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ASTM E2287-03

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Examination of Fracture Patterns and Paper Fiber Impressions on Single-Strike Film Ribbons and Typed Text

Standard Guide for Examination of Fracture Patterns and Paper Fiber Impressions on Single-Strike Film Ribbons and Typed Text

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedures outlined here are grounded in the generally accepted body of knowledge and experience in the field of forensic document examination. By following these procedures, a forensic document examiner can reliably reach an opinion concerning whether a particular single-strike ribbon or lift-off correction tape was used in the preparation of a specific typed text.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides procedures that should be used by forensic document examiners (E 444) for examinations and comparisons involving single-strike film ribbons with typed text and related procedures.
1.2 These procedures are applicable whether the examination and comparison is of questioned and known items or of exclusively questioned items.
1.3 These procedures include evaluation of the sufficiency of the material submitted for examination.
1.4 These procedures are also generally applicable to examinations of lift-off and cover-up correction tapes and sheets.
1.5 These procedures may also be applicable (in whole or in part) to examinations of carbon paper and carbon copies or of documents produced with certain non-impact printing devices (for example, printing devices using a thermal imaging transfer ribbon).
1.6 The particular methods employed in a given case will depend upon the nature of the material available for examination.
1.7 This guide may not cover all aspects of unusual or uncommon examinations.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Mar-2003
ICS
07.140 - Forensic science
Technical Committee
E30 - Forensic Sciences
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E2287-08 - Standard Guide for Examination of Fracture Patterns and Paper Fiber Impressions on Single-Strike Film Ribbons and Typed Text
Effective Date
15-Sep-2008

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ASTM E2287-03 - Standard Guide for Examination of Fracture Patterns and Paper Fiber Impressions on Single-Strike Film Ribbons and Typed TextASTM E2287-03 - Standard Guide for Examination of Fracture Patterns and Paper Fiber Impressions on Single-Strike Film Ribbons and Typed Text
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ASTM E2287-03 - Standard Guide for Examination of Fracture Patterns and Paper Fiber Impressions on Single-Strike Film Ribbons and Typed Text
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E2287–03
Standard Guide for
Examination of Fracture Patterns and Paper Fiber
Impressions on Single-Strike Film Ribbons and Typed Text
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2287; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Ribbon Products and Images Made Therefrom
F 909 Terminology Relating to Printers
1.1 This guide provides procedures that should be used by
F 1623 Terminology Relating to Thermal Imaging Prod-
forensic document examiners (E 444) for examinations and
ucts
comparisons involving single-strike film ribbons with typed
text and related procedures.
3. Terminology
1.2 These procedures are applicable whether the examina-
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms in this guide, refer
tion and comparison is of questioned and known items or of
to Terminology E 1732 and Terminology E 2195.
exclusively questioned items.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.3 These procedures include evaluation of the sufficiency
3.2.1 cover-up correction, n—see overprint correction.
of the material submitted for examination.
3.2.2 fracture pattern, n—the spatial arrangement of each
1.4 These procedures are also generally applicable to ex-
complementary edge formation created when a single object is
aminations of lift-off and cover-up correction tapes and sheets.
separated into two or more fragments.
1.5 These procedures may also be applicable (in whole or in
3.2.3 impact printer, n—a printer in which printing is the
part) to examinations of carbon paper and carbon copies or of
result of mechanical impacts. F 909
documents produced with certain non-impact printing devices
3.2.4 impression, n—an image formed by pressure.
(for example, printing devices using a thermal imaging transfer
3.2.5 lift-off correction, n—the removal of a typed character
ribbon).
by restriking with the same character while interposing an
1.6 The particular methods employed in a given case will
adhesive coated tape or sheet, thereby causing the imprinted
depend upon the nature of the material available for examina-
character to adhere to the coating and be stripped from the
tion.
record-medium.
1.7 This guide may not cover all aspects of unusual or
3.2.6 multi-strike film ribbon, n—a ribbon wherein the
uncommon examinations.
substrate film such as polyester is coated or impregnated with
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
an ink which allows several different imprints to be made from
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
multiple overstrikes on the same location on the ribbon, and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
still result in full characters being printed. F 221
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.7 original typed text, n—typed text imprinted onto the
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
surface of a record-medium as the result of the impact of a
2. Referenced Documents type-face striking directly or through a ribbon.
3.2.8 overprint correction, n—the removal of a typed char-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
acter from the text by restriking with the same character while
E 444 Descriptions of Scope of Work Relating to Forensic
interposing a tape or sheet coated with an opaque coating
Document Examiners
material, thereby causing the imprinted character to be covered
E 1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
by the coating.
E 2195 Terminology Relating to the Examination of Ques-
3.2.9 paper fiber impression, n—the imprint of a paper fiber
tioned Documents
in the ribbon substrate.
F 221 Terminology Relating to Carbon Paper and Inked
3.2.10 record medium, n—a piece of material, usually
paper, on which an image is recorded.
3.2.11 single-strike film ribbon, n—an inked ribbon wherein
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic
Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.02 on Questioned the substrate is a plastic film material such as polyethylene,
Documents.
Current edition approved March 10, 2003. Published April 2003.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. 3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E2287–03
where each area of the ribbon is capable of producing only one 7.3 At various points in these procedures, a determination
image. F 221 that a particular feature is not present or that an item is lacking
3.2.12 thermal imaging transfer ribbon, n—plastic film or in quality or comparability may indicate that the examiner
other material, upon which a dye or pigmented coating is should discontinue or limit the procedure(s). It is at the
applied; imaging results when a thermal printhead transfers the discretion of the examiner to discontinue the procedure at that
coating onto a suitable substrate or receptor media. F 1623 point and report accordingly or to continue with the applicable
procedures to the extent possible. The reasons for such a
4. Significance and Use
decision shall be documented.
4.1 The procedures outlined here are grounded in the
7.4 Determine whether any original typed text is present.
generally accepted body of knowledge and experience in the
7.4.1 If no original typed text is present, a paper fiber
field of forensic document examination. By following these
examination is not applicable. When the non-original typed
procedures, a forensic document examiner can reliably reach
text is of sufficient quality, a limited fracture pattern compari-
an opinion concerning whether a particular single-strike ribbon
son of gross features may be possible.
or lift-off correction tape was used in the preparation of a
7.5 Determine the type of ribbon used to prepare the typed
specific typed text.
text on the document.
7.5.1 If fabric or multi-strike film ribbon, discontinue these
5. Interferences
procedures and report ac
...

