ASTM D2559-00
(Specification)Standard Specification for Adhesives for Structural Laminated Wood Products for Use Under Exterior (Wet Use) Exposure Conditions
Standard Specification for Adhesives for Structural Laminated Wood Products for Use Under Exterior (Wet Use) Exposure Conditions
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers adhesives suitable for the bonding of wood, including treated wood, into structural laminated wood products for general construction, for marine use, or for other uses where a high-strength, waterproof adhesive bond is required.
1.2 The requirements of the adhesive are based on the performance of the adhesive in laminated wood as measured by:
1.2.1 Resistance to shear by compression loading,
1.2.2 Resistance to delamination during accelerated exposure to wetting and drying, and
1.2.3 Resistance to deformation under static load.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.>
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Designation: D 2559 – 00
Standard Specification for
Adhesives for Structural Laminated Wood Products for Use
Under Exterior (Wet Use) Exposure Conditions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2559; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D 4300 Test Methods for Ability of Adhesive Films to
Support or Resist the Growth of Fungi
1.1 This specification covers adhesives suitable for the
D 5266 Practice for Estimating the Percentage of Wood
bonding of wood, including treated wood, into structural
Failure in Adhesive Bonded Joints
laminated wood products for general construction, for marine
E 6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-
use, or for other uses where a high-strength, waterproof
ing
adhesive bond is required.
E 41 Terminology Relating to Conditioning
1.2 The requirements of the adhesive are based on the
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
performance of the adhesive in laminated wood as measured
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
by:
1.2.1 Resistance to shear by compression loading,
3. Terminology
1.2.2 Resistance to delamination during accelerated expo-
3.1 Definitions:
sure to wetting and drying, and
3.1.1 delamination, n—the separation of layers in a lami-
1.2.3 Resistance to deformation under static load.
nate because of failure of the adhesive, either in the adhesive
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
itself or at the interface between the adhesive and the adherend.
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
3.1.2 glulam, n—synonym for structural-glued-laminated
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
timber.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
NOTE 1—The following ASTM standards may be referred to for other
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- terms used in this specification: Nomenclature D 1165, Terminologies
D 9, E 6, and E 41.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.3 laminated wood product, n—a fabricated wood assem-
2. Referenced Documents
bly resulting from the bonding together of two or more
2.1 ASTM Standards:
laminations, all with the direction of grain essentially parallel,
D 9 Terminology Relating to Wood
to form a larger piece such as a structural member.
D 905 Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesive
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The individual laminations themselves
Bonds in Shear by Compression Loading
may be made up of two or more pieces both in width and
D 907 Terminology of Adhesives
length.
D 1165 Nomenclature of Domestic Hardwoods and Soft-
3.1.4 structural-glued-laminated timber, n—an engineered
woods
stress-related product of a timber laminating plant comprising
D 1583 Test Method for Hydrogen Ion Concentration of
assemblies of specially selected and prepared wood lamina-
Dry Adhesive Films
tions securely bonded together with adhesives, with the fol-
D 3535 Test Method for Resistance to Deformation Under
lowing characteristics: (1) the grain of all laminations is
Static Loading for Structural Wood Laminating Adhesives
approximately parallel longitudinally; and (2) the laminations
Used Under Exterior (Wet Use) Exposure Conditions
may be comprised of pieces end-joined to form any length, of
pieces placed or glued edge-to-edge to make wider ones or of
pieces bent to curved form during gluing. (Synonym glulam)
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-14 on
ANSI/AITC A190.1–1992. American National Standard for
Adhesives and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.30 on Wood
Wood Products–Structural Glued Laminated Timber (Edited to
Adhesives.
Current edition approved March 10, 2000. Published May 2000. Originally
published as D2559 – 66. Last previous edition D 2559 – 99.
2 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.10. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
3 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.06. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 2559
conform with ASTM format) 10. Selection and Preparation of Wood for Testing of
Adhesives
4. Significance and Use
10.1 Test the adhesive on the species of wood to be bonded
4.1 Structural design based on strength of material prin-
or for which it is recommended including chemically treated
ciples of the structural components, including the adhesive and
wood. The wood shall have a maximum slope of grain of 1 in
the adhesive’s potential durability, requires that the suitability
15 on any face or any edge. The wood shall contain no knots
for structural wet use exposure be predicted.
larger than 3 mm ( ⁄8 in.) in diameter and shall be free from
4.2 Performance of the adhesive for resistance to shear by
decay, machining defects (such as chipped grain, dubbed ends,
compression loading, resistance to delamination during accel-
feed roll polish, coarse knife marks, and feed roll compres-
erated aging exposure to wetting and drying, and resistance to
sion), and any drying defects such as case hardening, collapse,
deformation under load data developed by this test aid in
splits, or checks. Use only flat-grained wood.
determining if the adhesive is suitable for structural wet use.
