ASTM F2980-13
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Analysis of Heavy Metals in Glass by Field Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)
Standard Test Method for Analysis of Heavy Metals in Glass by Field Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Waste glass is currently recycled into various consumer products. This test method has been developed as a tool for evaluation of heavy metals in glass to satisfy reporting requirements for maximum allowable content for some applications.
5.2 The ranges within which this test method is quantitative are given in Table 1.
5.3 For amounts of the analyte elements outside the ranges in Table 1, this test method provides screening results. That is, it provides an unambiguous indication that each element can be described as present in an amount greater than the scope upper limit or that the amount of the element can be described as less than the scope lower limit with a high degree of confidence.Note 2—In general, when a quantitative result is obtained, the analyst can make a clear decision as to whether a material is suitable for the intended purpose. When the contents of elements of interest are outside the quantitative range, the analyst can still make a decision whether the amount is too high or whether additional analyses are required.
5.4 These methods can be applied to glass beads, plate glass, float glass, fiber glass, or ground glass. This test method has been validated for the ranges of matrix compositions that are summarized in Table 2.
5.5 Detection limits, sensitivity, and element ranges will vary with matrices, detector type, and other instrument conditions and parameters.
5.6 All analytes are determined as the element and reported as such. These include all elements listed in Table 1. This test method may be applicable to other glass matrices, additional elements, and wider concentration ranges provided the laboratory is able to validate the broadened scope of this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers field portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometric procedures for analyses of arsenic and lead in glass compositions using field portable energy dispersive XRF spectrometers.
1.2 The mass fraction range of arsenic within which this test method is quantitative is given in Table 1. Scope limits were determined from the interlaboratory study results using the approach given in Practice E1601.
1.3 The mass fraction range for which lead was tested is given in Table 1. However, lead results cannot be considered quantitative on the basis of single-sample results because the precision performance is not good enough to allow laboratories to compare results in a quantitative manner.Note 1—The performance of this test method was evaluated using results based on single-sample determinations from specimens composed of glass beads. One laboratory has determined that performance can be significantly improved by basing reported results on the mean of determinations from multiple samples to overcome inherent heterogeneity of elements in glass beads, especially the element lead. Additional information is provided in Section 17 on Precision and Bias.
1.3.1 To obtain quantitative performance, lead results must consist of the average of four or more determinations.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in Section 7 on Hazards.
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Designation: F2980 − 13
Standard Test Method for
Analysis of Heavy Metals in Glass by Field Portable X-Ray
Fluorescence (XRF)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2980; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method covers field portable X-ray fluores-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
cence (XRF) spectrometric procedures for analyses of arsenic
D75/D75M Practice for Sampling Aggregates
and lead in glass compositions using field portable energy
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance
dispersive XRF spectrometers.
and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical
Measurement System Performance
1.2 Themassfractionrangeofarsenicwithinwhichthistest
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
method is quantitative is given in Table 1. Scope limits were
Determine Conformance with Specifications
determined from the interlaboratory study results using the
E135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for
approach given in Practice E1601.
Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
1.3 The mass fraction range for which lead was tested is
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
given in Table 1. However, lead results cannot be considered
ASTM Test Methods
quantitative on the basis of single-sample results because the
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
precisionperformanceisnotgoodenoughtoallowlaboratories
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
to compare results in a quantitative manner.
E1361 Guide for Correction of Interelement Effects in
X-Ray Spectrometric Analysis
NOTE 1—The performance of this test method was evaluated using
results based on single-sample determinations from specimens composed
E1601 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
of glass beads. One laboratory has determined that performance can be
Evaluate the Performance of an Analytical Method
significantly improved by basing reported results on the mean of deter-
E1621 Guide for ElementalAnalysis by Wavelength Disper-
minations from multiple samples to overcome inherent heterogeneity of
sive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
elements in glass beads, especially the element lead. Additional informa-
tion is provided in Section 17 on Precision and Bias.
F2576 Terminology Relating to Declarable Substances in
Materials
1.3.1 To obtain quantitative performance, lead results must
consist of the average of four or more determinations.
2.2 ANSI Standard:
N43.2 Radiation Safety for X-Ray Diffraction and Fluores-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
cence Analysis Equipment
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
2.3 AASHTO Standard:
TP-97-11 Test Method for Glass Beads used in Pavement
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Markings
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific 2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
hazards statements are given in Section 7 on Hazards. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1 3
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F40 on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Declarable Substances in Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
F40.01 on Test Methods. Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2013. Published March 2013. DOI: 10.1520/ Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,
F2980-13. http://www.transportation.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2980 − 13
TABLE 1 Scope Ranges for Quantitative Results
convenient laboratory use. The two measurement options are
Element Scope Lower Limit (mg/ Scope Upper Limit (mg/ discussed throughout this test method.
kg) kg)
Arsenic 240 2000
5. Significance and Use
Lead 120 500
5.1 Waste glass is currently recycled into various consumer
products. This test method has been developed as a tool for
evaluation of heavy metals in glass to satisfy reporting require-
3. Terminology
ments for maximum allowable content for some applications.
