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ASTM E3254-23

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Use of Color in the Visual Examination and Forensic Comparison of Soil Samples

Standard Practice for Use of Color in the Visual Examination and Forensic Comparison of Soil Samples

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Color is an easily observable characteristic of soils and is integral to the taxonomic classifications of soils (6-8); factors including parent material, hydrology, vegetation, and extent of soil weathering, can affect soil color, making color a valuable diagnostic tool for forensic examination purposes.  
4.2 Soil color is sufficiently variable among soils to be used for differentiation of many soils in forensic examinations (9, 10) (see Section 6 for the test method for color determination and comparison criteria) as determined by visual characterization in the Munsell color system.  
4.3 Instrumental techniques are suitable for color determination of soil evidence but are not covered within this practice.  
4.4 Color determinations of soil samples are also used within soil provenance assessments to provide investigative leads or aid in searches. Interpretation of soil color for soil provenance is case-specific and beyond the scope of this practice, but the methods of color determination (6.5.1 to 6.5.2) and documentation (6.7) described here should be applied to soil color within soil provenance cases.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers visual color determination of soil/geologic material within the context of a forensic examination and is intended for use by laboratory personnel.  
1.1.1 This practice recommends use of soil color for: the initial screening of soil samples in forensic casework, prioritization of known soil exemplars for detailed analysis, and includes a test method for color determination in the Munsell color system and comparison among samples.  
1.2 Units—Units in the Munsell color system are used throughout this document.  
1.3 This practice is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2023
ICS
07.140 - Forensic science
71.040.50 - Physicochemical methods of analysis
91.100.15 - Mineral materials and products
Technical Committee
E30 - Forensic Sciences
Drafting Committee
E30.01 - Criminalistics
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E3254-23 - Standard Practice for Use of Color in the Visual Examination and Forensic Comparison of Soil SamplesASTM E3254-23 - Standard Practice for Use of Color in the Visual Examination and Forensic Comparison of Soil Samples
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ASTM E3254-23 - Standard Practice for Use of Color in the Visual Examination and Forensic Comparison of Soil Samples
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E3254 − 23 An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Use of Color in the Visual Examination and Forensic
1
Comparison of Soil Samples
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3254; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Retrieving Evidence in a Forensic Science Laboratory
E2917 Practice for Forensic Science Practitioner Training,
1.1 This practice covers visual color determination of soil/
Continuing Education, and Professional Development
geologic material within the context of a forensic examination
Programs
and is intended for use by laboratory personnel.
E3272 Guide for Collection of Soils and Other Geological
1.1.1 This practice recommends use of soil color for: the
Evidence for Criminal Forensic Applications
initial screening of soil samples in forensic casework, prioriti-
zation of known soil exemplars for detailed analysis, and
3. Terminology
includes a test method for color determination in the Munsell
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
color system and comparison among samples.
3.1.1 aggregate(s) [clump(s)], n—a group of soil particles
1.2 Units—Units in the Munsell color system are used
that cohere to each other more strongly than to other surround-
throughout this document.
ing particles.
3
1.3 This practice is intended for use by competent forensic
(1)
science practitioners with the requisite formal education,
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Soil aggregates can be natural (a ped)
discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demon-
or formed by human activities (a clod). Often the genesis of
strated proficiency to perform forensic casework.
evidentiary soil aggregates is unknown, so aggregate is often a
preferred term in descriptions of soil evidence.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.1.2 Discussion—This use of the term aggregate is dis-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
tinct from this term’s use in construction as the sand or crushed
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
rock mixed with cement to form mortar, grout, or concrete.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.2 color contrast, n—the degree of visual difference that
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
is evident between one soil color compared with another in
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
close proximity.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
(adapted from Ref (2)
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Within this practice, color contrast re-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
fers to color difference between evidentiary soil samples.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.3 color contrast classes, n—degree of color distinction
(color contrast) between colors within a soil are categorized as
2. Referenced Documents
faint, distinct and prominent.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
(2)
D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Within this practice, these contrast
E620 Practice for Reporting Opinions of Scientific or Tech-
classes are used to describe the degree of color distinction
nical Experts
between two evidentiary soil samples, whereas the United
E1492 Practice for Receiving, Documenting, Storing, and
States Department of Agriculture – National Resource Conser-
vation Service – National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS)
uses these contrast classes to describe color distinction within
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic
soil horizons. Faint color contrast is evident only on close
Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01 on Criminalistics.
examination. Distinct color contrast is readily seen but con-
Current edition approved May 1, 2023. Published May 2023. DOI: 10.1520/
trasts only moderately with the color to which it is compared.
E3254-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
the ASTM website. this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
...

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5.3 Information shall be evaluated in a flexible manner consistent with the needs of the authorizing program. This requires proper characterization of the current problem. For example, compounds may be ranked relative to the environmental criteria of the prospective alternatives, the replacement compound, and within bo...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to determine the relative environmental influence of new substances, consistent with the research and development (R&D) level of effort and is intended to be applied in a logical, tiered manner that parallels both the available funding and the stage of research, development, testing, and evaluation. Specifically, conservative assumptions, relationships, and models are recommended early in the research stage, and as the technology is matured, empirical data will be developed and used. Munition constituents are included and may include propellants, oxidizers, explosives, binders, stabilizers, metals, dyes, and other compounds used in the formulation to produce a desired effect. Munition systems range from projectiles, grenades, rockets/missiles, training simulators, to smokes and obscurants. Given the complexity of issues involved in the assessment of environmental fate and effects and the diversity of the systems used, this guide is broad in scope and not intended to address every factor that may be important in an environmental context. Rather, it is intended to reduce uncertainty at minimal cost by considering the most important factors related to human health and environmental impacts of energetic materials. This guide provides an outline for collecting data useful in a relative ranking procedure to provide the systems scientist with a sound basis for prospectively determining a selection of candidates based on environmental and human health criteria. The general principles in this guide are applicable to substances other than energetics if intended to be used in a similar manner with similar exposure profiles.  
1.2 The scope of this guide includes:  
1.2.1 Energetic and other new/novel materials and compositions in all stages of research, development, test and evaluation.  
1.2.2 Environmental assessment, including:
1.2.2.1 Human and ecological effects of the unexploded energetics and ...

  • Guide
    9 pages
    English language
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  • Guide
    9 pages
    English language
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ASTM
ASTM D8042-18(2023)(Test Method)
Test Method for Shrinkage Temperature of Wet Blue and Wet White

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to determine the temperature at which the Wet Blue or Wet White specimen experiences shrinkage. In this test method, shrinkage occurs as a result of hydrothermal denaturation of the collagen protein molecules which make up the fiber structure of the Wet Blue or Wet White. The shrinkage temperature of Wet Blue or Wet White is influenced by many different factors, most of which appear to affect the number and nature of crosslinking interactions between adjacent polypeptide chains of the collagen protein molecules. The value of the shrinkage temperature of Wet Blue or Wet White is commonly used as an indicator of the type of tannage or the degree of tannage, or both, of that particular Wet Blue or Wet White (especially for the more hydrothermally stable tannages such as chrome tannage).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shrinkage temperature of all types of Wet Blue and Wet White. The heating medium is water when the shrinkage temperature is at or below 98 °C. The heating medium is a glycerine-water solution when the shrinkage temperature is above 98 °C.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
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