ASTM D5344-22

Standard Test Method for Extension Force of Partially Oriented Yarn

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results are obtained, and are assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Elapsed time between spinning and testing has a marked effect on the results of the draw tension test, especially during the first 24 h. Therefore, if tested within 24 h of spinning, specimens should be compared only if tested after the same elapsed time. No specimen should be tested within 4 h of spinning because the aging process is at its most rapid rate during this period, and the differences in rate due to fiber structure are most pronounced.  
5.3 The extension force of manufactured filament yarns is related to the alignment of the molecules in the yarn filaments, which influences the yarn processing behavior. Knowledge of this property of partially oriented yarn is useful to determine processing conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of extension force developed while drawing a partially oriented filament yarn between pairs of draw rolls of different surface speeds.  
1.2 Extension force provides an estimate of the yarn orientation.  
1.3 This test method applies to partially oriented filament yarns less than 33.3 tex (300 denier), but it can be used for higher deniers by applying the test conditions as directed in Appendix X1.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2022
• ICS: 59.080.20 - Yarns
• Technical Committee: D13 - Textiles
• Drafting Committee: D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D4849-13(2018) - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2018
• Refers: ASTM D123-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2017
• Refers: ASTM D123-15b - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-Sep-2015
• Refers: ASTM D123-15a - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2015
• Refers: ASTM D123-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2015
• Refers: ASTM D4849-13e2 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2013
• Refers: ASTM D4849-13e3 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2013
• Refers: ASTM D4849-13 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2013
• Refers: ASTM D4849-13e1 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2013
• Refers: ASTM D123-13ae1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2013
• Refers: ASTM D123-13a - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2013
• Refers: ASTM D123-13 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 15-May-2013
• Refers: ASTM D2258-99(2012) - Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2012
• Refers: ASTM D123-12 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2012
• Refers: ASTM D123-12e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2012

Overview

ASTM D5344-22: Standard Test Method for Extension Force of Partially Oriented Yarn is a key international standard developed by ASTM for assessing the extension force developed during the drawing process of partially oriented filament yarns. This method measures the force required to draw a yarn between pairs of draw rolls operating at different surface speeds, providing an estimate of yarn orientation. With wide acceptance in the commercial textile trade, this standard ensures reliable, repeatable results-crucial for quality control, shipment acceptance, and research in the yarn and textile industry.

Key Topics

• Test Method Scope: Measures extension force of partially oriented filament yarns (typically less than 33.3 tex or 300 denier), but can be adapted for higher deniers.
• Precision and Bias: Recognized for its reliability and reproducibility, the method is suitable for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, with guidelines for interlaboratory comparisons and statistical bias correction.
• Sample Preparation: Emphasizes proper sample selection, conditioning, and handling to ensure homogeneity and avoid nonrepresentative results.
• Test Apparatus: Involves a specialized instrument capable of pretensioning, heating, and drawing yarn at controlled speeds, while accurately recording extension force.
• Test Conditions: Specifies standard atmospheres and test settings (speed, heat, draw ratio) and references procedures for test optimization.
• Result Reporting: Outlines data reporting requirements, including lot and package identification, sampling protocols, test conditions, and statistical evaluation.

Applications

ASTM D5344-22 provides a framework for critical yarn properties assessment, with practical applications including:

• Yarn Quality Control: Enables manufacturers and buyers to verify the processing behavior and mechanical integrity of partially oriented yarns, especially polyester, nylon, and polypropylene.
• Commercial Shipment Inspection: Forms the basis for acceptance or rejection of yarn shipments based on standardized, verifiable extension force results.
• Process Optimization: Offers valuable data concerning the molecular alignment and orientation in yarn filaments, guiding adjustments in spinning, drawing, and texturing operations for optimal product performance.
• Interlaboratory Comparison: Establishes procedures for validating and correcting interlaboratory discrepancies, aiding consistency across the supply chain.
• Research and Development: Provides a baseline for developing new filament yarns and improving existing textile processes.

Related Standards

The ASTM D5344-22 standard references several other industry benchmarks, supporting comprehensive yarn testing and quality management:

• ASTM D123: Terminology Relating to Textiles - essential for understanding standardized terms used throughout D5344.
• ASTM D1776: Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles - stipulates environmental conditions for sample preparation.
• ASTM D2258: Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing - details procedures for random and representative sampling.
• ASTM D4849: Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers - provides additional definitions for clarity in reporting and documentation.