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms applying to X-ray
5.2 The ranges within which this test method is quantitative
fluorescence (XRF) and declarable substances appear in Ter- are given in Table 1.
minologies E135 and F2576, respectively.
5.3 For amounts of the analyte elements outside the ranges
3.2 Compton-matrix correction, n—measured intensity of
in Table 1, this test method provides screening results. That is,
Comptonorincoherentscatteredradiationmaybeuseddirectly
itprovidesanunambiguousindicationthateachelementcanbe
to compensate for matrix effects or indirectly for the determi-
described as present in an amount greater than the scope upper
nationoftheeffectivemassabsorptioncoefficienttocorrectfor
limit or that the amount of the element can be described as less
matrix effects.
than the scope lower limit with a high degree of confidence.
NOTE 2—In general, when a quantitative result is obtained, the analyst
3.2.1 Discussion—The compensation for matrix effects is
can make a clear decision as to whether a material is suitable for the
based on a combination of sample preparation and experimen-
intended purpose. When the contents of elements of interest are outside
tal intensity data. the quantitative range, the analyst can still make a decision whether the
amount is too high or whether additional analyses are required.
3.3 Compton scatter, n—inelastic scattering of an X-ray
photon through its interaction with the bound electrons of an
5.4 These methods can be applied to glass beads, plate
atom.
glass, float glass, fiber glass, or ground glass. This test method
has been validated for the ranges of matrix compositions that
3.3.1 Discussion—This process is also referred to as inco-
are summarized in Table 2.
herent scatter.
5.5 Detection limits, sensitivity, and element ranges will
3.4 fundamental parameters, FP, model, n—model for cali-
bration of X-ray fluorescence response, including the correc- vary with matrices, detector type, and other instrument condi-
tions and parameters.
tion of matrix effects, based on the theory describing the
physical processes of the interactions of X-rays with matter.
5.6 All analytes are determined as the element and reported
3.5 Acronyms: as such. These include all elements listed in Table 1. This test
method may be applicable to other glass matrices, additional
3.5.1 EDXRF—Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence
elements, and wider concentration ranges provided the labora-
3.5.2 QC—Quality control
tory is able to validate the broadened scope of this test method.
3.5.3 XRF—X-ray fluorescence
6. Interferences
4. Summary of Test Method
6.1 Spectral Interferences—These can occur for some ele-
4.1 Portablehandheldinstrumentsareusedtomeasureglass
ments as a result of partial or total line overlaps. These line
spheres, ground glass, cullet, fiberglass, and sheet glass for
overlaps can result from scattered characteristic lines from the
their contents of arsenic and lead. Samples of sheet glass can
targetoftheX-raytubeorbyX-rayfluorescencefromatomsin
be measured directly. Samples that are not in sheet form are
the specimen. Spectral interference can also be the result of
measured as is or after pulverizing to an appropriate particle
escape peaks from the solid-state detector. See Guide E1621
size.
for a full discussion of models used to correct for these effects.
4.2 The samples of glass spheres or powders may be placed
In this particular case, the most obvious line overlap is the
into disposable cups with a polymer film supporting the glass.
overlap of As K-L (As Kα ; 10.53 keV) on Pb L -M (Pb
2,3 1,2 3 5
The filled cup is measured from below through the polymer
Lα ;10.55keV)andviceversa.Theenergydifferencebetween
film.
these two lines is about 0.02 keV, which cannot be resolved
with the detectors used. The emission lines of these two
4.3 The glass specimen may be analyzed in situ by using a
elements will appear as a single peak. However, both As and
handheldspectrometerpositionedincontactwithsheetglassor
Pb have alternative lines that can be used for analysis. For Pb,
the contents of a larger container, for example, a bulk shipping
container.
4.4 The handheld XRF may be used while the operator is
TABLE 2 Matrix Components and Ranges
holding the unit or by being mounted in a stand for safer, more
Oxide Scope Lower Limit, % Scope Upper Limit, %
SiO 58 80
Al O 110
2 3
Andermann, G. and Kemp, J. W., “Scattered X-rays as Internal Standards in
NaO3 15
X-Ray Spectroscopy,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol 20, No. 8, 1958.
CaO 6 20
The algorithm used for the procedure is usually implemented in the instrument MgO 1 5
manufacturer’s software. Third-party software is available and may be used.
