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ASTM F2958-14(2019)

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Helicopter Inland Search and Rescue (SAR) Technician

Standard Guide for Helicopter Inland Search and Rescue (SAR) Technician

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum standard for training a Helicopter SAR Technician, who is a crewmember with focus on the general, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to function within a helicopter in support of an inland search and rescue operation. A person trained to this guide shall be recognized as a Helicopter SAR Technician crewmember.  
4.2 Every person who is identified as a Helicopter SAR Technician shall meet the requirements of this guide.  
4.3 This guide is to be used by individuals and authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs) that wish to identify the minimum training standards for Helicopter SAR Technician.  
4.4 This guide is the first level of training for Helicopter SAR Ttechnician and as such, only establishes the minimum knowledge and skills required to perform during helicopter operations.  
4.5 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Helicopter SAR Technician, and it can be used to develop a training document or program.  
4.6 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide the specific information needed by a Helicopter SAR Technician.  
4.7 Though this guide establishes the minimum standards, it does not imply that a Helicopter SAR Technician is “in training,” “on probation,” or in any other similar AHJ member status. It is up to the AHJ to determine the requirements and qualifications for member ratings.  
4.8 The knowledge, skills, and abilities requirements presented in the following sections are not presented in any particular order and do not represent any specific training sequence.  
4.9 A Helicopter SAR Technician shall meet the ASTM standards for the environments for which the technician will be working and shall be able to interface with ground SAR resources.  
4.9.1 In order to operate safely around or in a given sub-environment within this area of specializ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training standard for a helicopter inland search and rescue technician (hereafter known as Helicopter SAR Technician) with focus on the general, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to function as a member of the crew with a helicopter in support of an inland search and rescue operation.  
1.2 This guide is focused on inland, non-oceanic areas of operation, including flood and swiftwater rescue operations.  
1.3 This guide is focused on persons functioning as a crewmember with helicopters only; no fixed-winged operations are included.  
1.4 General, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge and skills related to inland search and rescue are found in the following referenced ASTM documents: F1591, F1633, F1739, F1846, F2209, F2685, and F2751. The training identified in this guide supplements and enhances the search and rescue technician’s existing training, knowledge, and skills.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Mar-2019
ICS
13.200 - Accident and disaster control
Technical Committee
F32 - Search and Rescue
Drafting Committee
F32.03 - Personnel, Training and Education
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM F2958-14 - Standard Guide for Helicopter Inland Search and Rescue (SAR) Technician
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Refers
ASTM F1739-96(2024) - Standard Guide for Performance of a Water Rescuer—Level I
Effective Date
01-Apr-2024
Refers
ASTM F1846-98(2020) - Standard Practice for Symbols and Markings for Use With Land Search Maps
Effective Date
01-Apr-2020
Refers
ASTM F1591-95(2019) - Standard Practice for Visual Signals Between Persons on the Ground and in Aircraft During Ground Emergencies
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Refers
ASTM F1739-96(2018) - Standard Guide for Performance of a Water Rescuer—Level I
Effective Date
01-Nov-2018
Refers
ASTM F1846-98(2014) - Standard Practice for Symbols and Markings for Use With Land Search Maps
Effective Date
01-Mar-2014
Refers
ASTM F1739-96(2012) - Standard Guide for Performance of a Water Rescuer—Level I
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Refers
ASTM F1591-95(2012) - Standard Practice for Visual Signals Between Persons on the Ground and in Aircraft During Ground Emergencies
Effective Date
01-May-2012
Refers
ASTM F2209-10 - Standard Guide for Training of Level I Land Search Team Member
Effective Date
01-May-2010
Refers
ASTM F2751-09 - Standard Guide for Training of Support Level Land Rescue Team Member (LRT-Support) Member
Effective Date
01-Apr-2009
Refers
ASTM F1633-97(2008) - Standard Guide for Techniques in Land Search (Withdrawn 2017)
Effective Date
01-Nov-2008
Refers
ASTM F1846-98(2008) - Standard Practice for Symbols and Markings for Use With Land Search Maps
Effective Date
01-Nov-2008
Refers
ASTM F2685-07 - Standard Guide for Training of a Level II Land Search Team Member
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Refers
ASTM F1739-96(2007) - Standard Guide for Performance of a Water Rescuer-Level I
Effective Date
01-Jun-2007
Refers
ASTM F1591-95(2006) - Standard Practice for Visual Signals Between Persons on the Ground and in Aircraft During Ground Emergencies
Effective Date
01-Aug-2006

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ASTM F2958-14(2019) - Standard Guide for Helicopter Inland Search and Rescue (SAR) TechnicianASTM F2958-14(2019) - Standard Guide for Helicopter Inland Search and Rescue (SAR) Technician
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ASTM F2958-14(2019) - Standard Guide for Helicopter Inland Search and Rescue (SAR) Technician
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2958 − 14 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Guide for
Helicopter Inland Search and Rescue (SAR) Technician
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2958; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope F1591 Practice for Visual Signals Between Persons on the
Ground and in Aircraft During Ground Emergencies
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training standard
F1633 Guide for Techniques in Land Search (Withdrawn
for a helicopter inland search and rescue technician (hereafter
2017)
known as Helicopter SAR Technician) with focus on the
F1739 Guide for Performance of a Water Rescuer—Level I
general, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge, skills,
F1846 Practice for Symbols and Markings for Use With
and abilities needed to function as a member of the crew with
Land Search Maps
a helicopter in support of an inland search and rescue opera-
F2209 Guide for Training of Land Search Team Member
tion.
