ASTM D5450/D5450M-93(2000)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Transverse Tensile Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
Standard Test Method for Transverse Tensile Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the transverse tensile properties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop wound (90°) cylinders in axial tension for determination of transverse tensile properties.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 5450/D 5450M – 93 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Test Method for
Transverse Tensile Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer
Matrix Composite Cylinders
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5450/D5450M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D5449/D5449M TestMethodforTransverseCompressive
Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite
1.1 This test method determines the transverse tensile prop-
Cylinders
erties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-
wound (90°) cylinders in axial tension for determination of
ing
transverse tensile properties.
E111 TestMethodforYoung’sModulus,TangentModulus,
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
and Chord Modulus
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
E122 PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimatewith
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in
a Specified Tolerable Error, theAverage for a Characteris-
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
tic of a Lot or Process
must be used independently of the other. Combining values
E132 Test Method for Poisson’s Ratio at Room Tempera-
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
ture
standard.
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ASTM Test Methods
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
2. Referenced Documents Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E1012 Practice for Verification of Specimen Alignment
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Under Tensile Loading
D792 TestMethodsforDensityandSpecificGravity(Rela-
E 1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
Gages
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
3. Terminology
Resins
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms relat-
D2734 Test Method for Void Content of Reinforced Plas-
3 ing to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology
tics
D883 defines terms relating to plastics. Terminology E6
D3171 Test Method for Constituent Content of Composite
4 defines terms relating to mechanical testing. Terminology
Materials
E456 and Practice E177 define terms relating to statistics. In
D3878 Terminology of Composite Materials
the event of a conflict between terms, Terminology D3878
D5229/D5229M Test Methods for Moisture Absorption
shall have precedence over other standards.
Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Ma-
3.2 Descriptions of Terms:
trix Composite Materials
D5448/D5448M TestMethodforInplaneShearProperties
of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
1 7
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on High If the term represents a physical quantity, its analytical dimensions are stated
Modulus Fibers and Their Composites and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- immediately following the term (or letter symbol) in fundamental dimension form,
mittee D30.04 on Lamina and Laminate Test Methods. usingthefollowingASTMstandardsymbologyforfundamentaldimensions,shown
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 1993. Published October 1993. within square brackets: [M] for mass, [L] for length, [T] for time, [u] for
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01. thermodynamic temperature, and [nd] for non-dimensional quantities. Use of these
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02. symbolsisrestrictedtoanalyticaldimensionswhenusedwithsquarebrackets,asthe
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.03. symbols may have other definitions when used without the brackets.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 5450/D 5450M – 93 (2000)
3.2.1 hoop wound, n—awindingofacylindricalcomponent elasticity determination. Every effort should be made to elimi-
where the filaments are circumferentially oriented. nate excess bending from the test system. Bending may occur
3.2.2 specimen, n—a single part cut from a winding. Each due to misaligned grips, misaligned specimens in the test
winding may yield several specimens. fixtures, or from departures of the specimen from tolerance
−2 −1
3.2.3 transverse tensile elastic modulus, E [MT L ], requirements. The alignment should always be checked as
n—the tensile elastic modulus of a unidirectional material in discussed in 12.2.
the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.
ut
3.2.4 transverse tensile strain at failure, e [nd], n—the 7. Apparatus
value of strain, perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers in a
7.1 Micrometers, suitable ball type for reading to within
unidirectionalmaterial,atfailurewhenatensileloadisapplied
0.025 6 0.010 mm [0.001 6 0.0004 in.] of the specimen inner
in the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.
and outer diameters. Flat anvil type micrometer or calipers of
ut −2 −1
3.2.5 transverse tensile strength, s ,[MT L ], n—the
similar resolution may be used for the overall specimen length
strength of a unidirectional material when a tensile load is
and the gage length (the free length between the fixtures).
applied in the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.
