ASTM A356/A356M-98(2003)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Low Alloy, and Stainless Steel, Heavy-Walled for Steam Turbines
Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Low Alloy, and Stainless Steel, Heavy-Walled for Steam Turbines
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers one grade of martensitic stainless steel and several grades of ferritic steel castings for cylinders (shells), valve chests, throttle valves, and other heavy-walled castings for steam turbine applications.
1.2 Optional supplementary requirements (S1 through S5) shall apply as selected by and specified by the purchaser.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: A 356/A 356M – 98 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Specification for
Steel Castings, Carbon, Low Alloy, and Stainless Steel,
Heavy-Walled for Steam Turbines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 356/A 356M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E 709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination
2.2 Manufacturers’ Standardization Society of the Valve
1.1 This specification covers one grade of martensitic stain-
and Fitting Industry Standard:
less steel and several grades of ferritic steel castings for
SP-55 Quality Standard for Steel Castings for Valves,
cylinders (shells), valve chests, throttle valves, and other
Flanges, and Fittings and Other Piping Components (Vi-
heavy-walled castings for steam turbine applications.
sual Method)
1.2 Optional supplementary requirements (S1 through S5)
shall apply as selected by and specified by the purchaser.
3. Classification
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
3.1 The castings are furnished in the grades shown in Table
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
1.
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must
4. Ordering Information
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
4.1 Orders for material to this specification should include
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-
the following information:
cation.
4.1.1 A description of the casting by pattern number or
drawing (dimensional tolerances shall be included on the
2. Referenced Documents
casting drawing),
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1.2 Grade of steel,
A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
4.1.3 Options in the specification, and
of Steel Products
4.1.4 The supplementary requirements desired, including
A 488/A 488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Quali-
the standards of acceptance.
fications of Procedures and Personnel
E 94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
5. Melting Process
E 125 Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indica-
5.1 The steel shall be made by the open-hearth or electric-
tions on Ferrous Castings
furnace process.
E 142 Method for Controlling Quality of Radiographic
5.2 Deoxidation Practice:
Testing
4 5.2.1 Deoxidation of the carbon and low-alloy steel grades
E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination
shall be by manganese and silicon. Furnace or ladle deoxida-
E 186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 4
4 tion with other agents is permissible with the approval of the
⁄2-in. [51 to 114-mm]) Steel Castings
purchaser.
E 280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4 ⁄2 to
4 5.2.2 The purchaser may specify that no aluminum be
12-in. [114 to 305-mm]) Steel Castings
added.
E 446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.
4 5.2.3 Vacuum deoxidation is acceptable. The specific
[51 mm] in Thickness
method shall be subject to approval by the purchaser.
6. Heat Treatment
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
6.1 Preliminary Heat Treatment—The castings may receive
Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
such preliminary heat treatment as the founder may elect to
A01.18 on Castings.
employ.
Current edition approved April 10, 2003. Published April 2003. Originally
e1
approved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as A 356/A 356M – 98 .
6.2 Heat Treatment for Final Properties:
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.03.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
5 6
Discontinued. Replaced by E 94. See 1999 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Available from the Manufacturers’ Standardization Society of the Valve and
Vol 03.03. Fittings Industry, 127 Park St., NE, Vienna, VA 22180.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
A 356/A 356M – 98 (2003)
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
Composition, %
Grade Material Phosphorus,
Carbon Manganese Silicon Sulfur, max Molybdenum Chromium Nickel Vanadium Columbium Nitrogen Aluminum
max
A A
1 carbon steel 0.35 max 0.70 max 0.60 max 0.035 0.030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A A
2 ⁄2% molybdenum 0.25 max 0.70 max 0.60 max 0.035 0.030 0.45-0.65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 1 A A
5 ⁄2% chromium, ⁄2 % 0.25 max 0.70 max 0.60 max 0.035 0.030 0.40-0.60 0.40-0.70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
molybdenum
1 1
61 ⁄4% chromium, ⁄2 % 0.20 max 0.50-0.80 0.60 max 0.035 0.030 0.45-0.65 1.00-1.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
molybdenum
8 1 % chromium, 1 % 0.20 max 0.50-0.90 0.20-0.60 0.035 0.030 0.90-1.20 1.00-1.50 . . . 0.05-0.15 . . . . . . . . .
