ASTM D4884-13
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Strength of Sewn or Bonded Seams of Geotextiles
Standard Test Method for Strength of Sewn or Bonded Seams of Geotextiles
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 As explained in Test Method D4595, narrow geotextile specimens demonstrate the tendency to contract (neck down) in the gage area when under stress. The wider width specimen will minimize this phenomenon in seams during strength testing. The results achieved in this test method can more accurately correlate to the seam strength values anticipated in the field.
5.2 This test method can be used to measure the seam strength of geotextiles, and may also be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles. When strength is not necessarily a design consideration of seam interaction, an alternate method for determining the seam strength, such as Test Method D1683, may be used depending on the specification requirements. Because current information about laboratory precision is incomplete, comparative tests, as described in 5.2.1, may be advisable.
5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should perform comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens from the same lot of geotextile, that utilize a like method of seam assembly to achieve seam interaction. The specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal number to each laboratory for testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be determined and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
5.3 Although other methods of determining seam strength are available, this test method, that measures wide specimens, will more accurately correlate to the anticipated performance in the field.
5.4 This test method can be used to help determine seam design engineering for the geotextiles being eva...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the seam strength of geotextiles. The primary distinction of this test method for evaluating seam strength is the width of the specimen. This is in contrast to the more narrow specimen width used in the tensile grab strength test discussed in Test Method D1683.
1.2 This test method will provide data to indicate the seam strength that can be achieved for each particular geotextile and seam assembly construction.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D4884 − 13
StandardTest Method for
1
Strength of Sewn or Bonded Seams of Geotextiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4884; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 Federal Standard:
3
Fed. Std. No. 751a Stitches, Seams, and Stitchings
1.1 Thistestmethodcoverstheseamstrengthofgeotextiles.
The primary distinction of this test method for evaluating seam
3. Terminology
strength is the width of the specimen. This is in contrast to the
3.1 Definitions:
more narrow specimen width used in the tensile grab strength
3.1.1 Adhered bonded seam strength, n— for geotextiles,the
test discussed in Test Method D1683.
maximumshearresistance,measuredinkilonewtonspermetre,
1.2 This test method will provide data to indicate the seam
ofthejunctionformedbyadheringtogethertwoormoreplanar
strength that can be achieved for each particular geotextile and
structures.
seam assembly construction.
3.1.2 Adhered seam, n— in geotextiles, a seam made by the
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
application of an adhesive.
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are
3.1.3 cross-machine direction—the direction in the plane of
provided for information only.
the geotextile perpendicular to the direction of manufacture.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.4 geotextile, n—a permeable geosynthetic comprised
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
solely of textiles.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.5 linear density, n—mass per unit length; the quotient
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
obtained by dividing the mass of a fiber or yarn by its length.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.6 machine direction—the direction in the plane of the
2. Referenced Documents geotextile parallel to the direction of manufacture.
2
3.1.7 seam allowance, n—the width of geotextile used in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
making a seam assembly, for sewn seams bounded by the edge
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
of the geotextile and the furthest stitch line, and for thermally
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
bonded seams bounded by the edge of the geotextile and the
D1683 Test Method for Failure in Sewn Seams of Woven
furthest seam edge.
Apparel Fabrics
3.1.7.1 Discussion—In geotextiles, the distance from the
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
selvageorturnededgeofthegeotextiletotheedgeoftheseam.
D1777 Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
3.1.8 seam assembly, n—the unit obtained by joining geo-
D4595 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by
textile with a seam, including details such as geotextile
the Wide-Width Strip Method
direction(s), seam allowance, seam width, seam type, speed,
E178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations
and if sewn—sewing threads used and number of stitches per
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
unit length, needle type and size, and if adhered – adhesive
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
used, amount of adhesive in weight per unit area, overlap
dimension and one or both sides with adhesive applied and so
forth.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
3.1.9 seam effıciency, n—the ratio expressed as a percentage
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechani-
of seam strength to geotextile strength.
cal Properties.
Current edition approved March 15, 2013. Published April 2013. Originallyap- 3.1.10 seam design engineering, n—the procedures used to
proved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D4884 – 12. DOI:
select a specific thread, a specific stitch type, and a specific
10.1520/D4884-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
the ASTM website. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D4884 − 13
seam type to achieve the required seam strength of a sewn metre, of the junction formed by thermally bonding together
seam and the procedures used to select a specific seam width, two or more planar str
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4884 − 12 D4884 − 13
Standard Test Method for
Strength of Sewn or Thermally Bonded Seams of
1
Geotextiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4884; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the seam strength of geotextiles. The primary distinction of this test method for evaluating seam
strength is the width of the specimen. This is in contrast to the more narrow specimen width used in the tensile grab strength test
discussed in Test Method D1683.
1.2 This test method will provide data to indicate the seam strength that can be achieved for each particular geotextile and seam
assembly construction.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are provided for
information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1683 Test Method for Failure in Sewn Seams of Woven Apparel Fabrics
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D1777 Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D4595 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip Method
E178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
2.2 Federal Standard:
3
Fed. Std. No. 751a Stitches, Seams, and Stitchings
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Adhered bonded seam strength, n— for geotextiles, the maximum shear resistance, measured in kilonewtons per metre,
of the junction formed by adhering together two or more planar structures.
3.1.2 Adhered seam, n— in geotextiles, a seam made by the application of an adhesive.
3.1.3 cross-machine direction—the direction in the plane of the geotextile perpendicular to the direction of manufacture.
3.1.4 geotextile, n—a permeable geosynthetic comprised solely of textiles.
3.1.5 linear density, n—mass per unit length; the quotient obtained by dividing the mass of a fiber or yarn by its length.
3.1.6 machine direction—the direction in the plane of the geotextile parallel to the direction of manufacture.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approved July 1, 2012March 15, 2013. Published April 2012April 2013. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 20092012 as
D4884 – 09e01.D4884 – 12. DOI: 10.1520/D4884-12.10.1520/D4884-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4884 − 13
3.1.7 seam allowance, n—the width of geotextile used in making a seam assembly, for sewn seams bounded by the edge of the
geotextile and the furthest stitch line, and for thermally bonded seams bounded by the edge of the geotextile and the furthest seam
edge.
3.1.7.1 Discussion—
In geotextiles, the distance from the selvage or turned edge of the geotextile to the edge of the seam.
3.1.8 seam assembly, n—the unit obtained by joining geotextile with a seam, including details such as geotextile direction(s),
seam allowance, seam width, seam type, speed, and if sewn—sewing threads used and number of stitches per unit length, needle
type and size, and if adhered – adhesive used, amount of adhesive in weight per unit area, overlap dimension and one or both sides
with adhesive applied and so forth.
3.1.9 seam effıciency, n—
...
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