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ASTM D446-04

(Specification)

Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers

Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers

SCOPE
1.1 This standard gives specifications and operating instructions for glass capillary kinematic viscometers of all the types described in detail in , , and as follows:Modified Ostwald viscometers, Suspended-level viscometers, Reverse-flow viscometers,
1.2 The calibration of the viscometers is described in Section .
1.3 This standard covers some widely used viscometers suitable for use in accordance with Test Method D 445. Other viscometers of the glass capillary type which are capable of measuring kinematic viscosity within the limits of precision given in Test Method D 445 may be used.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
20-Apr-2004
ICS
17.060 - Measurement of volume, mass, density, viscosity
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.07 - Flow Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D446-97e1 - Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
Effective Date
21-Apr-2004
Replaced By
ASTM D446-06 - Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
Effective Date
15-May-2006
Referred By
ASTM D3591-22 - Standard Test Method for Determining Logarithmic Viscosity Number of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) in Formulated Compounds
Effective Date
21-Apr-2004
Referred By
ASTM D5966-22 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils for Roller Follower Wear in Light-Duty Diesel Engine
Effective Date
21-Apr-2004
Referred By
ASTM D789-19 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Relative Viscosity of Concentrated Polyamide (PA) Solutions
Effective Date
21-Apr-2004
Referred By
ASTM D1243-22 - Standard Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Vinyl Chloride Polymers
Effective Date
21-Apr-2004
Referred By
ASTM D8185-18 - Standard Guide for In-Service Lubricant Viscosity Measurement
Effective Date
21-Apr-2004
Referred By
ASTM D4603-18 - Standard Test Method for Determining Inherent Viscosity of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) by Glass Capillary Viscometer
Effective Date
21-Apr-2004
Referred By
ASTM D4878-23 - Standard Test Methods for Polyurethane Raw Materials: Determination of Viscosity of Polyols
Effective Date
21-Apr-2004
Referred By
ASTM D2162-21 - Standard Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity Oil Standards
Effective Date
21-Apr-2004
Referred By
ASTM D1601-18 - Standard Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Ethylene Polymers
Effective Date
21-Apr-2004
Referred By
ASTM D2170/D2170M-22 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts
Effective Date
21-Apr-2004
Referred By
ASTM D5967-21 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-8 Diesel Engine
Effective Date
21-Apr-2004
Referred By
ASTM D445-21e2 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
Effective Date
21-Apr-2004
Referred By
ASTM D914-12(2019) - Standard Test Methods for Ethylcellulose
Effective Date
21-Apr-2004

