ASTM E722-19
(Practice)Standard Practice for Characterizing Neutron Fluence Spectra in Terms of an Equivalent Monoenergetic Neutron Fluence for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics
Standard Practice for Characterizing Neutron Fluence Spectra in Terms of an Equivalent Monoenergetic Neutron Fluence for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is important in characterizing the radiation hardness of electronic devices irradiated by neutrons. This characterization makes it feasible to predict some changes in operational properties of irradiated semiconductor devices or electronic systems. To facilitate uniformity of the interpretation and evaluation of results of irradiations by sources of different fluence spectra, it is convenient to reduce the incident neutron fluence from a source to a single parameter—an equivalent monoenergetic neutron fluence—applicable to a particular semiconductor material.
5.2 In order to determine an equivalent monoenergetic neutron fluence, it is necessary to evaluate the displacement damage of the particular semiconductor material. Ideally, this quantity is correlated to the degradation of a specific functional performance parameter (such as current gain) of the semiconductor device or system being tested. However, this correlation has not been established unequivocally for all device types and performance parameters since, in many instances, other effects also can be important. Ionization effects produced by the incident neutron fluence or by gamma rays in a mixed neutron fluence, short-term and long-term annealing, and other factors can contribute to observed performance degradation (damage). Thus, caution should be exercised in making a correlation between calculated displacement damage and performance degradation of a given electronic device. The types of devices for which this correlation is applicable, and numerical evaluation of displacement damage are discussed in the annexes.
5.3 The concept of 1-MeV equivalent fluence is widely used in the radiation-hardness testing community. It has merits and disadvantages that have been debated widely (9-12). For these reasons, specifics of a standard application of the 1-MeV equivalent fluence are presented in the annexes.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for characterizing neutron fluence from a source in terms of an equivalent monoenergetic neutron fluence. It is applicable to neutron effects testing, to the development of test specifications, and to the characterization of neutron test environments. The sources may have a broad neutron-energy range, or may be mono-energetic neutron sources with energies up to 20 MeV. This practice is not applicable in cases where the predominant source of displacement damage is from neutrons of energy less than 10 keV. The relevant equivalence is in terms of a specified effect on certain physical properties of materials upon which the source spectrum is incident. In order to achieve this, knowledge of the effects of neutrons as a function of energy on the specific property of the material of interest is required. Sharp variations in the effects with neutron energy may limit the usefulness of this practice in the case of mono-energetic sources.
1.2 This practice is presented in a manner to be of general application to a variety of materials and sources. Correlation between displacements (1-3)2 caused by different particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, and heavy ions) is out of the scope of this practice but is addressed in Practice E3084. In radiation-hardness testing of electronic semiconductor devices, specific materials of interest include silicon and gallium arsenide, and the neutron sources generally are test and research reactors and californium-252 irradiators.
1.3 The technique involved relies on the following factors: (1) a detailed determination of the fluence spectrum of the neutron source, and (2) a knowledge of the degradation (damage) effects of neutrons as a function of energy on specific material properties.
1.4 The detailed determination of the neutron fluence spectrum referred to in 1.3 need not be performed afresh for each test exposure, provided the exposure conditions are repeatable. When the spectrum determination is not repeated, a neutron fluence monit...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E722 − 19
Standard Practice for
Characterizing Neutron Fluence Spectra in Terms of an
Equivalent Monoenergetic Neutron Fluence for Radiation-
1
Hardness Testing of Electronics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E722; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope neutron source, and (2) a knowledge of the degradation
(damage)effectsofneutronsasafunctionofenergyonspecific
1.1 This practice covers procedures for characterizing neu-
material properties.
tron fluence from a source in terms of an equivalent monoen-
ergetic neutron fluence. It is applicable to neutron effects 1.4 The detailed determination of the neutron fluence spec-
testing, to the development of test specifications, and to the trum referred to in 1.3 need not be performed afresh for each
characterizationofneutrontestenvironments.Thesourcesmay testexposure,providedtheexposureconditionsarerepeatable.
have a broad neutron-energy range, or may be mono-energetic When the spectrum determination is not repeated, a neutron
neutron sources with energies up to 20 MeV. This practice is fluence monitor shall be used for each test exposure.
