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ASTM E1114-09

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining the Size of Iridium-192 Industrial Radiographic Sources

Standard Test Method for Determining the Size of Iridium-192 Industrial Radiographic Sources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
One of the factors affecting the quality of a radiographic image is geometric unsharpness. The degree of geometric unsharpness is dependent upon the size of the source, the distance between the source and the object to be radiographed, and the distance between the object to be radiographed and the film or digital detector. This test method allows the user to determine the size of the source and to use this result to establish source to object and object to film or detector distances appropriate for maintaining the desired degree of geometric unsharpness.
Note 1—The European standard CEN EN 12579 describes a simplified procedure for measurement of source sizes of Ir-192, Co-60 and Se-75. The resulting source size of Ir-192 is comparable to the results obtained by this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the size of an Iridium-192 radiographic source. The determination is based upon measurement of the image of the Iridium metal source in a projection radiograph of the source assembly and comparison to the measurement of the image of a reference sample in the same radiograph.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2009
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1114-03 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Focal Size of Iridium-192 Industrial Radiographic Sources
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009
Replaced By
ASTM E1114-09e1 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Size of Iridium-192 Industrial Radiographic Sources
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009
Referred By
ASTM E2033-17 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Computed Radiography (Photostimulable Luminescence Method)
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1114–09
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Size of Iridium-192 Industrial Radiographic
1
Sources
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1114; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 Other International Standards:
EN 12579 Industrial Radiography—Radiographic Method
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the size of
for the Determination of the Source Size for Radioiso-
an Iridium-192 radiographic source. The determination is
3
topes
based upon measurement of the image of the Iridium metal
source in a projection radiograph of the source assembly and
3. Terminology
comparison to the measurement of the image of a reference
3.1 Fordefinitionsoftermsrelatingtothistestmethod,refer
sample in the same radiograph.
to Terminology E1316.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
4. Significance and Use
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
4.1 One of the factors affecting the quality of a radiographic
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
image is geometric unsharpness. The degree of geometric
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
unsharpness is dependent upon the size of the source, the
with the standard.
distance between the source and the object to be radiographed,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and the distance between the object to be radiographed and the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
film or digital detector. This test method allows the user to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
determine the size of the source and to use this result to
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
establish source to object and object to film or detector
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
distances appropriate for maintaining the desired degree of
geometric unsharpness.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
NOTE 1—TheEuropeanstandardCENEN 12579describesasimplified
E999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radio- procedure for measurement of source sizes of Ir-192, Co-60 and Se-75.
TheresultingsourcesizeofIr-192iscomparabletotheresultsobtainedby
graphic Film Processing
this test method.
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for
5. Apparatus
Industrial Radiography
5.1 Subject Iridium-192 Source, the source size of which is
E2445 Practice for Qualification and Long-Term Stability
to be determined.The appropriate apparatus and equipment for
of Computed Radiology Systems
the safe storage, handling, and manipulation of the subject
E2597 Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Digi-
source,suchasaradiographicexposuredevice(alsoreferredto
tal Detector Arrays
as a gamma ray projector or camera), remote control, source
guide tube, and source stop are also required.
1
This test method is under the jurisdictioin of ASTM Committee E07 on
5.2 Reference Sample (see Figs. 1-3)—The reference
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on
sample shall be of material which is not radioactive. The
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method.
recommendedmaterialisIridium.However,substitutessuchas
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2009.PublishedJuly2009.Originallyapproved
platinum, tungsten or other material of similar radiopacity may
in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E1114 – 03.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. DOI: 10.1520/E1114-09. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1114 – 09
FIG. 1 Reference Sample in Standard Source Encapsulation
FIG. 2 Alternate Reference Sample Arrangement
FIG. 3 Alternate Reference Sample Arrangement
TABLE 1 Examples of Typical X-ray Generator Output
192
Requirements for Related Iridium Source Activities
be used. The sample should be of the same geometric shape as
192
Subject Iridium Source Typical X-ray Generator
the subject source, should be approximately the same size as
Radiation Output Requirements
the sub
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E1114–03 Designation:E1114–09
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Focal Size of Iridium-192 Industrial
1
Radiographic Sources
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1114; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1This test method covers the determination of the focal size of an iridium-192 radiographic source.The determination is based
upon measurement of the image of the iridium metal source in a projection radiograph of the source assembly and comparison to
the measurement of the image of a reference sample in the same radiograph.
1.2
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the size of an Iridium-192 radiographic source. The determination is based
upon measurement of the image of the Iridium metal source in a projection radiograph of the source assembly and comparison to
the measurement of the image of a reference sample in the same radiograph.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Processing
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
2
E 1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography Test Method for Classification of Film
Systems for Industrial Radiography
E 2445 Practice for Qualification and Long-Term Stability of Computed Radiology Systems
E 2597 Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Digital Detector Arrays
1
This test method is under the jurisdictioin of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology
(X and Gamma) Method.
´1
Current edition approved March 10, 2003. Published May 2003. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as E1114–92 (1997) .
Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E 1114 – 03.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
, Vol 03.03.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1114–09
2.2 Other International Standards:
3
EN 12579 Industrial Radiography—Radiographic Method for the Determination of the Source Size for Radioisotopes
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of terms relating to this test method, refer to Terminology E 1316.
4. Significance and Use
4.1One of the factors affecting the quality of a radiographic image is geometric unsharpness. The degree of geometric
unsharpness is dependent upon the focal size of the source, the distance between the source and the object to be radiographed, and
the distance between the object to be radiographed and the film. This test method allows the user to determine the focal size of
the source and to use this result to establish source to object and object to film distances appropriate for maintaining the desired
degree of geometric unsharpness.
4.1 One of the factors affecting the quality of a radiographic image is geometric unsharpness. The degree of geometric
unsharpness is dependent upon the size of the source, the distance between the source and the object to be radiographed, and the
distance between the object to be radiographed and the film or digital detector. This test method allows the user to determine the
size of the source and to use this result to establish source to object and object to film or detector distances appropriate for
maintaining the desired degree of geom
...

