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ASTM E2076-00

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Fan Blades Using Acoustic Emission

Standard Test Method for Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Fan Blades Using Acoustic Emission

SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides guidelines for acoustic emission (AE) examinations of fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) fan blades of the type used in industrial cooling towers and heat exchangers.
1.2 This test method uses simulated service loading to determine structural integrity.
1.3 This test method will detect sources of acoustic emission in areas of sensor coverage that are stressed during the course of the examination.
1.4 This test method applies to examinations of new and in-service fan blades.
1.5 This test method is limited to fan blades of FRP construction, with length (hub centerline to tip) of less than 10 ft, and with fiberglass content greater than 15 % by weight.
1.6 AE measurements are used to detect emission sources. Other nondestructive examination (NDE) methods may be used to evaluate the significance of AE sources. Procedures for other NDE methods are beyond the scope of this test method.
1.7 Values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. SI units given in parentheses are provided for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Mar-2000
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.04 - Acoustic Emission Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E2076-05 - Standard Test Method for Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Fan Blades Using Acoustic Emission
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
Effective Date
10-Mar-2000

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ASTM E2076-00 - Standard Test Method for Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Fan Blades Using Acoustic EmissionASTM E2076-00 - Standard Test Method for Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Fan Blades Using Acoustic Emission
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ASTM E2076-00 - Standard Test Method for Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Fan Blades Using Acoustic Emission
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E2076–00
Standard Test Method for
Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Fan Blades
Using Acoustic Emission
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2076; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope tic Emission Sensor Response
E 1067 Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of
1.1 This test method provides guidelines for acoustic emis-
Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Resin (FRP) Tanks/Vessels
sion (AE) examinations of fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP)
E 1106 Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emis-
fanbladesofthetypeusedinindustrialcoolingtowersandheat
sion Sensors
exchangers.
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.2 This test method uses simulated service loading to
2.2 ASNT Documents:
determine structural integrity.
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive
1.3 This test method will detect sources of acoustic emis-
Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
sion in areas of sensor coverage that are stressed during the
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-
course of the examination.
fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
1.4 This test method applies to examinations of new and
2.3 Military Standards:
in-service fan blades.
MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-
1.5 This test method is limited to fan blades of FRP
tion and Certification
construction, with length (hub centerline to tip) of less than 10
2.4 Aerospace Industries Association Document:
ft, and with fiberglass content greater than 15 % by weight.
NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
1.6 AE measurements are used to detect emission sources.
Testing Personnel
Other nondestructive examination (NDE) methods may be
used to evaluate the significance ofAE sources. Procedures for
3. Terminology
other NDE methods are beyond the scope of this test method.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
1.7 Values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as
method, see Terminology E 1316.
the standard. SI units given in parentheses are provided for
information only.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 This test method consists of subjecting individual FRP
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
fan blades to increasing load while monitoring with sensors
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
that are sensitive to acoustic emission (transient stress waves)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
caused by growing flaws.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.2 This test method provides guidelines to determine the
zonal location of structural flaws in FRP fan blades.
2. Referenced Documents
4.3 The test load, applied at the blade tip is calculated to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
provide 100 % of the maximum allowable operating (bending)
E 543 Practice for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
2 load at the blade-hub interface.
Testing
4.4 This test method is intended to simulate the bending
E 650 Guide for Mounting PiezoelectricAcoustic Emission
load. Torsional and centrifugal loads are not simulated by this
Sensors
test method.
E 750 PracticeforCharacterizingAcousticEmissionInstru-
4.5 Structurally insignificant flaws may produce acoustic
mentation
emission.
E 976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility ofAcous-
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., 1711
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-07 on Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228.
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
Acoustic Emission Method. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Current edition approved March 10, 2000. Published May 2000. AvailablefromAerospaceIndustriesAssociationofAmerica,Inc.,1250EyeSt.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03. NW, Washington D.C. 20005.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E2076
5. Significance and Use 6.6.2 Failure mechanism of FRP;
6.6.3 AE instrument and sensor checkout on FRP;
5.1 TheAE examination method detects structurally signifi-