F2685 Guide for Training of a Land Search Team Leader
1.2 This guide is focused on inland, non-oceanic areas of
(STL)
operation, including flood and swiftwater rescue operations.
F2751 Guide for Training of a Land Search and Rescue
Team Member
1.3 This guide is focused on persons functioning as a
crewmemberwithhelicoptersonly;nofixed-wingedoperations
3. Terminology
are included.
3.1 Acronyms:
1.4 General,field,andsearchandrescuespecificknowledge
3.1.1 AGL—Above Ground Level
and skills related to inland search and rescue are found in the
followingreferencedASTMdocuments:F1591,F1633,F1739, 3.1.2 AHJ—Authority Having Jurisdiction
F1846, F2209, F2685, and F2751. The training identified in
3.1.3 ANVIS—Aviator’s Night Vision Imaging System
this guide supplements and enhances the search and rescue
3.1.4 CRM—Crew Resource Management
technician’s existing training, knowledge, and skills.
3.1.5 FLIR—Forward Looking Infra-Red
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.6 HEED—Helicopter Emergency Egress Device
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1.7 HELP—Heat Escape Lessening Posture
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1.8 HS—HeliSpot
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.9 HUET—Helicopter Underwater Egress
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.10 LZ—Landing Zone
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.11 PCDS—Personnel Carrying Device System
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.12 PFD—Personal Flotation Device
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1.13 PPE—Personal Protective Equipment
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.14 SAR—Search and Rescue
2. Referenced Documents
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.1 altitude, n—the height expressed in units of distance
aboveareferenceplane,usuallyabovemeansealevelorabove
ground level.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search
and Rescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel,
3.2.2 authority having jurisdiction (AHJ), n—an
Training and Education.
organization, office, or individual responsible for enforcing the
Current edition approved April 1, 2019. Published April 2019. Originally
requirements of a code or standard, or for approving
approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as F2958 – 14. DOI:
equipment, materials, and installation or procedure.
10.1520/F2958-14R19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2958 − 14 (2019)
3.2.3 crewmember, n—an individual assigned a duty in a 3.2.16 trail line/tag line, n—cord or line manipulated from
helicopter during flight time. the ground used to control and guide rescue equipment to the
helicopter during hoisting operations.
3.2.4 crew resource management (CRM), n—a method for
addressing the challenge of optimizing the human/machine
4. Significance and Use
interface and accompanying interpersonal activities to include
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum standard for train-
activities which may include team building, information
ing a Helicopter SAR Technician, who is a crewmember with
sharing, problem solving, decision making, and maintaining
focus on the general, field, and search and rescue specific
situational awareness. CRM is the use of all available
knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to function within a
resources, information, equipment, and people to achieve safe
helicopter in support of an inland search and rescue operation.
and efficient flight operations.
A person trained to this guide shall be recognized as a
3.2.5 emergency, n—(a) life-threatening—a situation or oc-
Helicopter SAR Technician crewmember.
currence of a serious nature, developing suddenly and unex-
4.2 Every person who is identified as a Helicopter SAR
pectedly and demanding immediate action to prevent loss of
Technician shall meet the requirements of this guide.
life. (b) operational—an unforeseen combination of circum-
stances that calls for immediate action, but not life-threatening.
