ASTM D4437-08
(Practice)Standard Practice for Non-destructive Testing (NDT) for Determining the Integrity of Seams Used in Joining Flexible Polymeric Sheet Geomembranes
Standard Practice for Non-destructive Testing (NDT) for Determining the Integrity of Seams Used in Joining Flexible Polymeric Sheet Geomembranes
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict liquid migration from one location to another in soil and rock, and the large number of seam methods and types used in joining these geomembrane sheets, has created a need for standard tests by which the various seams can be compared and the quality of the seam systems can be non-destructively evaluated. This practice is intended to meet such a need.
The geomembrane sheet material shall be formulated from the appropriate polymers and compounding ingredients to form a plastic or elastomer sheet material that meets all specified requirements for the end use of the product. The sheet material (reinforced or nonreinforced) shall be capable of being bonded to itself by one of the methods described in 1.2 in accordance with the sheet manufacturer's recommendations and instructions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended for use as a summary of nondestructive quality control test methods for determining the integrity of seams used in the joining of flexible sheet materials in a geotechnical application. This practice outlines the test procedures available for determining the quality of bonded seams. Any one or combination of the test methods outlined in this practice can be incorporated into a project specification for quality control. These test methods are applicable to manufactured flexible polymeric membrane linings that are scrim reinforced or nonreinforced. This practice is not applicable to destructive testing. For destructive test methods look at other ASTM Standards and Practices.
1.2 The types of seams covered by this practice include the following: Thermally Bonded Seams, Hot Air, Hot Wedge (or Knife), Extrusion, Solvent Bonded Seams, Bodied Solvent Bonded Seams, Adhesive Bonded or Cemented Seams, Taped Seams, Waterproofed Sewn Seams.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D4437 − 08
StandardPractice for
Non-destructive Testing (NDT) for Determining the Integrity
of Seams Used in Joining Flexible Polymeric Sheet
1
Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4437; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D5641 Practice for Geomembrane Seam Evaluation by
Vacuum Chamber
1.1 This practice is intended for use as a summary of
D5820 Practice for Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation of
nondestructive quality control test methods for determining the
Dual Seamed Geomembranes
integrityofseamsusedinthejoiningofflexiblesheetmaterials
D6365 Practice for the Nondestructive Testing of Geomem-
in a geotechnical application. This practice outlines the test
brane Seams using the Spark Test
procedures available for determining the quality of bonded
D7006 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Geomembranes
seams.Any one or combination of the test methods outlined in
D7177 Specification for Air Channel Evaluation of Polyvi-
this practice can be incorporated into a project specification for
nyl Chloride (PVC) Dual Track Seamed Geomembranes
quality control. These test methods are applicable to manufac-
tured flexible polymeric membrane linings that are scrim
3. Significance and Use
reinforced or nonreinforced. This practice is not applicable to
3.1 The use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict
destructive testing. For destructive test methods look at other
liquid migration from one location to another in soil and rock,
ASTM Standards and Practices.
and the large number of seam methods and types used in
1.2 The types of seams covered by this practice include the
joining these geomembrane sheets, has created a need for
following: Thermally Bonded Seams, Hot Air, Hot Wedge (or
standardtestsbywhichthevariousseamscanbecomparedand
Knife), Extrusion, Solvent Bonded Seams, Bodied Solvent
the quality of the seam systems can be non-destructively
Bonded Seams, Adhesive Bonded or Cemented Seams, Taped
evaluated. This practice is intended to meet such a need.
Seams, Waterproofed Sewn Seams.
3.2 The geomembrane sheet material shall be formulated
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
fromtheappropriatepolymersandcompoundingingredientsto
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
form a plastic or elastomer sheet material that meets all
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
specifiedrequirementsfortheenduseoftheproduct.Thesheet
and are not considered standard.
material(reinforcedornonreinforced)shallbecapableofbeing
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, bonded to itself by one of the methods described in 1.2 in
operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to accordance with the sheet manufacturer’s recommendations
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its and instructions.