molybdenum, vanadium
9 1 % chromium, 1 % 0.20 max 0.50-0.90 0.20-0.60 0.035 0.030 0.90-1.20 1.00-1.50 . . . 0.20-0.35 . . . . . . . . .
molybdenum, vanadium
10 2 ⁄4% chromium, 1 % 0.20 max 0.50-0.80 0.60 max 0.035 0.030 0.90-1.20 2.00-2.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
molybdenum
12 9 % chromium, 1 % 0.08-0.12 0.30-0.60 0.20-0.50 0.02 max 0.010 max 0.85-1.05 8.0-9.5 0.40 max 0.18-0.25 0.06-0.10 0.03-0.07 0.04 max
(J80490) molybdenum, vanadium
CA6NM martensic chromium 0.06 max 1.00 max 1.00 max 0.040 0.030 0.4-1.0 11.5-14.0 3.5-4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . .
nickel
A
For each 0.01 % reduction in carbon below the maximum specified, an increase of 0.04 percentage points of manganese over the maximum specified for that element will be permitted up to 1.00.
A 356/A 356M – 98 (2003)
6.2.1 Normalizing—The castings shall be heated to and held 9.3 If the results of the mechanical tests for any lot or
at the proper temperature for a sufficient time to effect the casting do not conform to the requirements specified, the
desired transformation and withdrawn from the furnace and founder may reheat treat and retest such lot or casting.
allowed to cool to effect complete transformation.
10. Test Specimen
6.2.2 Tempering—The casting shall be heated to and held at
the proper temperature, which shall be below the transforma-
10.1 Tension test specimens and samples for microexami-
tion range, and then cooled under suitable conditions. The
nation may be taken from coupons conforming substantially to
tempering temperature shall not be less than 1100°F [595°C].
the dimensions shown in Fig. 1 and from the locations in the
The minimum tempering temperature for Grade 12 shall be
coupon as indicated in Fig. 1. These coupons shall have been
1350°F [730°C].
cast attached to the castings, except as provided in 10.2 , and
6.2.3 Stress Relieving—The stress relieving operation shall
have remained attached, without partial severing, until the
be carried out in the same manner as tempering. The tempera-
completion of the heat treatment for final properties.
ture shall be within 50°F [28°C], but not exceeding the final
10.2 If, in the opinion of the manufacturer, the design of any
tempering temperature.
casting is such as to preclude the use of an attached coupon,
6.3 Stainless Steel Casting:
then the tension test specimen and sample for microexamina-
6.3.1 Normalizing—The castings shall be heated to 1850°F
tion for that casting may be taken from a coupon attached to a
[1010°C] minimum, held sufficiently at that temperature to
special block. The coupon shall conform substantially to the
uniformly heat the castings, and air cooled to below 200°F
dimensions shown in Fig. 1 and shall have remained attached,
[93°C].
without partial severing, to its special block until after all heat
6.3.2 Tempering—The castings shall be final tempered from
treatment for final properties.
1050 to 1150°F [565 to 620°C].
10.3 Test specimens may be cut from heat-treated castings
6.3.3 Stress Relieving—The stress relieving operation shall
instead of from test coupons when agreed upon between the
be performed in the same manner as tempering. Temperature
manufacturer and the purchaser.
shall be between 1050°F [565°C] and 1150°F [620°C].
10.4 Tension test specimens shall be machined to the form
and dimensions of the standard round 2-in. [50-mm] gage-
7. Chemical Composition
length specimen shown in Fig. 5 of Test Methods and Defini-
7.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements as to tions A 370.
chemical composition prescribed in Table 1.
11. Inspection
8. Tensile Requirements
11.1 The inspector representing the purchaser shall have
8.1 Tensile properties shall conform to the requirements free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the
listed in Table 2 as determined by the test specimen set forth in purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer’s
Section 9. works that concern the manufacture of material ordered. The
8.2 Tension tests shall be performed in accordance with Test manufacturer shall afford the inspector all reasonable facilities
Methods and Definitions A 370. to satisfy him that the material is being furnished in accordance
with this specification. All tests (except product analysis) and
9. Number of Tests and Retests
inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to
shipment, and shall be so conducted as not to interfere
9.1 One tension test shall be made from each heat in each
unnecessarily with operation of the works.
heat-treatment charge and from each casting on which attac
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