6.6.4 Loading of FRP components for AE testing;
cant flaws in FRP structures via test loading. The damage
6.6.5 Data collection and interpretation; and
mechanisms that are detected in FRP include resin cracking,
6.6.6 Examination report preparation.
fiber debonding, fiber pullout, fiber breakage, delamination,
and secondary bond failure.
7. Apparatus
5.2 Flaws in unstressed areas will not generate detectable
AE.
7.1 Essential features of the apparatus required for this test
5.3 Flaws located with AE may be examined by other
method are shown in Fig. 1. Specifications are provided on
methods.
Annex A1.
7.2 Couplant must be used to acoustically couple sensors to
6. Basis of Application
the blade surface. Adhesives that have acceptable acoustic
6.1 Personnel Qualification—If specified in the contractual
properties and ultrasonic couplants are acceptable.
agreement, personnel performing examinations to this standard
7.3 Sensors may be held in place with elastic straps,
shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally recognized
adhesive tape, or other mechanical means.
NDT personnel qualification practice or standard such as
7.4 Sensors are to be positioned on the fan mounting drive
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, MIL STD-410, NAS-410,
hub for background noise detection only; on the blade within 6
or a similar document and certified by the employer or
in. (152.4 mm) of the shank; on the blade midway between the
certifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standard used
shank and the blade tip; and within 6 in. (152 mm) of the blade
and its applicable revision shall be specified in the contractual
tip for background noise detection only. Additional sensors
agreement between the using parties.
may be added when more complete coverage is desired.
6.2 Qualification of Nondestructive Agencies—If specified
NOTE 1—The sensors indicated in Fig. 1 may be placed on either the
in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified
top or bottom surface of the blade.
and evaluated as described in Practice E 543. The applicable
7.5 Instrumentation shall be capable of recording AE hits
edition of Practice E 543 shall be specified in the contractual
above a low-amplitude threshold, AE hits above a high-
agreement.
amplitude threshold (both within a specific frequency range)
6.3 Extent of Examination—Theextentofexaminationshall
andhavesufficientchannelstolocalizeAEsourcesinrealtime.
be in accordance with 10.2 unless otherwise specified.
Hit detection is required for each channel.AnAE hit amplitude
6.4 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance Criteria—Reporting cri-
measurement is recommended for sensitivity verification.Am-
teria for the examination results shall be in accordance with
Section 12 unless otherwise specified. Since acceptance crite- plitude distributions are recommended for flaw characteriza-
tion.
ria, for example, for reference radiographs, are not specified in
this test method, they shall be specified in the contractual 7.6 Preamplifiermaybeenclosedinthesensorhousingorin
a separate enclosure. If a separate preamplifier is used, sensor
agreement.
6.5 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked Items— cable length, between the sensor and the preamplifier, must not
result in a signal loss of greater than 3 dB. Typically, 6 ft (1.8
Reexamination of repaired/reworked items is not addressed in
this test method, and if required, shall be specified in the m), is acceptable.
contractual agreement. 7.7 Power/signal cable length (between preamplifier and
6.6 Personnel Training—It is recommended that personnel signal processor) shall not result in a signal loss of greater than
performing the examination have additional training on the 3 dB. Typically, 500 ft (152.4 m) is acceptable.
following topics: 7.8 Signal processors are computerized instruments with
6.6.1 Basic technology of AE from FRP; independent channels that filter, measure, and convert analog
FIG. 1 Apparatus
E2076
information into digital form for display and permanent stor- waves must be nondestructive and simulate emission from a
age. A signal processor must have sufficient speed and capa- flaw. System performance checks verify the sensitivity of each
bility to independently process data from all sensors simulta- system channel (including the couplant).
neously.Thesignalprocessorshouldprovidecapabilitytofilter
9.4.1 The preferred technique for conducting a system
data for replay.
performance check utilizes a pencil lead break. Lead should be
7.9 A video monitor is used to display processed data in
broken on the surface (see Fig. 4 of Guide E 976) at a specified
various formats. Display format may be selected by the
distance, typically 4 in. (101.6 mm) from the sensor.
examiner.
9.4.2 Systemchannelswhicharefoundtohaveperformance
7.10 Adata storage device, such as a magnetic disk, is used
outside of specified values should be repaired or replaced.
to store data for replay and archiving.
Values should be specified such that the sensitivity of channels
7.11 Hard-copy capability should be available from a
used in the same test differ by no more than 6 dB.
graphics/line printer or equivalent device.
10. Test Procedure
8. Safety Precautions
10.1 General Guidelines—Each fan blade is subjected to
8.1 Safety—All site safety requirements unique to the test
programmed increasing tip load, up to a predetermined maxi-
location shall be met.
mum value (test load), while being monitored by sensors that
detect acoustic emission (stress waves) caused by growing
9. Calibration and Standardization
structural flaws.
9.1 Annual calibration and verification of AE sensors,
10.1.1 Blade tip load shall be controlled so as to not exceed
preamplifiers,ifapplicable,signalprocessor,andAEelectronic
a load rate of 33 % of test load per minute.
waveform generator should be performed. Equipment should
10.1.2 Background noise shall be minimized and identified.
be adjusted so that it conforms to the equipment manufactur-
Excessive background noise is cause for suspension of the
er’s specifications. Instruments used for calibration must have
loading. In the analysis of examination results, background
current accuracy certification that is traceable to the National
noise should be properly discounted, if the source is deter-
Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST).
mined to be irrelevant to mechanical integrity.
9.2 Routine electronic checks must be performed on a
10.2 Loading—Determine the t
...