10.2 Condition the wood at 23 6 2°C (73.46 3.6°F) and a
relative humidity of 50 to 70 % (preferably 65 %) until a
5. Classification
moisture content of 8 to 14 % or, preferably 9 to 12 %, has
5.1 The manufacturer shall classify the adhesive as to
been attained.
general type. Typical classifications include: resorcinol,
10.3 Freshly surface each lamination before bonding with
phenol-resorcinol, phenol, melamine, etc.
the adhesive to be tested. Remove at least 0.4 mm ( ⁄64 in.)
5.2 The manufacturer may be considered to be the testing
from each face within 24 h of bonding. The machining
facility certifying the adhesive.
tolerances for each lamination used in preparing the test
6. Ordering Information
samples shall be no greater than 60.25 mm (0.01 in.) between
laminations and 60.20 mm (0.008 in.) within laminations.
6.1 The manufacturer will furnish the adhesive in any
suitable form agreeable to the purchaser.
11. Preparation of Laminated Wood Test Members
7. Fillers and Extenders
11.1 Prepare six pieces of wood of the same species for each
7.1 If amylaceous or protein fillers and extenders are used, laminated wood member. Each of the six pieces shall have an
the adhesive must not only pass requirements of this specifi- average specific gravity equal to or exceeding the minimum
cation, but in addition, possess sufficient antifungal properties requirement of Table 1. Each piece of wood shall be nominal
to inhibit the growth of selected fungal species when tested in 19-mm (0.75-in.) thick lumber (Note 2) at least 140 mm
accordance with Test Method D 4300. The adhesive manufac- (5 ⁄2in.) in width and 1 m (40 in.) long. Orient the direction of
turer shall state in his bulletin whether such materials are
the annular growth rings when viewed on the end of the
present, and, if any, the approximate percentage by weight. laminations in the test beam so that they are alternated.
NOTE 2—This thickness would normally come from “nominal 1-in.
8. Chemical Requirements
lumber.”
8.1 The cured adhesive film shall develop a pH value of not
11.1.1 If equipment prevents the preparation of test beams 1
less than 2.5 when tested in accordance with Test Method
m (40 in.) in length, prepare duplicate 610-mm (24-in.)
D 1583.
laminated wood members to obtain at least an equivalent
9. Physical Requirements
number of test specimens.
9.1 The adhesive manufacturer shall furnish written instruc- 11.2 Apply the adhesive uniformly to the contacting faces of
tions stating the general chemical type of adhesive, its storage each lamination in accordance with the manufacturer’s instruc-
and mixing procedure, the method of wood preparation, and tions.
any other data which is pertinent to the use of the adhesive in 11.3 Place the laminated wood members under pressure for
the manufacture of laminated wood products. a period of time and at the glueline temperature specified by the
9.2 The adhesive must pass the tests required by this manufacturer of the adhesive.
specification for all limiting conditions recommended in the 11.4 Conditioning—Condition the laminated wood mem-
manufacturer’s bulletin. The information furnished by the bers at 23 6 2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) and a relative humidity of 50
manufacturer should include each of the following for each to 70 % (preferably 65 %) for the minimum time recommended
species of wood included in his recommendations: by the manufacturer for each curing temperature used during
9.2.1 Limits of working life, the pressure period, and test immediately.
9.2.2 Minimum and maximum open and closed assembly
12. Number of Tests
times as dictated by temperature, moisture content of the wood,
mix age, etc., as commonly encountered under mill conditions, 12.1 Prepare three laminated wood members for tests, one at
9.2.3 Minimum spread for commonly encountered stock each of the limiting conditions listed, but all other factors, as
and mill conditions, itemized in 9.1 and 9.2, shall be in accordance with the
9.2.4 Minimum cure time and temperature of glueline for manufacturer’s instructions.
complete cure, 12.1.1 Liquid adhesives:
9.2.5 Minimum pressure, and 12.1.1.1 Minimum open assembly time with minimum
9.2.6 Maximum and minimum allowable moisture content closed assembly time,
of the wood. 12.1.1.2 Maximum open assembly time with maximum
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 2559
TABLE 1 Required Shear Strength for Structural Laminated Wood Products
NOTE 1—For species other than those given, strength values shall be based on the values for shear parallel to grain at 12 % moisture content. Base
the minimum allowable specific gravity on volume for wood at 12 % moisture content. These values may be found in Table 4-2 of the Wood Handbook,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, No. 72 (1974 edition). Adjustments for changes in moisture content shall be on the basis of 3 % increase or decrease
in strength for each 1 % change in moisture content.