4.3 This guide is to be used by individuals and authorities
3.2.6 external load, n—a load that is carried, or extends, having jurisdiction (AHJs) that wish to identify the minimum
training standards for Helicopter SAR Technician.
outside of the aircraft fuselage.
3.2.7 flightcrew member, n—means a pilot, flight engineer,
4.4 This guide is the first level of training for Helicopter
or flight navigator assigned to duty in an aircraft during flight SAR Ttechnician and as such, only establishes the minimum
time.
knowledge and skills required to perform during helicopter
operations.
3.2.8 ground visibility, n—prevailing horizontal visibility
near the earth’s surface as reported by the United States
4.5 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an
National Weather Service or an accredited observer.
outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a
Helicopter SAR Technician, and it can be used to develop a
3.2.9 helicopter, n—means a rotorcraft that, for its horizon-
training document or program.
tal motion, depends principally on its engine-driven rotors.
3.2.10 helicopter SAR crew chief, n—an individual respon- 4.6 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with
the referenced documents to provide the specific information
sible for all operations and equipment starting from behind the
flight deck within the helicopter and under the supervision of needed by a Helicopter SAR Technician.
the pilot or co-pilot.
4.7 Though this guide establishes the minimum standards, it
3.2.11 helicopter SAR technician, n—a member of the flight does not imply that a Helicopter SAR Technician is “in
crew that conducts tasks as planned and assigned by the training,” “on probation,” or in any other similarAHJ member
helicopter SAR crew chief. status. It is up to the AHJ to determine the requirements and
qualifications for member ratings.
3.2.12 HELP position, n—heat escape lessening posture
(HELP) is a single subject water rescue technique for heat
4.8 The knowledge, skills, and abilities requirements pre-
conservation when immersed in cold water. This technique
sented in the following sections are not presented in any
conserves heat by using personal flotation devices, clothing,
particular order and do not represent any specific training
and body posture to limit exposure of the body’s major heat
sequence.
loss areas to the cold water.
4.9 A Helicopter SAR Technician shall meet the ASTM
3.2.13 marshal, helicopter, n—a person on the ground
standardsfortheenvironmentsforwhichthetechnicianwillbe
responsible for communicating with and guiding the helicopter
working and shall be able to interface with ground SAR
to a landing zone or HeliSpot.
resources.
4.9.1 In order to operate safely around or in a given
3.2.14 personal flotation device (PFD), n—abuoyantdevice
suitable for use by one subject in water emergencies. These sub-environment within this area of specialization (Helicopter
SAR Technician), the AHJ shall consider the applicability of
devices may be vests, ring buoys, life preservers, cushions, and
other special purpose buoyant devices. requiring additional knowledge, skills, and abilities specific to
a problem, hazard, technical challenge or environment.
3.2.15 rescue strop, n—an item of equipment that is fitted
around the patient, under the arms and across the back and
5. General Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities
secured in front of the chest to secure the patient to a rescue
5.1 The Helicopter SARTechnician shall be able to explain:
line or helicopter hoist cable.
5.1.1 The organization’s operational structure.
5.1.2 The overview and philosophy of a helicopter SAR
mission.
Aviation Training Glossary, https://www.iat.gov/Training/pages/online.asp;
14CFR1.1: FAA Definitions.
5.1.3 The general tactics related to aerial search and rescue
Federal Aviation Administration, https://www.faa.gov; Section II.8.5 Crew
operations.
Resource Management.
5.1.4 The environmental knowledge commensurate with the
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT, 14CFR1.1 — Definitions and Abbre-
viations. operating area.
F2958 − 14 (2019)
5.1.5 The regulations, policies, procedures, and guidelines 5.7 A Helicopter SAR Technician shall participate in and
with regard to helicopter technician training. explain the purpose of the initial operational briefing and
demonstrate the ability to provide a safety briefing for passen-
5.2 The Helicopter SAR Technician shall have the ability to
gers.
be deployed and retrieved by helicopter based on type of
5.8 A Helicopter SAR Technician shall understand the
aircraft used, equipment and agency policies, procedures, and
general concepts related to risk assessment and management of
guidelines. These tactics may include external load operations.
a helicopter operation, including:
5.2.1 Demonstrates proper use of hand signals (see X1.7 for
5.8.1 The general concepts of CRM.
example).
