ASTM D5450/D5450M-93(2006)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Transverse Tensile Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
Standard Test Method for Transverse Tensile Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used to produce transverse tensile property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors which influence the transverse tensile response and should, therefore, be reported are: material, methods of material preparation, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume fraction. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method include:
5.1.1 Transverse Tensile Strength,
5.1.2 Transverse Tensile Strain at Failure,
5.1.3 Transverse Tensile Modulus of Elasticity, E22, and
5.1.4 Poisson’Ratio, υ21.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the transverse tensile properties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop wound (90°) cylinders in axial tension for determination of transverse tensile properties.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D5450/D5450M – 93 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Method for
Transverse Tensile Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer
Matrix Composite Cylinders
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5450/D5450M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite
Materials
1.1 This test method determines the transverse tensile prop-
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
erties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by
D5229/D5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption
high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop
Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Ma-
wound (90°) cylinders in axial tension for determination of
trix Composite Materials
transverse tensile properties.
D5448/D5448M Test Method for Inplane Shear Properties
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
D5449/D5449M Test Method for Transverse Compressive
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in
Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
Cylinders
must be used independently of the other. Combining values
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
E6 TerminologyRelatingtoMethodsofMechanicalTesting
standard.
E111 Test Method forYoung’s Modulus,Tangent Modulus,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and Chord Modulus
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
of a Lot or Process
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E132 Test Method for Poisson’s Ratio at Room Tempera-
2. Referenced Documents
ture
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ASTM Test Methods
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
E251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Me-
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
tallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gauges
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Resins
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
D2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plas-
E1012 PracticeforVerificationofTestFrameandSpecimen
tics
Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force
Application
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
E1237 GuideforInstallingBondedResistanceStrainGages
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on
Lamina and Laminate Test Methods.
3. Terminology
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2006. Published January 2006. Originally
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms relating
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D5450/D5450M–93
(2000). DOI: 10.1520/D5450_D5450M-93R06.
to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
D883definestermsrelatingtoplastics.TerminologyE6defines
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
terms relating to mechanical testing. Terminology E456 and
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Practice E177 define terms relating to statistics. In the event of
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5450/D5450M – 93 (2006)
a conflict between terms, Terminology D3878 shall have damage induced by improper coupon machining are known
precedence over other standards. causes of high material data scatter in composites.
3.2 Descriptions of Terms: 6.2 Bonding Specimens to Test Fixtures—Ahighpercentage
3.2.1 hoop wound, n—awindingofacylindricalcomponent of failures in or near the bond between the test specimen and
where the filaments are circumferentially oriented. the test fixtures, especially when combined with high material
3.2.2 specimen, n—a single part cut from a winding. Each data scatter, is an indicator of specimen bonding problems.
winding may yield several specimens. Specimen to fixture bonding is discussed in 11.5.
−2 −1
3.2.3 transverse tensile elastic modulus, E [MT L ], 6.3 System Alignment—Excessive bending may cause pre-
n—the tensile elastic modulus of a unidirectional material in mature failure, as well as highly inaccurate modulus of
the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers. elasticity determination. Every effort should be made to elimi-
ut
nate excess bending from the test system. Bending may occur
3.2.4 transverse tensile strain at failure, ´ [nd], n—the
value of strain, perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers in a due to misaligned grips, misaligned specimens in the test
fixtures, or from departures of the specimen from tolerance
unidirectionalmaterial,atfailurewhenatensileloadisapplied
in the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers. requirements. The alignment should always be checked as
ut −2 −1
discussed in 12.2.
3.2.5 transverse tensile strength, s ,[MT L ], n—the
strength of a unidirectional material when a tensile load is
7. Apparatus
applied in the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.
3.2.6 winding, n—an entire part completed by one winding 7.1 Micrometers, suitable ball type for reading to within
operation and then cured. 0.025 6 0.010 mm [0.001 6 0.0004 in.] of the specimen inner
and outer diameters. Flat anvil type micrometer or calipers of
4. Summary of Test Method
similar resolution may be used for the overall specimen length
4.1 Athin walled hoop wound cylinder nominally 100 mm
and the gage length (the free length between the fixtures).
