ASTM D4437-99
(Practice)Standard Practice for Determining the Integrity of Field Seams Used in Joining Flexible Polymeric Sheet Geomembranes
Standard Practice for Determining the Integrity of Field Seams Used in Joining Flexible Polymeric Sheet Geomembranes
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended for use as a summary of destructive and nondestructive quality control test methods for determining the integrity of field seams used in the joining of flexible sheet materials in a geotechnical application. This practice outlines the test procedures available for determining the quality of bonded seams. Any one or combination of the test methods outlined in this practice can be incorporated into a project specification for quality control. These test methods are applicable to manufactured flexible polymeric membrane linings that are scrim reinforced or nonreinforced.
1.2 The types of field seams covered by this practice include the following:
1.2.1 Thermally Bonded Seams:
1.2.1.1 Hot Air--A seam produced by applying high-temperature air or gas between two polymeric sheet surfaces, thus melting the surfaces, at which time pressure is applied to form a homogeneous bond between the two membrane surfaces.
1.2.1.2 Hot Wedge (or Knife)--A seam produced by melting the two intimate surfaces by running a hot metal wedge between the surfaces followed immediately by pressure to form a homogeneous bond.
1.2.1.3 Extrusion--A bonded seam produced by extruding molten parent material between or at the edge of two overlapped polymer sheet materials to effect a homogeneous melt between the two sheets to be joined.
1.2.2 Solvent Bonded Seams--A solvent is used to soften the surfaces to be bonded, followed by pressure to form a homogeneous bond.
1.2.3 Bodied Solvent Bonded Seams--The parent lining polymer material is dissolved in a solvent that is then applied in the same manner as a straight solvent, thus effecting a homogeneous bond.
1.2.4 Adhesive Bonded or Cemented Seams-- An adhesive system is used to bond two polymeric surfaces together. This system forms an adhesive bond between the sheet materials.
1.2.5 Taped Seams--An adhesive-based tape is placed between two polymer sheet materials forming a surface bond.
1.2.6 Waterproofed Sewn Seams--Seam fabricated by mechanical sewing of the overlapped sheet materials and sealed with an appropriate sealant as recommended by the sheet manufacturer.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D4437–99
Standard Practice for
Determining the Integrity of Field Seams Used in Joining
1
Flexible Polymeric Sheet Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4437; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.2.5 Taped Seams—An adhesive-based tape is placed be-
tween two polymer sheet materials forming a surface bond.
1.1 This practice is intended for use as a summary of
1.2.6 Waterproofed Sewn Seams—Seam fabricated by me-
destructive and nondestructive quality control test methods for
chanical sewing of the overlapped sheet materials and sealed
determining the integrity of field seams used in the joining of
with an appropriate sealant as recommended by the sheet
flexible sheet materials in a geotechnical application. This
manufacturer.
practice outlines the test procedures available for determining
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
the quality of bonded seams. Any one or combination of the
as the standard.
test methods outlined in this practice can be incorporated into
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-
a project specification for quality control. These test methods
tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
are applicable to manufactured flexible polymeric membrane
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
linings that are scrim reinforced or nonreinforced.
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
1.2 Thetypesoffieldseamscoveredbythispracticeinclude
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
the following:
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2.1 Thermally Bonded Seams:
1.2.1.1 Hot Air—A seam produced by applying high-
2. Referenced Documents
temperature air or gas between two polymeric sheet surfaces,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
thus melting the surfaces, at which time pressure is applied to
D 413 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Adhesion to
form a homogeneous bond between the two membrane sur-
2
Flexible Substrate
faces.
3
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
1.2.1.2 HotWedge(orKnife)—Aseam produced by melting
2
D 816 Methods of Testing Rubber Cements
the two intimate surfaces by running a hot metal wedge
betweenthesurfacesfollowedimmediatelybypressuretoform
3. Significance and Use
a homogeneous bond.
3.1 The increased use of geomembranes as barrier materials
1.2.1.3 Extrusion—A bonded seam produced by extruding
to restrict liquid migration from one location to another in soil
molten parent material between or at the edge of two over-
and rock, and the large number of seam methods and types
lapped polymer sheet materials to effect a homogeneous melt
used in joining these geomembrane sheets, has created a need
between the two sheets to be joined.
for standard tests by which the various seams can be compared
1.2.2 Solvent Bonded Seams—A solvent is used to soften
and the quality of the seam systems can be evaluated. This
the surfaces to be bonded, followed by pressure to form a
practice is intended to meet such a need.
homogeneous bond.
1.2.3 Bodied Solvent Bonded Seams—The parent lining
4. Materials and Manufacture
polymer material is dissolved in a solvent that is then applied
4.1 The geomembrane sheet material shall be formulated
in the same manner as a straight solvent, thus effecting a
fromtheappropriatepolymersandcompoundingingredientsto
homogeneous bond.
form a plastic or elastomer sheet material that meets all
1.2.4 Adhesive Bonded or Cemented Seams— An adhesive
specified requirements for the end use of the product.The sheet
system is used to bond two polymeric surfaces together. This
material(reinforcedornonreinforced)shallbecapableofbeing
system forms an adhesive bond between the sheet materials.
bonded to itself by one of the methods described in 1.2 in
accordance with the sheet manufacturer’s recommendations
and instructions.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-
thetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.
Current edition approved March 10, 1999. Published March 2001. Originally
2
published as D 4437–84. Discontinued January 1998 and reinstated as D 4437–99. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01.
3
Last previous edition D 4437–84 (1988). Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
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D4437
5. Sampling for Destructive Test Methods within the s
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