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ASTM D446-04 - Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic ViscometersASTM D446-04 - Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
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ASTM D446-04 - Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: D 446 – 04
Designation: 71/2/95
Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for
1
Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D446; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
Note—Equations 8, 9, and 10 printed incorrectly in the 2004 Vol 05.01, and they were corrected editorially with a year date change on April 21, 2004.
1. Scope Liquids—Determination of Kinematic Viscosity and Cal-
culation of Dynamic Viscosity
1.1 Thisstandardgivesspecificationsandoperatinginstruc-
ISOGuide25 GeneralRequirementsfortheCalibrationand
tions for glass capillary kinematic viscometers of all the types
Testing Laboratories
described in detail in Annex A1, Annex A2, and Annex A3 as
follows:
3. Materials and Manufacture
Modified Ostwald viscometers, Annex A1
3.1 Fully annealed, low-expansion borosilicate glass shall
Suspended-level viscometers, Annex A2
Reverse-flow viscometers, Annex A3
be used for the construction of all viscometers. The size
number,serialnumber,andmanufacturer’sdesignationshallbe
1.2 The calibration of the viscometers is described in
permanently marked on each viscometer. All timing marks
Section 6.
shall be etched and filled with an opaque color, or otherwise
1.3 This standard covers some widely used viscometers
made a permanent part of the viscometer. See detailed descrip-
suitable for use in accordance with Test Method D445. Other
tion of each type of viscometer in Annex A1, Annex A2, and
viscometers of the glass capillary type which are capable of
Annex A3.
measuring kinematic viscosity within the limits of precision
3.2 With the exception of the FitzSimons and Atlantic
given in Test Method D445 may be used.
viscometers, all viscometers are designed to fit through a
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
51-mm hole in the lid of a constant-temperature bath having a
standard.
liquid depth of at least 280 mm; and it is assumed that the
2. Referenced Documents
surface of the liquid will be not more than 45 mm from the top
of the bath lid. For certain constant-temperature baths, espe-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
cially at low or high temperatures, it may be necessary to
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
constructtheviscometerswiththeuppermosttubeslongerthan
and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic
2
shown to ensure adequate immersion in the constant-
Viscosity)
temperature bath. Viscometers so modified can be used to
D2162 Test Method for Basic Calibration of Master Vis-
2
measure kinematic viscosity within the precision of the test
cometers and Viscosity Oil Standards
3
method.Thelengthsoftubesandbulbsonthefiguresshouldbe
2.2 ISO Documents:
held within6 10% or 610 mm, whichever is less, such that
ISO 3105 Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers—
the calibration constant of the viscometer does not vary by
Specifications and Operating Instructions
more than 615% from the nominal value.
ISO 3104 Petroleum Products—Transparent and Opaque
4. Nomenclature for Figures
4.1 The figures in the annexes contain letters to designate
1
These specifications and operating instructions are under the jurisdiction of
specific parts of each viscometer.These letters are also used in
ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and are the direct
the text of the standard when reference to the viscometers is
responsibility of Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved April 21, 2004. Published April 2004. Originally
given. The more frequently used letters on the figures in the
approvedin1966asD2515–66.RedesignatedD446in1977.Lastpreviousedition
annexes are as follows:
approved in 2000 as D446–00.
2
A lower reservoir
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
3 B suspended level
Available from the American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd St.,
bulb
New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D446–04
6.2.3 Mount the calibrated viscometer together with the
C and J timing bulbs
D upper reservoir
viscometer to be calibrated in the same bath and determine the
E, F, and I timing marks
flow times of the oil in accordance with Test Method D445.
G and H filling marks
6.2.3.1 The calibration of the reference viscometer should
K overflow tube
L mounting tube
only be carried out by a reputable laboratory meeting the
M lower vent tube
require
...

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1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test method is from 0.2 mm2/s to 300 000 mm2/s (see Table A1.1) at all temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges and temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematic viscosity is mm2/s, and the SI unit used in this test method for dynamic viscosity is mPa·s. For user reference, 1 mm2/s = 10-6 m2/s = 1 cSt and 1 mPa·s = 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s.  
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
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5.1 The significance of this test method is that it provides a means for a reliable field determination of kinematic viscosity at 40 °C without requiring solvents or chemicals for cleaning. Field use implies that the fluid may be very opaque, such as an in-service engine oil. The device may be cleaned with a disposable lint-free oil-absorbent material such as a clean cotton shop rag, and requires only 60 µL of sample for operation. As such the device provides a unique service to a range of industries where it is difficult or undesirable to obtain chemicals of any sort in order to determine the kinematic viscosity of their fluid of interest. Examples of such industries include many marine-based systems where a laboratory does not exist on-board, mines where equipment is needed for on-the-spot determination of asset viscosity, and large industrial plants where a walk-around inspection of oil sumps greatly increases efficiency. By using this test method, one can serve these crucial use-cases where a direct, immediate measure of kinematic viscosity at 40 °C may otherwise be difficult to obtain.
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1.1 This test method describes a means for measuring the kinematic viscosity of transparent and opaque liquids such as new and in-service lubricating oils using a miniature microchannel viscometer at 40 °C in the range of 12.9 mm2/s to 174 mm2/s  
1.2 The precision has only been determined for those materials and viscosity ranges, as indicated in Section 17 on Precision and Bias.  
1.3 This test method is specifically tailored to obtaining a rapid, direct, temperature- stabilized measure of the kinematic viscosity of new and in-service lubricants in the field in real- time without the use of solvents or chemical cleaning agents. The measurement takes place at 40 °C and kinematic viscosity is directly obtained. No temperature extrapolations or density corrections are necessary.  
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Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and to assess the quality of crude oils.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for the measurement of the density of materials which are fluid at the desired test temperature. Its application is restricted to liquids of vapor pressures below 80 kPa (600 mm Hg) and viscosities below 40 000 mm2/s (cSt) at the test temperature. The method is designed for use at any temperature between 20 °C and 100 °C. It can be used at higher temperatures; however, in this case the precision section does not apply.  
Note 1: For the determination of density of materials which are fluid at normal temperatures, see Test Method D1217.  
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for converting density to specific gravity.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
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ASTM D2162-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity Oil Standards