5.8.2 The general concepts of flight physiology.
5.2.2 Demonstrates appropriate movements in aircraft cabin
5.8.3 The general concepts of aerospace physiology at the
while in flight.
awareness level, including physiological effects on the human
5.3 A Helicopter SAR Technician shall explain the purpose
body, and the normal area of operation.
of and demonstrate the function of the following rescue
5.8.4 The general concepts related to high altitude opera-
equipment:
tions and physiology.
5.3.1 Helicopter SAR Technician harness (personnel carry-
5.8.5 The concepts related to fatigue management.
ing device system (PCDS)).
5.8.6 The general concepts related to night adaptation.
5.3.2 Subject rescue adjuncts (subject harnesses, strops,
5.8.7 The general concepts related to spatial disorientation.
litters, baskets).
5.8.8 The general concepts related to aircraft performance
5.3.3 Tether straps (travel restraint).
during extreme hot/cold temperatures.
5.3.4 Carabiners, snap hooks, and other applicable hard-
5.8.9 The general concepts of how weather impacts a
ware.
helicopter operation such as storms, fog, rain, clouds, and
wind.
5.3.5 Operation of doors, seat belts, and hatches.
5.8.10 The general knowledge, skills, and abilities neces-
5.3.6 Inspection of all applicable search and rescue helicop-
sarytosurviveintheoperationalenvironmentbefore,duringor
ter equipment.
after an event that requires an individual to perform survival
5.3.7 Explaintheuseofvisionenhancingequipmentinclud-
skills to preserve personal life and limb.
ing but not limited to Electro Optical, Forward Looking
Infra-Red (FLIR), andAviator’s Night Vision Imaging System
5.9 A Helicopter SAR Technician shall be able to demon-
(ANVIS).
strate the following subject management procedures and skills:
5.9.1 Direct a ground rescue crew to the subject’s location.
5.4 The Helicopter SAR Ttechnician shall explain the need
5.9.2 Prioritize subjects in the event of a multi-casualty
for and demonstrate the use of Personal Protective Equipment
event.
(PPE) for flight operations to include at a minimum:
5.9.3 Proper subject extraction.
5.4.1 Fire resistant clothing (flight suit).
5.9.4 Single/multiple subject recovery into cabin area dur-
5.4.2 Fire resistant gloves.
ing operations.
5.4.3 Fire resistant boots.
5.9.5 Proper securing of subject inside aircraft during trans-
5.4.4 Active/passive hearing protection.
port.
5.4.5 Approved helicopter flight helmet.
5.9.6 Facilitate subject management during external load
5.4.6 Personal equipment (survival). See X1.8 for a list of
operations as well as during other types of retrieval.
suggested survival equipment for individuals.
5.9.7 Proper subject management in extraction procedures
5.4.7 Clothing appropriate for anticipated weather condi- including subject’s located on cliffs, on slopes or in trees.
tions.
5.9.8 Use of a trail line/tag line.
5.5 A Helicopter SAR Technician shall demonstrate the 5.10 A Helicopter SAR Technician shall be able to explain
abilitytocoordinateamissionwiththeflightcrewbasedonthe and demonstrate the general concepts related to
specific incident and the related needs, including: communications, including:
5.10.1 Radio procedures, protocols, and systems.
5.5.1 Participate in developing a plan for accomplishing the
mission in the most efficient and safe manner. 5.10.2 Operate the radio equipment.
5.10.3 Relay position coordinates by radio using the appro-
5.5.2 Assist flight crew with aircraft configuration.
priate datum/format.
5.5.3 Identify and mitigate flight and mission hazards.
5.10.4 Receive position coordinates by radio.
5.5.4 Explain fuel consumption with regards to aircraft
5.10.5 Plot coordinates and assist pilot in navigating and
endurance and limits for safe landing.
locating destination.
5.6 A Helicopter SAR Technician shall assist crew chi
...

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ASTM
ASTM F1993-24(Classification)
Standard Classification System of Human Land Search and Rescue Resources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Classification of human land search and rescue resources is based upon the training of the personnel and their ability to perform specific tasks.  