7.2 Tension Fixture—The tension fixture consists of a steel
3.2.6 winding, n—an entire part completed by one winding
outershell,insert,loadrod,andsphericalwasher.Anassembly
operation and then cured.
drawing for these components and the test fixture is seen in
Fig. 1.
4. Summary of Test Method
7.2.1 Outer Shell—The outer shell (metric units Fig. 2,
4.1 Athin walled hoop wound cylinder nominally 100 mm
english units Fig. 3) is circular with a concentric circular
[4 in.] in diameter and 140 mm [5.5 in.] in length is bonded
hollow in one face, a grove along the diameter of the other
into two end fixtures. The specimen/fixture assembly is
face, and a center hole through the thickness. Along the
mounted in the testing machine and monotonically loaded in
diameter perpendicular to the grove, three pairs of small
tension while recording load. The transverse tensile strength
eccentric holes are placed at three radial distances. The two
can be determined from the maximum load carried prior to
outer pairs of holes are threaded. Four additional threaded
failure. If the cylinder strain is monitored with strain gages,
holes are placed at the same radial distance as the innermost
then the stress-strain response of the material can be deter-
pair of holes, at ninety degree intervals starting forty-five
mined. From the stress-strain response the transverse tensile
degreesfromthediameterthatpassesthroughthecentergrove.
strain at failure, transverse tensile modulus of elasticity, and
7.2.2 Insert—Thefixtureinsertiscircularwithacenterhole
Poisson’s ratio can be derived.
throughthethickness(metricunitsFig.4,englishunitsFig.5).
Two sets of holes are placed along a concentric centerline.
5. Significance and Use
These holes align with the innermost set of holes in the outer
5.1 This test method is used to produce transverse tensile shell. The set of four holes at ninety degree intervals are
property data for material specifications, research and devel- counterbored. The insert is fastened inside the hollow of the
outer shell to form the concentric grove used to put the
opment, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis.
Factors which influence the transverse tensile response and specimen in the fixture (Fig. 1).
should, therefore, be reported are: material, methods of mate- 7.2.3 Load Rod and Spherical Washers—Two spherical
rial preparation, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, washers for self alignment are placed over a 0.750-UNC-
environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, 2A 36.0 inch load rod. The load rod is then slid through the
speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume fraction. center hole of the outer shell and insert assembly as illustrated
Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from in Fig. 1.
this test method include:
ut
5.1.1 Transverse Tensile Strength, s ,
ut
5.1.2 Transverse Tensile Strain at Failure, e ,
5.1.3 Transverse Tensile Modulus of Elasticity, E , and
5.1.4 Poisson’s Ratio, y .
6. Interference
6.1 Material and Specimen Preparation—Poor material
fabrication practices, lack of control of fiber alignment, and
damage induced by improper coupon machining are known
causes of high material data scatter in composites.
6.2 Bonding Specimens to Test Fixtures—Ahighpercentage
of failures in or near the bond between the test specimen and
the test fixtures, especially when combined with high material
data scatter, is an indicator of specimen bonding problems.
Specimen to fixture bonding is discussed in 11.5.
6.3 System Alignment—Excessive bending may cause pre-
mature failure, as well as highly inaccurate modulus of FIG. 1 Assembly Drawing for Tension Fixture and Specimen
D 5450/D 5450M – 93 (2000)
FIG. 4 The Insert of the Tensile Fixture in Metric Units
FIG. 2 The Outer Shell of the Tension Fixture in Metric Units
FIG. 5 The Insert of the Tensile Fixture in English Units
test specimen. This mechanism shall be essentially free of
inertia-lag at the specified rate of testing and shall indicate the
FIG. 3 The Outer Shell of the Tension Fixture in English Units
load within an accuracy of 61% of the actual value, or better.
7.2.4 Theoutershellandinsertforthetensionfixturearethe The accuracy of the testing machine shall be verified in
same outer shell and insert used for the fixtures in Test accordance with Practice E4.