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Because there are surface tension or kinematic viscosity differences, or both, between the primary standard (7.4) and kinematic viscosity standards (7.5), special procedures using master viscometers are required to “step-up” from the kinematic viscosity of the primary standard to the kinematic viscosities of oil standards.  
5.2 Using master viscometers calibrated according to this practice, an operator can calibrate kinematic viscometers in accordance with Specifications D446.  
5.3 Using viscosity oil standards established in this practice, an operator can calibrate kinematic viscometers in accordance with Specifications D446.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calibration of master viscometers and viscosity oil standards, both of which may be used to calibrate routine viscometers as described in Test Method D445 and Specifications D446 over the temperature range from 15 °C to 100 °C.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 The SI-based units for calibration constants and kinematic viscosities are mm2/s2 and mm 2/s, respectively.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7.  
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ASTM D7483-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic Viscosity of Liquids by Oscillating Piston Viscometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many petroleum products, as well as non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants for bearings, gears, compressor cylinders, hydraulic equipment, etc. Proper operation of this equipment depends upon the viscosity of these liquids.  
5.2 Oscillating piston viscometers allow viscosity measurement of a broad range of materials including transparent, translucent and opaque liquids. The measurement principle and stainless steel construction makes the Oscillating Piston Viscometer resistant to damage and suitable for portable operations. The measurement itself is automatic and does not require an operator to time the oscillation of the piston. The electromagnetically driven piston mixes the sample while under test. The instrument requires a sample volume of less than 5 mL and typical solvent volume of less than 10 mL which minimizes cleanup effort and waste.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of dynamic viscosity and derivation of kinematic viscosity of liquids, such as new and in-service lubricating oils, by means of an oscillating piston viscometer.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids; however the precision statement was developed using Newtonian liquids.  
1.3 The range of dynamic viscosity covered by this test method is from 0.2 mPa·s to 20 000 mPa·s (which is approximately the kinematic viscosity range of 0.2 mm2/s to 22 000 mm2/s for new oils) in the temperature range between –40 °C to 190 °C; however the precision has been determined only for new and used oils in the range of 34 mPa·s to 1150 mPa·s at 40 °C, 5.7 mPa·s to 131 mPa·s at 100 °C, and 46.5 mm2/s to 436 mm2/s at 40 °C.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6616-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Shear Rate by Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer at 100 °C

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Viscosity at the shear rate and temperature of this test method is thought to be particularly representative of bearing conditions in large medium speed reciprocating engines as well as automotive and heavy duty engines operating in this temperature regime.  
5.2 The importance of viscosity under these conditions has been stressed in railroad specifications.  
5.3 For other industry needs this method may also be run at 80 °C by using different crossover calibration oils available from the manufacturer. No precision has been determined at this temperature. The equipment is also used at higher temperatures as shown in Test Method D4683 and CEC L-36-90 (also referenced from IP 370).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the viscosity of engine oils at 100 °C and 1·106s–1 using the Tapered Bearing Simulator (TBS) viscometer.2
Note 1: This test method is similar to Test Method D4683 which uses the same TBS viscometer to measure high shear viscosity at 150 °C.  
1.2 The Newtonian calibration oils used to establish this test method range from approximately 5 mPa·s (cP) to 12 mPa·s (cP) at 100 °C and either the manual or automated protocol was used by each participant in developing the precision statement. The viscosity range of the test method at this temperature is from 1 mPa·s (cP) to above 25 mPa·s (cP), depending on the model of TBS.  
1.3 The non-Newtonian reference oil used to establish the shear rate of 1·106s–1 for this test method has a viscosity of approximately 10 mPa·s at 100 °C.  
1.4 Application to petroleum products other than engine oil has not been determined in preparing the viscometric information for this test method.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. This test method uses the milliPascal second (mPa·s) as the unit of viscosity. This unit is equivalent to the centiPoise (cP), which is shown in parentheses.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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