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5.1 The POD analysis method described herein is based on a well-known and well established statistical regression method. It shall be used to quantify the demonstrated POD for a specific set of examination parameters and known range of discontinuity sizes under the following conditions.  
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5.5 The POD analysis method described herein is consistent with the analysis method for binary data described in MIL-HDBK-1823A, and is included in several widely utilized POD software packages to perform a POD analysis on hit/miss data. It is also found in statistical software packages that have generalized line...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for performing a statistical analysis on nondestructive testing hit/miss data to determine the demonstrated probability of detection (POD) for a specific set of examination parameters. Topics covered include the standard hit/miss POD curve formulation, validation techniques, and correct interpretation of results.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E165/E165M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing for General Industry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Liquid penetrant testing methods indicate the presence, location, and to a limited extent, the nature and magnitude of the detected discontinuities. Each of the various penetrant methods has been designed for specific uses such as critical service items, volume of parts, portability, or localized areas of examination. The method selected will depend accordingly on the design and service requirements of the parts or materials being tested.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers procedures for penetrant examination of materials. Penetrant testing is a nondestructive testing method for detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, shrinkage, laminations, through leaks, or lack of fusion and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance examinations. It can be effectively used in the examination of nonporous, metallic materials, ferrous and nonferrous metals, and of nonmetallic materials such as nonporous glazed or fully densified ceramics, as well as certain nonporous plastics, and glass.  
1.2 This practice also provides a reference:  
1.2.1 By which a liquid penetrant examination process recommended or required by individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain its applicability and completeness.  
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications and procedures dealing with the liquid penetrant testing of parts and materials. Agreement by the customer requesting penetrant testing is strongly recommended. All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization.  
1.2.3 For use in the organization of facilities and personnel concerned with liquid penetrant testing.  
1.3 This practice does not indicate or suggest criteria for evaluation of the indications obtained by penetrant testing. It should be pointed out, however, that after indications have been found, they must be interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate code, standard, or a specific agreement to define the type, size, location, and direction of indications considered acceptable, and those considered unacceptable.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2663-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Ultrasonic Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of ultrasonic test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provides a standard means to organize ultrasonic test parameters and results. The ultrasonic test results may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to this standard. Personnel wishing to view any ultrasonic inspection data stored in DICONDE format may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of ultrasonic imaging equipment by specifying image data transfer and archival storage methods in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339. Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052 (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, transfer, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE test results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and data dictionary that are specific to ultrasonic test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from ultrasonic test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the ultrasonic technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard format regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3388-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy for High Energy Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gauge is intended to provide a means for measuring image or detector unsharpness and basic spatial image or detector resolution as independently as practicable from the imaging system and contrast sensitivity limitations. When the duplex plate gauge is positioned directly on the film or the digital detector instead on the test object, then the determined image unsharpness UIm corresponds to the inherent film or detector unsharpness (Udetector) and the determined basic spatial image resolution SRbimage corresponds to the basic spatial detector resolution SRbdetector. SRbimage provides a value which depends on the combined effect of detector unsharpness and geometric unsharpness.  
5.2 Basis of Application:  
5.2.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the parties using or referencing this standard.
5.2.1.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing examinations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance with NAS410, EN 4179, ANSI/ASNT CP 189, ISO 9712, or SNT-TC-1A and certified by the employer or certifying agency as applicable. Other equivalent qualification documents may be used when specified on the contract or purchase order. The applicable revision shall be the latest unless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement between parties.
5.2.1.2 If specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in Specification E543. The applicable edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in the contract.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gauge used to determine the image unsharpness and the basic spatial resolution of film radiographs or of digital images taken with CR imaging plates, digital detector arrays (DDA), or radioscopic systems (for example, with X-ray image intensifiers) for applications with Se-75, Ir-192, Co-60 and high energy sources with tube potentials ≥ 300 kV. The IQI may be used at lower tube potentials too, if the expected unsharpness is > 200 µm (SRbimage or SRbdetector > 100 µm). For the measurement of lower unsharpness values, the usage of the gauge described in Practice E2002 is recommended.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The gauge described can be used effectively if the duplex wire IQI of Practice E2002 does not provide sufficient contrast resolution.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2934-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Eddy Current (EC) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of eddy current NDE test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provide a standard means to organize eddy current test parameters and results. The eddy current examination results may be displayed or analyzed on any device that conforms to the standard. Personnel wishing to view any eddy current examination data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of eddy current imaging and data acquisition equipment by specifying the image data transfer and archival storage in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052, an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and a data dictionary that are specific to eddy current test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from eddy current test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the eddy current technique parameters and inspection data are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard,  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance, or  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Units—Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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