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ASTM D2494-02

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or Tow

Standard Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or Tow

SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a measurement of the commercial mass of a shipment of yarn or manufactured staple fiber or tow. This test method applies to (1) yarn of all fiber types except silk, glass, asbestos, and bast; (2) tops and slivers of all fiber types except wool, silk, glass, asbestos, and bast; and (3) manufactured fibers or tow, except glass and other fibers used for special purposes such as flock (Note 1).
Note 1—For other test methods for measuring mass of fibrous materials, refer to Practice D 2720.
1.1.1 Sampling in this test method is primarily for use in acceptance testing rather than production control. manufactured fiber producers usually sample for the commercial "mass" of product on an on-going basis rather than each shipment to a customer.
1.2 Commercial mass has been traditionally based on one of three options depending on the state of the material: ( 1) dried, unscoured yarn, staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using commercial moisture regain in the calculations; (2) dried, scoured yarn, staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using commercial moisture regain values in the calculations; and (3) dried, scoured yarn, staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using a commercial allowance agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier in the calculations.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Sep-2002
ICS
59.080.20 - Yarns
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2494-96 - Standard Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or Man-Made Staple Fiber or Tow
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002
Replaced By
ASTM D2494-02(2010)e1 - Standard Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or Tow
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM D1907/D1907M-12(2018) - Standard Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Number) by the Skein Method
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002
Referred By
ASTM D4849-21 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002
Referred By
ASTM D2654-22 - Standard Test Methods for Moisture in Textiles
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002
Referred By
ASTM D629-15 - Standard Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002

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ASTM D2494-02 - Standard Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or TowASTM D2494-02 - Standard Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or Tow
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ASTM D2494-02 - Standard Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or Tow
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D2494–02
Standard Test Method for
Commercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or Manufactured
1
Staple Fiber or Tow
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2494; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
D1909 StandardTable of Commercial Moisture Regains for
1.1 This test method provides a measurement of the com-
Textile Fibers
mercial mass of a shipment of yarn or manufactured staple
D2257 Test Method for Extractable Matter in Textiles
fiber or tow. This test method applies to (1) yarn of all fiber
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
types except silk, glass, asbestos, and bast; (2) tops and slivers
D2720 Practice for Calculation of Commercial Weight and
of all fiber types except wool, silk, glass, asbestos, and bast;
Yield of Scoured Wool, Top, and Noil for Various Com-
and (3) manufactured fibers or tow, except glass and other
mercial Compositions
fibers used for special purposes such as flock (Note 1).
D3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,
NOTE 1—For other test methods for measuring mass of fibrous mate-
Sliver, or Tow for Testing
rials, refer to Practice D2720.
D3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems
1.1.1 Sampling in this test method is primarily for use in
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
acceptance testing rather than production control. manufac-
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
tured fiber producers usually sample for the commercial
2.2 AATCC Standard:
“mass” of product on an on-going basis rather than each
150 Dimensional Changes in Automatic Home Laundering
3
shipment to a customer.
of Woven Garments
1.2 Commercialmasshasbeentraditionallybasedononeof
3. Terminology
three options depending on the state of the material: (1) dried,
unscoured yarn, staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using commer-
3.1 Definitions:
cialmoistureregaininthecalculations;(2)dried,scouredyarn,
3.1.1 commercial allowance (CA), n—an arbitrary value,
staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using commercial moisture
equal to the commercial moisture regain, plus a specified
regain values in the calculations; and (3) dried, scoured yarn,
allowanceforfinish,usedwiththemassofscoured,oven-dried
staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using a commercial allowance
yarn, to compute (1) yarn linear density, (2) the commercial or
agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier in the
legal mass of a shipment or delivery of any specific textile
calculations.
material (see also commercial moisture regain), or (3) the mass
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of a specific component in the analysis of fiber blends.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.2 commercial mass, n—billed mass (weight) as deter-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
mined by a generally accepted method or as agreed upon
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
between the purchaser and the seller.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The basis for determining the commer-
cial mass of a shipment of yarn or manufactured fibers is
2. Referenced Documents
generally one of the following:
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
(1) CAS Basis (commercial allowance with scoured
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
material)—themassofoven-dryfiberoryarnafterscouringby
definite prescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to its
commercial allowance.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
(2) CMRS Basis (commercial moisture regain with scoured
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarn Test Methods,
material)—themassofoven-dryfiberoryarnafterscouringby
General.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2002. Published November 2002. Originally
definite prescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to its
published as D2494 – 66 T. Last previous edition D2494 – 96. DOI: 10.1520/
commercial moisture regain.
D2494-02.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists,
the ASTM website. P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2494–02
(3) CMRU Basis (commercial moisture re
...