[4 in.] in diameter and 140 mm [5.5 in.] in length is bonded
7.2 Tension Fixture—The tension fixture consists of a steel
into two end fixtures. The specimen/fixture assembly is
outershell,insert,loadrod,andsphericalwasher.Anassembly
mounted in the testing machine and monotonically loaded in
drawing for these components and the test fixture is seen in
tension while recording load. The transverse tensile strength
Fig. 1.
can be determined from the maximum load carried prior to
7.2.1 Outer Shell—The outer shell (metric units Fig. 2,
failure. If the cylinder strain is monitored with strain gages,
english units Fig. 3) is circular with a concentric circular
then the stress-strain response of the material can be deter-
hollow in one face, a grove along the diameter of the other
mined. From the stress-strain response the transverse tensile
face, and a center hole through the thickness. Along the
strain at failure, transverse tensile modulus of elasticity, and
diameter perpendicular to the grove, three pairs of small
Poisson’s ratio can be derived.
eccentric holes are placed at three radial distances. The two
outer pairs of holes are threaded. Four additional threaded
5. Significance and Use
holes are placed at the same radial distance as the innermost
5.1 This test method is used to produce transverse tensile
pair of holes, at ninety degree intervals starting forty-five
property data for material specifications, research and devel-
degreesfromthediameterthatpassesthroughthecentergrove.
opment, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis.
7.2.2 Insert—Thefixtureinsertiscircularwithacenterhole
Factors which influence the transverse tensile response and
throughthethickness(metricunitsFig.4,englishunitsFig.5).
should, therefore, be reported are: material, methods of mate-
Two sets of holes are placed along a concentric centerline.
rial preparation, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning,
These holes align with the innermost set of holes in the outer
environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping,
shell. The set of four holes at ninety degree intervals are
speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume fraction.
Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from
this test method include:
ut
5.1.1 Transverse Tensile Strength, s ,
ut
5.1.2 Transverse Tensile Strain at Failure, ´ ,
5.1.3 Transverse Tensile Modulus of Elasticity, E , and
5.1.4 Poisson’s Ratio, y .
6. Interference
6.1 Material and Specimen Preparation—Poor material
fabrication practices, lack of control of fiber alignment, and
If the term represents a physical quantity, its analytical dimensions are stated
immediately following the term (or letter symbol) in fundamental dimension form,
usingthefollowingASTMstandardsymbologyforfundamentaldimensions,shown
within square brackets: [M] for mass, [L] for length, [T] for time, [u] for
thermodynamic temperature, and [nd] for non-dimensional quantities. Use of these
symbolsisrestrictedtoanalyticaldimensionswhenusedwithsquarebrackets,asthe
symbols may have other definitions when used without the brackets. FIG. 1 Assembly Drawing for Tension Fixture and Specimen
D5450/D5450M – 93 (2006)
FIG. 4 The Insert of the Tensile Fixture in Metric Units
FIG. 2 The Outer Shell of the Tension Fixture in Metric Units
FIG. 5 The Insert of the Tensile Fixture in English Units
7.3.3 Drive Mechanism,forimpartingtothemovablemem-
ber a uniform controlled velocity with respect to the fixed
FIG. 3 The Outer Shell of the Tension Fixture in English Units
member, this velocity to be regulated as specified in 11.6.
counterbored. The insert is fastened inside the hollow of the 7.3.4 Load Indicator—A suitable load-indicating mecha-
outer shell to form the concentric grove used to put the nism capable of showing the total tensile load carried by the
specimen in the fixture (Fig. 1). test specimen. This mechanism shall be essentially free of
7.2.3 Load Rod and Spherical Washers—Two spherical inertia-lag at the specified rate of testing and shall indicate the
washers for self alignment are placed over a 0.750-UNC- load within an accuracy of 61% of the actual value, or better.