4.2 Human search and rescue resources are classified by category, kind, and duration.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification is intended to identify the common functional units and single resources used in search and rescue operations; to aid search and rescue (SAR) managers and Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJs) in assembling or ordering resources for search, rescue, or search and rescue incidents; and to aid in identifying the tasks for which crews have been trained.  
1.2 This classification is intended as a supplement to the resource typing specifications of the Incident Command System and specifically as a means of typing human resources used in land search and rescue activities.  
1.3 This classification is suitable for classifying search and rescue crews for land search and rescue incidents.  
1.4 This classification does not attempt to classify individuals or put forth standards of performance or training for individuals, nor is it meant to convey certification, skill proficiency, or other measures of the level of performance of the resource. These qualifications are the responsibility of the local agencies responsible for utilizing the resource.  
1.5 This classification identifies human-based resources. Canine crew (or team) classifications are defined in Classification F1848.  
1.6 This classification does not classify air resources (Guides F2958 and F3026) or water resources (Guides F1739, F1783, and F1824).  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F2890-17(2024)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Hazard Awareness for Search and Rescue Personnel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum level of training required to provide awareness-level knowledge for personnel operating in and around the areas and operations listed in 1.1.  
4.2 This guide may be used by individuals and AHJs that wish to identify the minimum training standards for land-based personnel operating in and around these areas and operations.  
4.3 A person trained to this guide is considered to be aware of the hazards and risks associated with these areas and operations.  
4.4 A person trained solely to this guide is not considered a “searcher,” “rescuer,” or both.  
4.5 This guide may be used to augment other training for a searcher and/or rescuer.  
4.6 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is only an outline of some of the topics required for training or evaluating a searcher and/or rescuer, although it can be used to develop a training document or program.  
4.7 It is the responsibility of the AHJ to determine the depth or detail of training needed to meet its training requirements.  
4.8 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from adding additional requirements.  
4.9 This guide does not stand alone but must be used with the referenced documents to provide the specific minimum training needed by a ground searcher and/or rescuer operating in these areas.  
4.10 This guide can be used as a reference for training of searchers, rescuers, or both.  
4.11 The information presented in the following sections is not in any particular order and does not represent a training sequence.  
4.12 It is the responsibility of the AHJ to determine the evaluation process to assess a person’s knowledge. This may be by written exam, oral exam, demonstration, or some other means specified by the AHJ.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for training those who normally work in natural environments solely subject to terrain and weather-related risks who may be asked to respond to, or who may encounter, the operations defined in 1.2.  
1.2 This guide identifies and describes hazardous situations and environments, and the associated risks affecting search and rescue personnel who may be working on or around the following:  
1.2.1 Land search;  
1.2.2 Land rescue;  
1.2.3 Structural collapse;  
1.2.4 Rope rescues;  
1.2.5 Confined spaces;  
1.2.6 Water, both still and moving; and  
1.2.7 Trench or excavation collapse.  
1.3 The knowledge conveyed in this guide is intended to enable search and rescue (SAR) personnel to recognize situations that may require skills or capabilities they have not been trained to perform. This understanding will allow them to seek more knowledgeable personnel to mitigate the hazard and perform such rescues or other activities required to complete their mission.  
1.4 This guide is not intended to suggest that all search and rescue personnel must have the training identified within it. However, wherever the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) deems this training to be appropriate, this document can be used as a guide.  
1.5 The AHJ shall determine what level of training constitutes sufficient competence for search and rescue personnel to enter areas or carry out missions, which include the hazards described in this guide.  
1.6 This guide identifies some of the known disciplines of SAR and their associated hazards. It does not, however, attempt to list all hazards or risks of which a person must be aware to operate safely and effectively in and around any of the areas listed in 1.1.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on ...

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ASTM
ASTM F3028-24(Guide)
Standard Guide for Training of Search and Rescue Personnel Operating in the Alpine Environment (Alpine Endorsement)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes a minimum standard for training of SAR personnel who conduct operations in an alpine environment.  
4.1.1 Alpine Endorsed individuals are required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities pertaining to safe movement individually, or as a member of a team, in an alpine environment.  
4.1.2 Every person who is identified as Alpine Endorsed shall meet the requirements of this guide.  
4.1.3 Alpine Endorsed individuals shall be entitled to add the prefixes “Alpine Endorsed” and “Mountain Endorsed” to their current training levels.4  
4.2 This guide only establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a person to operate in an alpine environment as a part of a larger team. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.3 An Alpine Endorsement indicates that a person is qualified to operate safely and effectively in the alpine environment in his or her normal area of operations.  