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Note 1: For film system characterization, the signal is represented by the optical density of 2 (above fog and base) and the noise as granularity. The signal-to-noise ratio is normalized by the aperture (similar to the basic spatial resolution) of the system and is part of characterization. This normalization is given by the scanning circular aperture of 100 µm of the micro-photometer, which is defined in Test Method E1815 for film system characterization.  
1.5 The measurement of CR systems in this practice is restricted ...

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Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy for High Energy Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gauge is intended to provide a means for measuring image or detector unsharpness and basic spatial image or detector resolution as independently as practicable from the imaging system and contrast sensitivity limitations. When the duplex plate gauge is positioned directly on the film or the digital detector instead on the test object, then the determined image unsharpness UIm corresponds to the inherent film or detector unsharpness (Udetector) and the determined basic spatial image resolution SRbimage corresponds to the basic spatial detector resolution SRbdetector. SRbimage provides a value which depends on the combined effect of detector unsharpness and geometric unsharpness.  
5.2 Basis of Application:  
5.2.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the parties using or referencing this standard.
5.2.1.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing examinations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance with NAS410, EN 4179, ANSI/ASNT CP 189, ISO 9712, or SNT-TC-1A and certified by the employer or certifying agency as applicable. Other equivalent qualification documents may be used when specified on the contract or purchase order. The applicable revision shall be the latest unless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement between parties.
5.2.1.2 If specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in Specification E543. The applicable edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in the contract.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gauge used to determine the image unsharpness and the basic spatial resolution of film radiographs or of digital images taken with CR imaging plates, digital detector arrays (DDA), or radioscopic systems (for example, with X-ray image intensifiers) for applications with Se-75, Ir-192, Co-60 and high energy sources with tube potentials ≥ 300 kV. The IQI may be used at lower tube potentials too, if the expected unsharpness is > 200 µm (SRbimage or SRbdetector > 100 µm). For the measurement of lower unsharpness values, the usage of the gauge described in Practice E2002 is recommended.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The gauge described can be used effectively if the duplex wire IQI of Practice E2002 does not provide sufficient contrast resolution.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2934-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Eddy Current (EC) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of eddy current NDE test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provide a standard means to organize eddy current test parameters and results. The eddy current examination results may be displayed or analyzed on any device that conforms to the standard. Personnel wishing to view any eddy current examination data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of eddy current imaging and data acquisition equipment by specifying the image data transfer and archival storage in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052, an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and a data dictionary that are specific to eddy current test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from eddy current test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the eddy current technique parameters and inspection data are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard,  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance, or  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Units—Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2663-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Ultrasonic Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of ultrasonic test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provides a standard means to organize ultrasonic test parameters and results. The ultrasonic test results may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to this standard. Personnel wishing to view any ultrasonic inspection data stored in DICONDE format may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of ultrasonic imaging equipment by specifying image data transfer and archival storage methods in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339. Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052 (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, transfer, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE test results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and data dictionary that are specific to ultrasonic test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from ultrasonic test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the ultrasonic technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard format regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1815-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a relative means for classification of film systems used for industrial radiography. The film system consists of the film and associated processing system (the type of processing and processing chemistry). Section 9 describes specific parameters used for this test method. In general, the classification for hard X-rays, as described in Section 9, can be transferred to other radiation energies and metallic screen types, as well as screens without films. The usage of film system parameters outside the energy ranges specified may result in changes to a film/system performance classification.  
4.1.1 The film performance is described by contrast and noise parameters. The contrast is represented by gradient and the noise by granularity.  
4.1.2 A film system is assigned a particular class if it meets the minimum performance parameters: for Gradient G at  D – D0 = 2.0 and D – D0 = 4.0, and gradient/noise ratio at D – D0 = 2.0, and the maximum performance parameter: granularity σD at  D = 2.0.  
4.2 This test method describes how the parameters shall be measured and demonstrates how a classification table can be constructed.  
4.3 Manufacturers of industrial radiographic film systems and developer chemistry will be the users of this test method. The result is a classification table as shown by the example given in Table 2. Another table also includes speed data for user information. Users of industrial radiographic film systems may also perform the tests and measurements outlined in this test method, provided that the required test equipment is used and the methodology is followed strictly. (A) Family of films ranging in speed and image quality.  
4.4 The publication of classes for industrial radiography film systems will enable specifying bodies and contracting parties to agree to particular system classes, which are capable of providing known image qualities. See 8.2.  
4.5 ISO 11699–1 and European standard EN 584-1 describe the same m...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of the performance of film systems used for industrial radiography. This test method establishes minimum requirements that correspond to system classes.  
1.2 This test method is to be used only for direct exposure-type film exposed with lead intensifying screens. The performance of films exposed with fluorescent (light-emitting) intensifying screens cannot be determined accurately by this test method.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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