not applicable in cases where the predominant source of
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
displacement damage is from neutrons of energy less than 10
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
2
keV. The relevant equivalence is in terms of a specified effect
standard, except for MeV, keV, eV, MeV·mbarn, rad(Si)·cm ,
on certain physical properties of materials upon which the 2
and rad(GaAs)·cm .
source spectrum is incident. In order to achieve this, knowl-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
edge of the effects of neutrons as a function of energy on the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
specific property of the material of interest is required. Sharp
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
variations in the effects with neutron energy may limit the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
usefulness of this practice in the case of mono-energetic
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
sources.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
1.2 This practice is presented in a manner to be of general
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
application to a variety of materials and sources. Correlation
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
2
between displacements (1-3) caused by different particles
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
(electrons, neutrons, protons, and heavy ions) is out of the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
scope of this practice but is addressed in Practice E3084.In
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
radiation-hardnesstestingofelectronicsemiconductordevices,
specific materials of interest include silicon and gallium 2. Referenced Documents
3
arsenide, and the neutron sources generally are test and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
research reactors and californium-252 irradiators.
E170Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and
Dosimetry
1.3 The technique involved relies on the following factors:
(1) a detailed determination of the fluence spectrum of the E265Test Method for Measuring Reaction Rates and Fast-
Neutron Fluences by Radioactivation of Sulfur-32
E693Practice for Characterizing Neutron Exposures in Iron
1 and Low Alloy Steels in Terms of Displacements Per
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on Nuclear
Technology and Applicationsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Atom (DPA)
E10.07 on Radiation Dosimetry for Radiation Effects on Materials and Devices.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2019. Published October 2019. Originally
3
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E722–14. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/E0722-19. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this practice. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E722 − 14 E722 − 19
Standard Practice for
Characterizing Neutron Fluence Spectra in Terms of an
Equivalent Monoenergetic Neutron Fluence for Radiation-
1
Hardness Testing of Electronics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E722; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers procedures for characterizing neutron fluence from a source in terms of an equivalent monoenergetic
neutron fluence. It is applicable to neutron effects testing, to the development of test specifications, and to the characterization of
neutron test environments. The sources may have a broad neutron-energy range, or may be mono-energetic neutron sources with
energies up to 20 MeV. This practice is not applicable in cases where the predominant source of displacement damage is from
neutrons of energy less than 10 keV. The relevant equivalence is in terms of a specified effect on certain physical properties of
materials upon which the source spectrum is incident. In order to achieve this, knowledge of the effects of neutrons as a function
of energy on the specific property of the material of interest is required. Sharp variations in the effects with neutron energy may
limit the usefulness of this practice in the case of mono-energetic sources.
1.2 This practice is presented in a manner to be of general application to a variety of materials and sources. Correlation between
2
displacements (1-3) caused by different particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, and heavy ions) is beyond out of the scope of this
practice. practice but is addressed in Practice E3084. In radiation-hardness testing of electronic semiconductor devices, specific
materials of interest include silicon and gallium arsenide, and the neutron sources generally are test and research reactors and
californium-252 irradiators.
1.3 The technique involved relies on the following factors: (1) a detailed determination of the fluence spectrum of the neutron
source, and (2) a knowledge of the degradation (damage) effects of neutrons as a function of energy on specific material properties.
1.4 The detailed determination of the neutron fluence spectrum referred to in 1.3 need not be performed afresh for each test
exposure, provided the exposure conditions are repeatable. When the spectrum determination is not repeated, a neutron fluence
monitor shall be used for each test exposure.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard,
2 2
except for MeV, keV, eV, MeV·mbarn, rad(Si)·cm , and rad(GaAs)·cm .
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
E265 Test Method for Measuring Reaction Rates and Fast-Neutron Fluences by Radioactivation of Sulfur-32
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on Nuclear Technology and Applicationsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E10.07 on
Radiation Dosimetry for Radiation Effects on Materials and Devices.
Current edition approved June 1, 2014Oct. 1, 2019. Published October 2014October 2019. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 20092014 as
ε1
E722 – 09E722 – 14. . DOI: 10.1520/E0722-14.10.1520/E0722-19.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this practice.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summ
...
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