined by a combination of engine oil and the formation of a structure.
gelation and viscous flow.
3.2.10 Gelation Index, n—the maximum value of the incre-
3.2.2 borderline pumping temper
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5133 − 13 D5133 − 15
Standard Test Method for
Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate, Viscosity/Temperature
Dependence of Lubricating Oils Using a Temperature-
1
Scanning Technique
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5133; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the apparent viscosity of engine oil at low temperatures.
-1
1.2 A shear rate of approximately 0.2 s0.2 s is produced at shear stresses below 100 Pa. 100 Pa. Apparent viscosity is measured
continuously as the sample is cooled at a rate of 1°C/h1 °C ⁄h over the range −5−5 °C to −40°C,−40 °C, or to the temperature at
which the viscosity exceeds 40 000 mPa·s 40 000 mPa·s (cP).
1.3 The measurements resulting from this test method are viscosity, the maximum rate of viscosity increase (Gelation Index),
and the temperature at which the Gelation Index occurs.
1.4 Applicability to petroleum products other than engine oils has not been determined in preparing this test method.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D341 Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid Petroleum Products
D3829 Test Method for Predicting the Borderline Pumping Temperature of Engine Oil
D4684 Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress and Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils at Low Temperature
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 apparent viscosity, n—the viscosity obtained by use of this test method.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2013June 1, 2015. Published September 2013June 2015. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20122013 as
D5133 – 12.D5133 – 13. DOI: 10.1520/D5133-13.10.1520/D5133-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
See 3.1.63.1.6for definition of viscosity and units.
3.1.2 Newtonian oil, n—an oil that, at a given temperature, exhibits a constant viscosity at all shear rates or shear stresses.
3.1.3 non-Newtonian oil, n—an oil that, at a given temperature, exhibits a viscosity that varies with shear stress or shear rate.
3.1.4 shear rate, n—velocity gradient perpendicular to the direction of flow.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5133 − 15
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The SI unit for shear rate is the reciprocal second (1/s; also s ).
3.1.5 shear stress, n—force per unit area in the direction of flow.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—
The SI unit for shear stress is the Pascal (Pa).
3.1.6 viscosity, n—that property of a fluid which resists flow.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—
Viscosity is defined as the ratio of the applied shear stress (force causing flow) and the shear rate (resultant velocity of flow per
unit distance from a stationary surface wet by the fluid). Mathematically expressed:
viscosity 5 shear stress/shear rate or, symbolically, η5 τ/γ˙ (1)
in which the symbols in the second portion of Eq 1 are defined by the terms in the first portion of the equation. The SI
unit for viscosity used herein is milliPascal seconds (mPa·s).
3
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 air-binding oils—those engine oils whose borderline pumping temperatures are determined by a combination of gelation
and viscous flow.
3.2.2 borderline pumping temperature, n—that temperature at which an engine oil may have such poor flow characteristics that
the engine oil pump may n
...
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