A
Required Shear Strength, KPa (psi)
Increase in Shear Strength Minimum Allowable Specific
Species for Each 1 % Decrease in Gravity of Solid Wood Used
Moisture Content of Wood at Test
B
Moisture Content, % for Each Lamination
8% 12% 16%
Douglas fir 8 140 (1 180) 7 380 (1 070) 6 620 (960) 1.7 0.43
Hemlock, western 8 830 (1 280) 8 070 (1 170) 7 310 (1 060) 2.5 0.41
Larch, western 10 690 (1 550) 9 730 (1 410) 8 830 (1 280) 2.9 0.55
Oak, white 15 180 (2 200) 13 800 (2 000) 12 420 (1 800) 3.4 0.68
Pine, southern 9 940 (1 440) 9 040 (1 310) 8 140 (1 180) 3.7 0.51
Redwood 7 110 (1 030) 6 490 (940) 5 860 (850) 2.3 0.40
A
Use the same shear strength values for a specific species when chemically treated wood is used.
B
Based on weight when oven dry and volume at 12 % moisture content.
closed assembly time, and shown in Fig. 1. If two “B” sections are prepared then make
12.1.1.3 Minimum open assembly time with maximum separate specimens for shear testing by preparing two-ply
closed assembly time. laminated wood members and specimens in accordance with
12.1.2 Film adhesives: Test Method D 905. Make and test these specimens from the
12.1.2.1 Minimum cure time, same species of wood, at exactly the same time, and under the
12.1.2.2 Minimum cure temperature, and same conditions as required for other test samples in this
12.1.2.3 Minimum pressure. specification.
TEST METHODS
13. Preparation of Test Samples
14. Resistance to Shear by Compression Loading
13.1 Dress the three laminated wood members, prepared in
accordance with Sections 11 and 12, on the sides to a uniform 14.1 Apparatus—The testing machine capacity is to be of
width of 127 mm (5 in.) at the completion of the conditioning about 66900 N (15 000 lb) in compression or of sufficient
period. Trim 76 mm (3 in.) off one end of each of these beams capacity to test the species of wood in use. Equip the testing
and discard it. Cut the remaining trimmed beams into five
machine with a shearing tool containing a self-aligning seat to
sections as shown in Fig. 1. Use the 102–mm (4–in.) sections ensure uniform lateral distribution of the load. The machine
labeled “A” for conducting tests in resistance to shear by
shall be capable of maintaining a uniform rate of loading such
compression loading in accordance with Section 14, and use that the load is applied with a continuous motion of the
the 254-mm (10-in.) sections labeled “B” for conducting
movable head to a maximum rate load not to exceed 13 mm
resistance to delamination tests in accordance with Section 15. (0.50 in.)/min. The shearing tool shown in Fig. 1 of Test
Discard the remaining waste trim portion. Method D 905 has been found satisfactory. Locate the testing
13.1.1 If duplicate laminated wood members are made in machine in an atmosphere such that the moisture content of the
accordance with 11.1.1 to obtain at least an equivalent number test pieces developed in accordance with 11.4 is not noticeably
of test specimens, then trim 51 mm (2 in.) off each end. Utilize altered during testing.
the remaining trimmed beam, 508 mm (20 in.) in length by 14.2 Samples:
cutting two 254-mm (10-in.) sections labeled “B” or one 14.2.1 Prepare at least six samples for testing in shear by
254-mm section “B” and two 102-mm (4-in.) sections “A” as compression loading. When stair-step shear samples are used,
FIG. 1 Laminated Test Beam
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 2559
cut two from each of the 102–mm (4–in.) sections labeled “A” nated wood members made at one manufacturing condition as
in Fig. 1. When separate laminated wood samples are made in specified in Section 12, and tested as described above shall be
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