Practical Value

By adhering to ASTM D5344-22, textile professionals ensure precise, reliable measurement of extension force in partially oriented filament yarns, enhancing quality assurance, production efficiency, and customer satisfaction. This standard supports international trade by offering a clear, reproducible method aligned with WTO Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) principles, fostering consistency and trust across global textile markets.

Keywords

extension force, partially oriented yarn, ASTM D5344, filament yarn testing, yarn orientation, textile quality control, draw force, yarn test method, yarn sampling, textile standards

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5344 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Extension Force of Partially Oriented Yarn
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5344; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of extension
drawn 2008)
force developed while drawing a partially oriented filament
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
yarn between pairs of draw rolls of different surface speeds. 3
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
1.2 Extension force provides an estimate of the yarn orien-
tation.
3. Terminology
1.3 This test method applies to partially oriented filament
3.1 For terminology related to yarn test methods refer to
yarns less than 33.3 tex (300 denier), but it can be used for
Terminology D4849.
higher deniers by applying the test conditions as directed in
3.2 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
Appendix X1.
drawing;drawratio(DR);drawtexturing;extension;extension
force; partially oriented yarn.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
3.3 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
information only.
method refer to Terminology D123.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4. Summary of Test Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 Partially oriented filament yarn withdrawn from a pack-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
age is pretensioned, heated, and drawn on an instrument under
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
conditions similar to those used in the draw-texturing process.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Atension measuring head senses the force required to draw the
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
running yarn a specified amount of its original length under
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
given conditions.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
5. Significance and Use
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
tance testing of commercial shipments because current esti-
mates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the
2. Referenced Documents method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance be-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
assistance. As a minimum, the test samples to be used are as
homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from
which the disparate test results are obtained, and are assigned
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
Other materials with established test values may be used for
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2022. Published December 2022. Originally
this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D5344–99 (2017).
be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a
DOI: 10.1520/D5344-22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5344 − 22
NOTE 1—Preconditioning is generally not advisable because it prolongs
probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is
the time required for conditioning.
found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future
test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known
8.2 Bring the specimens in package form to moisture
bias. equilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere for testing
textiles 21 6 1°C (70 6 2°F) and 65 6 2 % relative humidity
5.2 Elapsedtimebetweenspinningandtestinghasamarked
in accordance with Practice D1776. A 24-h period is usually
effect on the results of the draw tension test, especially during
sufficient.
the first 24 h. Therefore, if tested within 24 h of spinning,
specimens should be compared only if tested after the same
9. Procedure
elapsed time. No specimen should be tested within4hof
spinning because the aging process is at its most rapid rate
9.1 Perform all tests in the standard atmosphere for testing
during this period, and the differences in rate due to fiber
textiles, which is 21 °C 61°Cor70°F 6 2 °F and 65° 62%
structure are most pronounced.
relative humidity.
5.3 The extension force of manufactured filament yarns is
9.2 Calibrate the test instrument as specified by the manu-
related to the alignment of the molecules in the yarn filaments,
facturer. Test certified control packages and evaluate them
which influences the yarn processing behavior. Knowledge of
using statistical procedures to verify calibration.
this property of partially oriented yarn is useful to determine
9.3 Test Conditions:
processing conditions.
9.3.1 Use the test conditions as specified in Table 1 for to
the instrument being used. The use of these conditions will
6. Apparatus
allow for the direct comparison of test results from the two
6.1 An Extension Force Measuring Instrument will per-
instruments.
form the test on a running threadline. The instrument should
includethefollowing:(1)aninputsectiontowithdrawtheyarn NOTE 2—Due to the difference in heater length on commercially
available test instruments, the draw roll speed is different to maintain the
from a package and position the yarn for delivery to the
same dwell time of the yarn in the heater. It is important to maintain the
drawing section and establish constant tension, (2) a drawing
same dwell time in the heater at a given heat to assure reproducible data
sectionthatshouldincludeaconstantheatsourcetoprovidefor
for extension force test.
the extension of the yarn, and (3) a means of recording the
NOTE 3—For conditions other than those given in 9.3.1, see Appendix
force required to draw the yarn.
X1 for test condition optimization, which provides for direct comparison
between users.