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5.1 This is a quick method used for the determination of the approximate yarn number of short-length specimens taken from packages or fabrics.  
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5.5 This test method is designed to measure the yarn number of the single yarns present as a component of a plied yarn and the yarn number of the original single yarns used to produce a high twist yarn for a crepe fabric.  
5.6 This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing because of the short lengths used. In some cases, the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method, even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.  
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5.1 Test Method D6774, for determining maximum total contraction, crimp, and residual fiber shrinkage in textured filament yarns is suitable for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.  
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5.1 Test Method D6612 for yarn number and yarn number variability is satisfactory for acceptance of commercial shipments and is used in the trade.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for each comparative tests should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that results in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established tests values are used for this purpose. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begins, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.1.2 The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.2 Test Method D6612 also is used for the quality control of filament yarns.  
5.3 Indices of Variability:  
5.3.1 Coefficient of Variation—%CV is a standard statistical calculation and is the most common index of yarn unevenness. For most textile applications in the 80 to 330 dtex (70 to 300 denier) range, a 1.0 to 1.3 %CV is adequate. %CV of yarns coarser than 666 dtex (600 denier) is not routine and usually not meaningful. %CV is less discriminating that %DS.  
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1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore to ensure conformance with this standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D1423/D1423M-16(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1423 for testing twist in yarns by direct-counting is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum use the samples for such comparative tests as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material that resulted in the disparate test results and randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The determination of twist in a straight section of a yarn is not the simple straightforward operation it appears to be, for the test results may be greatly influenced by variations in test procedures and techniques. In all manipulations, extreme care is necessary to prevent specimen rotation altering the twist level before testing begins.  
5.3 The twist in a yarn before it is packaged may be different from that of the yarn after it has been withdrawn from the package because of changes in tension and the effect of the method of withdrawal. If the yarn is withdrawn over-end, a slight increase or decrease in twist will take place, depending upon the direction of the twist in the yarn, the direction of winding on the package, and the length of the wrap on the package.  
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1.3 This test method is not intended for yarns that extend more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex [0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex]. Following the procedures of this test method for such yarns would be independent of the bias and precision determined for this test method. The report from such testing should include the tension used for this testing.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
Note 1: For a more rapid but less accurate method of determining twist in single spun yarns, refer to Test Method D1422.
Note 2: This test method has been evaluated for use in de...

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ASTM D2258/D2258M-16(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.  
5.2.1 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define suitable production lots based on one or more of the following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, production equipment or production line, operator, designated shipment, production run, or a combination herein.  
5.2.2 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define sampling and testing frequency based on the following: process capability or capability analysis, historical trends, level of detection rate required, confidence level requirements, known variations or special causes, or both. Every attempt to ensure conforming product is being produced, identify potential nonconforming product or proper isolation and identification, will be carried out by the manufacturer.  
5.2.3 Sampling count and number of specimens will be based on standard practice listed within the document. Increase or decrease in count or frequency might be applied based on typical standard deviation, precision and confidence level, Measurement System...
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1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the division of shipments of yarn into test lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.  
1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.  
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however, when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the resultant sampling can only be used to determine the characteristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the characteristics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the characteristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the fabric manufacturing process.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...

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ASTM D3693-02(2021)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Labeled Length per Holder of Sewing Thread

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for the labeled lengths per holder of sewing threads of all materials. The test specimen is a thread holder whether a cone, tube, spool, ready-made bobbin, or any other holders. The observed length for all holders such as home sewing spools, ready-made bobbins, or all other holders which depends on the sampling size shall equal or exceed a certain percentage of the minimum allowable labeled length.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for the labeled lengths of sewing threads of all materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2731-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Elastic Properties of Elastomeric Yarns (CRE Type Tensile Testing Machines)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Force at Specified Elongation (FASE) is a measure of the tensile force occurring while extending a textile material within specified limits. This characteristic of elastomeric yarn indicates the resistance that will have to be overcome by the wearer while putting on a garment made of the material and is also an indication of the garment's resistance to deformation caused by normal body movements during wear. The elongations used for these measurements are typically 100 %, 200 % and 300 %.  
5.3 Permanent Deformation (set) is a measure of the increase in length of an elastomeric yarn resulting from cyclic stretching and relaxation. The characteristic is a visible indication of the realignment of intermolecular bonds within the elastic material. As with stress decay, the amount of set increases with yarn extension; however, for any particular extension, little or no additional set takes place after...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of elastic properties of “as produced” elastomeric yarns made from rubber, spandex or other elastomers. Elastic properties include force at specified elongations, permanent deformation and stress decay. Other hysteresis related properties can be calculated.
Note 1: For a method designed specifically for testing rubber threads, refer to Test Method D2433.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable to covered, wrapped, or core-spun yarns or yarns spun from elastomeric staple.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to elastomeric yarns having a range of 40 to 3200 dtex (36 to 2900 denier).  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. Customary units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the U.S. Customary units are in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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