Methods D5448/D5448M and D 5449/D5449M. 7.3.5 Construction Materials—The fixed member, movable
7.3 Testing Machine, comprised of the following: member, drive mechanism, and fixtures shall be constructed of
7.3.1 Fixed Member—A fixed or essentially stationary such materials and in such proportions that the total longitu-
member to which one end of the tension specimen/fixture dinal deformation of the system contributed by these parts is
assembly, shown in Fig. 1, can be attached. minimized.
7.3.2 Movable Member—A movable member to which the 7.4 Strain-Indicating Device—Load versus strain data shall
opposite end of the tension specimen/fixture assembly, shown be determined by means of bonded resistance strain gages.
in Fig. 1, can be attached. Each strain gage shall be 6.3 mm [0.25 in.] in length. The
7.3.3 Drive Mechanism,forimpartingtothemovablemem- specimen shall be instrumented to measure strain in both the
ber a uniform controlled velocity with respect to the fixed axial and circumferential directions to determine Poisson’s
member, this velocity to be regulated as specified in 11.6. ratio. Strain gage rosettes (0°/45°/90°) shall be used to correct
7.3.4 Load Indicator—A suitable load-indicating mecha- for gage misalignment. Gage calibration certification shall
nism capable of showing the total tensile load carried by the complywithTestMethodE251.Someguidelinesontheuseof
D 5450/D 5450M – 93 (2000)
strain gages on composites are as follows.Ageneral reference outlined in Practice E122 should be consulted. The method of
on the subject is Tuttle and Brinson. sampling shall be reported.
7.4.1 Surface Preparation—The surface preparation of 8.2 Geometry—The test specimen shall be as shown in Fig.
fiber-reinforced composites, discussed in Practice E1237, can 6. The length of all specimens shall be 140 mm [5.5 in.]. This
penetrate the matrix material and cause damage to the rein- providesagagelengthof102mm[4.0in.].Theinnerdiameter
forcing fibers, resulting in improper coupon failures. Reinforc- of all specimens shall be 102 6 4 mm [4.000 6 0.015 in.].
ingfibersshouldnotbeexposedordamagedduringthesurface Specimens may be fabricated on a tapered mandrel yielding a
preparation process. The strain gage manufacturer should be maximum taper over the specimen length of 0.0005 mm/mm
consulted regarding surface preparation guidelines and recom- [in./in.] on the diameter. The specimens shall have a nominal
mended bonding agents for composites, pending the develop- wall thickness of 2 mm [0.08 in.], the actual thickness to be
ment of a set of standard practices for strain gage installation specifiedbythewindingparametersandshallbemaintainedas
surface preparation of fiber-reinforced composite materials. the test specimen is wound and cured.
7.4.2 Gage Resistance—Consideration should be given to 8.3 Winding—Allspecimensshallbehoopwound(approxi-
the selection of gages having larger resistance to reduce mately 90°) with a single tow and enough layers to meet the
heating effects on low-conductivity materials. Resistances of thickness criterion previously described.
350Vorhigherarepreferred.Additionalconsiderationsshould
9. Calibration
be given to the use of the minimum possible gage excitation
voltage consistent with the desired accuracy (1 to 2 volts is 9.1 The accuracy of all measuring equipment shall have
certified calibrations that are current at the time the equipment
recommended) to further reduce the power consumed by the
gage. Heating of the coupon by the gage may affect the is used.
performance of the material directly, or it may affect the
10. Conditioning
indicated strain due to a difference between the gage tempera-
10.1 Standard Conditioning Procedure— Unless a different
ture compensation factor and the coefficient of thermal expan-
environment is specified as part of the experiment, the test
sion of the coupon material.
specimens shall be conditioned in accordance with Procedure
7.4.3 Temperature Considerations—Consideration of some
C of Test Method D5229/D5229M and stored and tested at
form of temperature compensation is recommended, even
standard laboratory atmosphere (23 6 2°C [73.4 6 3.6°F] and
when testing at standard laboratory atmosphere. Temperature
at 50
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.