7. Sampling and Test Specimens
9.4 Procedure for Testing Specimens:
7.1 Primary Sampling Unit—Consider shipping containers
9.4.1 Removesurfaceyarnfromtheoutsideofeachpackage
of yarns to be the primary sampling unit.
immediately before the test is run to remove damaged or
disturbed yarn.
7.2 LaboratorySamplingUnit—Fromthecombinednumber
9.4.2 Mount the test package on a suitable holder.
of primary sampling units in a designated lot, take ten
9.4.3 Turn the instrument on.
randomly selected packages as
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5344 − 99 (Reapproved 2017) D5344 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Extension Force of Partially Oriented Yarn
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5344; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of extension force developed while drawing a partially oriented filament yarn
between pairs of draw rolls of different surface speeds.
1.2 Extension force provides an estimate of the yarn orientation.
1.3 This test method applies to partially oriented filament yarns less than 33.3 tex (300 denier), but it can be used for higher deniers
by applying the test conditions as directed in Appendix X1.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (Withdrawn 2008)
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
3. Terminology
3.1 For terminology related to yarn test methods refer to Terminology D4849.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
Current edition approved July 1, 2017Nov. 1, 2022. Published July 2017December 2022. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 20112017 as
D5344–99(2011).D5344–99 (2017). DOI: 10.1520/D5344-99R17.10.1520/D5344-22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5344 − 22
3.2 The following terms are relevant to this standard: drawing; draw ratio (DR); draw texturing; extension; extension force;
partially oriented yarn.
3.3 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test method refer to Terminology D123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Partially oriented filament yarn withdrawn from a package is pretensioned, heated, and drawn on an instrument under
conditions similar to those used in the draw-texturing process. A tension measuring head senses the force required to draw the
running yarn a specified amount of its original length under given conditions.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of
between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests
should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum,
the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results are
obtained, and are assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values
may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired
data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future
test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
5.2 Elapsed time between spinning and testing has a marked effect on the results of the draw tension test, especially during the
first 24 h. Therefore, if tested within 24 h of spinning, specimens should be compared only if tested after the same elapsed time.
No specimen should be tested within 4 h of spinning because the aging process is at its most rapid rate during this period, and the
differences in rate due to fiber structure are most pronounced.
5.3 The extension force of manufactured filament yarns is related to the alignment of the molecules in the yarn filaments, which
influences the yarn processing behavior. Knowledge of this property of partially oriented yarn is useful to determine processing
conditions.
6. Apparatus
4,
6.1 An Extension Force Measuring Instrument,Instrument which will will perform the test on a running threadline. ThisThe
instrument should include the following: (1) an input section to withdraw the yarn from a package and position the yarn for
delivery to the drawing section and establish constant tension, (2) a drawing section that should include a constant heat source to
provide for the extension of the yarn, and (3) a means of recording the force required to draw the yarn.
7. Sampling and Test Specimens
7.1 Primary Sampling Unit—Consider shipping containers of yarns to be the primary sampling unit.
7.2 Laboratory Sampling Unit—From the combined number of primary sampling units in a designated lot, take ten randomly
selected packages as directed in Practice D2258 as laboratory sampling units.
7.3 Test Specimens—For acceptance testing, take one test specimen from each laboratory sampling unit. For nylon and polyester,
use a 50-m test length. For polypropylene, use a 100-m 100 m test length.
DYNAFIL, available from Lawson-Hemphill 1658 G A R Highway, Suite 6, Swansea, MA 02777, has been found suitable. Textechno Herbert Stein GmbH & Co. KG,
Dohrweg 65, 41066 Mönchengladbach, Germany. Commerical Draw Force Test Instruments are available.
DTI, available from W. Fritz Mezger, Inc., 155 Hall Street, Spartanburg, SC 29302–1523, has been found suitable. Lenzing Instruments GmbH & Co KG, Bundesstrasse
1a, A-4860, Lenzing, Austria.
D5344 − 22
8. Conditioning
8.1 Prior to conditioning, prepare the test packages by removing at least 100 m (10 yds) of yarn from the outside of each test
package to avoid testing nonrepresentative yarn. No preconditioning is required.
NOTE 1—Preconditioning is generally not advisable because it prolongs the time required for conditioning.
8.2 Bring the specimens in package form to moisture equilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles 216
21 6 1°C (70 6 2°F) and 65 6 2 % relative humidity in accordance with Practice D1776. A 24-h period is usually sufficient.
9. Procedure
9.1 Perform all tests in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles, which is 2121 °C 6 1°C1 °C or 7070 °F 6 2°F2 °F and 65°
6 2 % relative humidity.
9.2 Calibrate the test instrument as specified by the manufacturer. Test certified control packages and evaluate them using
statistical procedures to verify calibration.
9.3 Test Conditions:
9.3.1 Use the test conditions as specified in Table 1 for to the instrument being used. The use of these conditions will allow for
the direct comparison of test results from the two instruments.
NOTE 2—Due to the difference in heater length on the twocommercially available tes
...