F2980 − 13
the use of the doublet Pb L -M ,N (Pb Lβ ; 12.61 keV) is 7.1.3 Signal conditioning and data-handling electronics in-
2,3 4 5 1,2
highly recommended. This line has virtually the same sensi- clude the functions of X-ray counting and peak processing.
tivity as the Pb L -M line. For As, the As K-M (As Kβ ;
3 5 2,3 1,3
7.2 The following spectrometer features and accessories are
11.72 keV) can be used; its sensitivity is about 20 % of the
optional.
more intenseAs K-L line. It is possible to determine the net
2,3
7.2.1 Beam Filters—used to make the excitation more
intensity of Pb L -M based on the intensity of Pb L -M ,N
3 5 2,3 4 5
selective and reduce background count rates.
(this implies determining a proportionality factor between the
7.2.2 Drift Correction Monitor(s)—Because of instability of
two lines on specimens with no or varying amounts of As).
the measurement system, the sensitivity and background of the
This can then be used to calculate the intensity of As K-L .
2,3
spectrometer may drift with time. Drift correction monitors
6.2 In EDXRF, the possibility exists that two photons are may be used to correct for this drift. The optimum drift
seen and treated as a single one by the counting electronics. correction monitor specimens are permanent materials that are
When that happens, they appear as a single photon with an stable with time and repeated exposure to X-rays.
energy corresponding to the sum of the energies of the
7.3 Reference Materials:
individual photons. This phenomenon is called the sum-peak.
7.3.1 Purchased certified reference materials, and
For this effect to be significant, the total count rate must be
7.3.2 In-house reference materials that were analyzed by at
high; and (at least) one element must be present at a relatively
least two independent methods.
high level; and the element concerned must have a high yield.
7.4 Consumables:
In the current method, the presence of e.g. iron at high levels
7.4.1 Disposable latex or nitrile gloves,
could lead to a sum-peak of 2 Fe K-L3 (6.4 keV) photons, with
7.4.2 Methanol or isopropyl alcohol,
an energy of about 12.6- 12.8 keV - this corresponds to the
7.4.3 Deionized water,
energy of Pb L -M ,N . The software provided by the
2,3 4 5
7.4.4 XRF sample cups,
manufacturer must correct for this effect; otherwise the inten-
7.4.5 Lint-free wipes, and
sity (and thus the contents) of Pb L -M ,N is overestimated.
2,3 4 5
7.4.6 Polymer film, including, but not limited to polyimide,
6.3 Matrix Interferences—Some of the X-rays generated
polyester, and polypropylene.
within the sample will interact with atoms in the matrix. As a
result of such interactions, the emitted intensity of the analyte
8. Hazards
depends on the amount of the analyte in the sample and, to a
8.1 Safety practices shall conform to applicable local, state,
lesser, but measurable degree, on the amounts of other ele-
and national regulations. For example, personal monitoring
ments. The magnitude of such matrix interferences is most
devices and periodic radiation surveys may be required.
pronounced for elements that are present in high concentra-
8.2 Dust Mask—When this test method is performed on
tions. Several mathematical models, such as the fundamental
powder samples, it may be advisable to use a dust mask.
parameter model, exist for the correction of such effects; see
Guide E1361 for a full discussion. Typically, these matrix
8.3 Gloves—The use of powder-free polymer gloves is
correction models require that the net intensities are free from
recommended to prevent contamination of sample surfaces by
line overlap effects. In practice, the approach chosen depends
body oils and other substances.
upon the manufacturer.
9. Sampling
6.4 Float glass is heterogeneous because one side is coated
9.1 Usersshoulddevelopplanstodetermineifthemeasured
with tin. Differential absorption can bias the results.
specimens are representative of a larger quantity of material.
7. Apparatus
Refer to AASHTO TP-97-11 or Practice D75/D75M for
7.1 EDXRF Spectrometer—designed for X-ray fluorescence examples of sampling procedures for quantities greater than 45
kg.
analysis with energy dispersive selection of radiation. Any
EDXRF spectrometer can be used if its design incorporates the
9.2 For laboratories having small quantities of material,
following features.
three replicate measurements may be taken to obtain informa-
7.1.1 Source of X-Ray Excitation—capable of exciting the
tiononhomogeneity.Iftherangeofthreeresultsisgreaterthan
recommended lines, typically an X-ray tube. The recom-
the repeatability limit of this standard test method, there may
mended lines are shown in Table 3.
be evidence for statistically significant heterogeneity. The
7.1.2 X-Ray Detector—An energy resolution of better than
analyst may measure more samples and note standard devia-
250eVatMnK-L hasbeenfoundsuitableforuseinthistest
2,3
tion.
method.
10. Preparation of Test Specimens
TABLE 3 Analytical Lines for Analysis of Arsenic and Lead
10.1 Treat reference materials and test specimens for each
Analyte
method exactly the same way to ensure reproducible results.
Arsenic Lead
Samples may be analyzed wi
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