4.3.1 An Alpine Endorsement alone does not indicate that an individual possesses adequate field skills and knowledge to make mission-critical decisions.  
4.4 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating an Alpine Endorsed individual, and may be used to assist in the development of a training document or program.  
4.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training individuals to operate in the alpine environment. Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.6 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in the following sections are not in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.7 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with other ASTM standards to identify the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to conduct search and/or rescue in the alpine environment.  
4.8 Though this guide establishes only mi...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training, including general and field knowledge, skills, and abilities, for search and rescue personnel who conduct operations in an alpine environment.  
1.2 An Alpine Endorsement is intended only for those individuals capable of operating in the extreme conditions of the alpine environment, at altitudes that are likely to have a negative impact on human physiology.  
1.2.1 Specifically, Alpine Endorsed individuals may, under qualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely and effectively in an alpine environment.  
1.2.2 In addition, Alpine Endorsed individuals may, under qualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely and effectively in mountainous terrain alone.  
1.3 An Alpine Endorsement alone is not sufficient to indicate that an individual has the knowledge, skills, and/or abilities to perform any specific duties, including search and rescue operations, other than those defined in this guide.  
1.4 This guide alone does not provide the minimum training requirements for performing operations in partially or fully collapsed structures, in or on water, in confined spaces, or underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels).  
1.5 An Alpine Endorsed individual may be a member of a Mountainous or Alpine Land Search Team or Task Force or Group, as defined in Classification F1993.  
1.6 Alpine Endorsed SAR personnel must work under qualified supervision as deemed appropriate by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established i...

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ASTM
ASTM F3070-14(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Evaluating Area Search Dog Crews or Teams

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 An area search dog crew or team is required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities outlined within this document.  
4.1.1 An area search dog crew or team which meets the requirements in this guide is a Canine Search Resource of the category Area Search Dog as defined in Classification F1848 for Canine Search Resources.  
4.1.2 Additional differentiation of the specific Canine Search Resource is defined in Classification F1848 for Canine Search Resources.  
4.2 This guide only establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for an area search dog crew or team to perform area searches. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.3 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating an area search dog team or crew, and may be used to assist in the development of a training document or program.  
4.4 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training area search dog crews or teams. Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.5 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in this guide are not in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.6 Though this guide establishes minimum training requirements, it does not imply that an area search dog team or crew is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similarly termed part of an organization.  
4.6.1 The AHJ is responsible for determining the requirements and qualifications for its member ratings.  
4.7 An area search dog crew or team shall document training by completion of a position task book, compliant with Guide F3068, or by field demonstration under qualified supervision. Where proficiency in a skill or ability must be demonstrated, unless stated otherwise it shall be demonstrated for initial qualification, and then as often as required by the AHJ.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines the knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a dog crew or team to perform an area search.  
1.2 Area search dog crews or teams perform searches on the surface of the land, including open urban or wilderness areas, as well as mountainous terrain and alpine environments.  
1.2.1 Additional training shall be required for area search dog crews or teams that search in mountainous terrain, alpine environments, or underground.  
1.3 This guide does not include the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to search in partially or fully collapsed structures, confined spaces, or on bodies of water, inland or oceanic.  
1.4 Area search dog crews or teams trained to meet the requirements of this guide may operate in urban and disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost their infrastructure.  
1.5 Area search dog crews or teams must work under qualified supervision deemed appropriate by the AHJ.  
1.6 This guide does not provide a theoretical basis for how an area search dog crew or team functions.  
1.7 Search dog crews or teams are eligible to be members of Type I and II SAR crews or teams of the following Kinds, as defined in Classification F1993:  
1.7.1 Kind A (Wilderness),  
1.7.2 Kind B (Urban),  
1.7.3 Kind C (Mountainous),  
1.7.4 Kind G (Cave),  
1.7.5 Kind H (Mine),  
1.7.6 Kind I (Avalanche),  
1.7.7 Kind K (Aircraft), and  
1.7.8 Kind L (Unclassified).  
1.8 Further training may be required before an area search dog crew or team can fully participate on a particular Type and Kind of team or crew, based on specific local needs, regulations, or policies.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was develop...