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1.3 If polymer identification is not readily apparent from optical data alone, an additional method of analysis, such as microchemical tests, melting point, IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, or pyrolysis gas chromatography, should be used. An advantage of IR spectroscopy is that the instrumentation is readily available in most forensic laboratories and the technique is minimally destructive.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practice...

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ASTM
ASTM E3254-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Use of Color in the Visual Examination and Forensic Comparison of Soil Samples

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Color is an easily observable characteristic of soils and is integral to the taxonomic classifications of soils (6-8); factors including parent material, hydrology, vegetation, and extent of soil weathering, can affect soil color, making color a valuable diagnostic tool for forensic examination purposes.  
4.2 Soil color is sufficiently variable among soils to be used for differentiation of many soils in forensic examinations (9, 10) (see Section 6 for the test method for color determination and comparison criteria) as determined by visual characterization in the Munsell color system.  
4.3 Instrumental techniques are suitable for color determination of soil evidence but are not covered within this practice.  
4.4 Color determinations of soil samples are also used within soil provenance assessments to provide investigative leads or aid in searches. Interpretation of soil color for soil provenance is case-specific and beyond the scope of this practice, but the methods of color determination (6.5.1 to 6.5.2) and documentation (6.7) described here should be applied to soil color within soil provenance cases.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers visual color determination of soil/geologic material within the context of a forensic examination and is intended for use by laboratory personnel.  
1.1.1 This practice recommends use of soil color for: the initial screening of soil samples in forensic casework, prioritization of known soil exemplars for detailed analysis, and includes a test method for color determination in the Munsell color system and comparison among samples.  
1.2 Units—Units in the Munsell color system are used throughout this document.  
1.3 This practice is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2227-23e1(Guide)
Standard Guide for Forensic Examination of Dyes in Textile Fibers by Thin-Layer Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 TLC is an inexpensive and simple technique that could be used to complement other analytical techniques within a general analytical scheme related to forensic fiber examination.  
5.2 Consider the forensic analysis of fiber colorants using TLC for single fiber comparisons only when the sample size is adequate (that is, enough colorant can be extracted for analysis) and it is not possible to discriminate between the fibers of interest using other techniques, such as comparison microscopy and MSP. Larger fibrous units (for example, thread or tuft) can be treated as an individual sample if determined to be homogeneous. Do not treat fibers that cannot be directly related to each other as a collective sample for the purposes of TLC.  
5.3 The extraction procedures carried out prior to TLC analysis can provide useful information about dye classification. TLC can provide qualitative information about dye components. Similar colors made up of different dye components can be differentiated using this technique. The application of TLC may serve to discriminate between fibers or it may support the possibility of fibers sharing a common source.  
5.4 TLC can be prohibitively difficult or undesirable in some circumstances. Short lengths of fibers or pale-colored fibers can lack adequate amounts of colorant necessary to be examined by TLC. Dye extraction from some fibers can be impossible (2, 3). Some fiber types do not truly extract, but change or lose color. Reactive dyes are covalently bonded to the fiber and typically cannot be removed by conventional extraction methods, but can be released from cotton and wool by disrupting the fiber by enzymatic or chemical digestion, respectively (1). The desire to preserve evidence from deleterious change or for possible analysis by another examiner can preclude removing the color or employing a destructive method for analysis.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended as an overview of the Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) of fiber colorants (or individual dye components) present in dyed fibers. It is intended to be applied within the scope of a broader analytical scheme for the forensic analysis of fiber samples. TLC could provide information that cannot be obtained through other color analyses (such as microspectrophotometry (MSP)) (1).2  
1.2 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework (see Practice E3255).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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