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
4. Nondestructive Test Methods
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
4.1 For all test methods listed below, any and all flaws in
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
seam construction that are detected under a given test proce-
2. Referenced Documents
dure shall be repaired. All nondestructive test methods listed
2
are not necessarily applicable to all polymeric geomembrane
2.1 ASTM Standards:
materials.
4.2 Air Lance Test—Inspect all seams for unbonded areas
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-
usinganairnozzledirectedontheupperseamedgeandsurface
thetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.
to detect loose edges, riffles indicating unbonded areas within
Current edition approved April 1, 2008. Published April 2008. Originally
the seam, or other undesirable seam conditions. Check all
approved in 1984. Discontinued January 1998 and reinstated as D4437–99. Last
previous edition approved in 1999 as D4437–84 (1999). DOI: 10.1520/D4437-08.
bonded seams using a minimum 50 psi (345 kPa) (gage) air
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3
supply directed through a ⁄16 in. (4.8 mm) (typical) nozzle,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
held not more than 2 in. (51 mm) from the seam edge and
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. directed at the seam edge.
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4437–99 Designation: D 4437 – 08
Standard Practice for
Non-destructive Testing (NDT) for Determining the Integrity
of Field Seams Used in Joining Flexible Polymeric Sheet
1
Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4437; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Thispracticeisintendedforuseasasummaryofdestructiveandnondestructivequalitycontroltestmethodsfordetermining
the integrity of field seams used in the joining of flexible sheet materials in a geotechnical application. This practice outlines the
test procedures available for determining the quality of bonded seams.Any one or combination of the test methods outlined in this
practice can be incorporated into a project specification for quality control. These test methods are applicable to manufactured
flexible polymeric membrane linings that are scrim reinforced or nonreinforced. This practice is not applicable to destructive
testing. For destructive test methods look at other ASTM Standards and Practices.
1.2 The types of field seams covered by this practice include the following:
1.2.1Thermally Bonded Seams:
1.2.1.1Hot Air—Aseam produced by applying high-temperature air or gas between two polymeric sheet surfaces, thus melting
the surfaces, at which time pressure is applied to form a homogeneous bond between the two membrane surfaces.
1.2.1.2Hot Wedge (or Knife)—A seam produced by melting the two intimate surfaces by running a hot metal wedge between
the surfaces followed immediately by pressure to form a homogeneous bond.
1.2.1.3Extrusion—A bonded seam produced by extruding molten parent material between or at the edge of two overlapped
polymer sheet materials to effect a homogeneous melt between the two sheets to be joined.
1.2.2SolventBondedSeams—Asolventisusedtosoftenthesurfacestobebonded,followedbypressuretoformahomogeneous
bond.
1.2.3BodiedSolventBondedSeams—Theparentliningpolymermaterialisdissolvedinasolventthatisthenappliedinthesame
manner as a straight solvent, thus effecting a homogeneous bond.
1.2.4Adhesive Bonded or Cemented Seams—An adhesive system is used to bond two polymeric surfaces together. This system
forms an adhesive bond between the sheet materials.
1.2.5Taped Seams—An adhesive-based tape is placed between two polymer sheet materials forming a surface bond.
1.2.6Waterproofed Sewn Seams—Seam fabricated by mechanical sewing of the overlapped sheet materials and sealed with an
appropriate sealant as recommended by the sheet manufacturer.
1.3The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The types of seams covered by this practice include
the following: Thermally Bonded Seams, Hot Air, Hot Wedge (or Knife), Extrusion, Solvent Bonded Seams, Bodied Solvent
Bonded Seams, Adhesive Bonded or Cemented Seams, Taped Seams, Waterproofed Sewn Seams.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all
of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D413Test Methods for Rubber Property—Adhesion to Flexible Substrate
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.
Current edition approved March 10, 1999. Published March 2001. Originally published as D4437–84. Discontinued January 1998 and reinstated as D4437–99. Last
previous edition D4437–84 (1988).
Current edition approvedApril 1, 2008. PublishedApril 2008. Originally approved in 1984. Discontinued January 1998 and reinstated as D 4437–99. Last previous edition
approved in 1999 as D 4437–84 (1999).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
, Vol 09.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
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