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ASTM
ASTM F1847-14(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Minimum Training of Search Dog Crews or Teams

SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum standard for training of search dog crews or teams as it relates to their general and field knowledge, skills, and abilities specific to their use in Search and Rescue (SAR) operations.  
1.2 Search dog crews perform searches on the surface of the land, including in mountainous terrain, alpine environments, and on inland water bodies.  
1.3 This guide does not include the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to search in partially or fully collapsed structures, confined spaces, underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels), in mountainous terrain, in an alpine environment, or on the water.  
1.4 This guide does not provide a theoretical basis for how a search dog crew operates; rather it describes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a search dog crew to function safely and effectively.  
1.5 A search dog crew is able to respond into the field and back country to locate subjects in the wilderness environment.  
1.6 A search dog crew is required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities outlined within this guide.  
1.7 Search dog crews are eligible to be members of Type I and II SAR teams or crews as defined in Classification F1993.  
1.7.1 Personnel trained in accordance with this guide may be members of Type I and II teams or crews of Kind A (Wilderness), Kind B (Urban), Kind C (Mountainous), Kind D (Disaster/collapsed structure), Kind E (Inland water), Kind I (Avalanche), and Kind J (Evidence/human remains), and may operate in urban and disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost their infrastructure.  
1.8 Further training may be required before a search dog crew can fully participate on a particular type and kind of team or crew, based on specific local need, regulations, or policies.  
1.9 Search dog crews shall work under qualified supervision, as deemed appropriate by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ).  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F1848-14(2022)(Classification)
Standard Classification System for Canine Search Resources

ABSTRACT
This classification aids search and rescue managers in ordering resources for search and rescue incidents and to aid dog handlers in communicating the types of tasks for which they and their dogs have trained. This classification is intended as a supplement to the resource typing specifications of the Incident Command System and specifically as a means of typing search and rescue dog resources and is suitable for classifying dog resources for a wide variety of emergency management purposes including both search and rescue and law enforcement incidents. This classification does not attempt to put forth standards of performance or training for dogs or their handlers. Search and rescue dog under this classification is either Type I or Type II, based upon whether or not the dog can effectively discriminate between the human scent of different individuals. Kind classifications of SAR dog resources are based upon the specific tasks for which dogs are deployed and include: Kind A, area search dog; Kind B, avalanche search dog; Kind C, cadaver search dog; Kind D, disaster/collapsed structure search dog; Kind E, evidence search dog; Kind F, railing search dog; Kind G, tracking search dog; and Kind H, water search.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard may be used to classify canine search resources (commonly referred to as search dog teams or crews) for emergency management operations, including search and rescue and law enforcement missions.  
4.2 Classification of canine search resources is based upon the training of the dog and its handler and their ability to perform specific tasks.  
4.3 Canine search resources are classified by category, kind, and type.  
4.4 A canine search resource may be more than one category.  
4.5 A canine search resource may be more than one kind.  
4.6 A particular kind of canine search resource can only be one type.  
4.7 A canine search resource’s type can vary, depending on its kind.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification system defines canine search resources in terms of their training and capabilities.  
1.2 This classification system is intended to aid emergency managers ordering resources for search and rescue incidents. These classifications also provide a means by which dog handlers can convey to emergency management the tasks for which they and their dogs are trained.  
1.3 This classification system does not define standards of performance or training for canine search resources.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F3069-14(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Requirements for Bodies That Operate Certification Programs in the Field of Search and Rescue

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A certification body issuing certifications in the field of search and rescue is required to meet the requirements identified in this guide.  
4.2 This guide can be used by an authority having jurisdiction to determine whether to accept a certification from a certification body.  
4.3 This guide can be used by an authority having jurisdiction to validate audit a certifying body.  
4.4 This guide can be used by a certifying body to validate that its certification scheme, certification process, and certification system meet industry standards.  
4.5 Any certification body operating in accordance to ANSI-ISO-IEC 17024 or equivalent shall be considered to be in compliance with this standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines the organizational structure, policies, and procedures required to operate a certification program in the field of search and rescue.  
1.2 Certifications are used by authorities having jurisdiction as a component to their credentialing process, typically to demonstrate one component of an individual’s ability to field.  
1.3 Certifications are typically provided by third party, disinterested providers and are commonly used to validate an individual’s, team’s, or authority having jurisdiction’s training program in a particular area.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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