2A 36.0 inch load rod. The load rod is then slid through the The accuracy of the testing machine shall be verified in
center hole of the outer shell and insert assembly as illustrated accordance with Practice E4.
in Fig. 1. 7.3.5 Construction Materials—The fixed member, movable
7.2.4 Theoutershellandinsertforthetensionfixturearethe member, drive mechanism, and fixtures shall be constructed of
same outer shell and insert used for the fixtures in Test such materials and in such proportions that the total longitu-
Methods D5448/D5448M and D5449/D5449M. dinal deformation of the system contributed by these parts is
7.3 Testing Machine, comprised of the following: minimized.
7.3.1 Fixed Member—A fixed or essentially stationary 7.4 Strain-Indicating Device—Load versus strain data shall
member to which one end of the tension specimen/fixture be determined by means of bonded resistance strain gages.
assembly, shown in Fig. 1, can be attached. Each strain gage shall be 6.3 mm [0.25 in.] in length. The
7.3.2 Movable Member—A movable member to which the specimen shall be instrumented to measure strain in both the
opposite end of the tension specimen/fixture assembly, shown axial and circumferential directions to determine Poisson’s
in Fig. 1, can be attached. ratio. Strain gage rosettes (0°/45°/90°) shall be used to correct
D5450/D5450M – 93 (2006)
for gage misalignment. Gage calibration certification shall use of fewer specimens, such as in the case of a designed
complywithTestMethodE251.Someguidelinesontheuseof experiment. For statistically significant data, the procedures
strain gages on composites are as follows.Ageneral reference outlined in Practice E122 should be consulted. The method of
on the subject is Tuttle and Brinson. sampling shall be reported.
7.4.1 Surface Preparation—The surface preparation of 8.2 Geometry—The test specimen shall be as shown in Fig.
fiber-reinforced composites, discussed in Practice E1237, can 6. The length of all specimens shall be 140 mm [5.5 in.]. This
penetrate the matrix material and cause damage to the rein- providesagagelengthof102mm[4.0in.].Theinnerdiameter
forcing fibers, resulting in improper coupon failures. Reinforc- of all specimens shall be 102 6 4 mm [4.000 6 0.015 in.].
ingfibersshouldnotbeexposedordamagedduringthesurface Specimens may be fabricated on a tapered mandrel yielding a
preparation process. The strain gage manufacturer should be maximum taper over the specimen length of 0.0005 mm/mm
consulted regarding surface preparation guidelines and recom- [in./in.] on the diameter. The specimens shall have a nominal
mended bonding agents for composites, pending the develop- wall thickness of 2 mm [0.08 in.], the actual thickness to be
ment of a set of standard practices for strain gage installation specifiedbythewindingparametersandshallbemaintainedas
surface preparation of fiber-reinforced composite materials. the test specimen is wound and cured.
7.4.2 Gage Resistance—Consideration should be given to 8.3 Winding—Allspecimensshallbehoopwound(approxi-
the selection of gages having larger resistance to reduce mately 90°) with a single tow and enough layers to meet the
heating effects on low-conductivity materials. Resistances of thickness criterion previously described.
350Vorhigherarepreferred.Additionalconsiderationsshould
9. Calibration
be given to the use of the minimum possible gage excitation
voltage consistent with the desired accuracy (1 to 2 volts is
9.1 The accuracy of all measuring equipment shall have
recommended) to further reduce the power consumed by the
certified calibrations that are current at the time the equipment
gage. Heating of the coupon by the gage may affect the
is used.
performance of the material directly, or it may affect the
indicated strain due to a difference between the gage tempera-
10. Conditioning
ture compensation factor and the coefficient of thermal expan-
10.1 Standard Conditioning Procedure— Unless a different
sion of the coupon material.
environment is specified as part of the experiment, the test
7.4.3 Temperature Consid
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