ASTM D4814-10b
(Specification)Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
ABSTRACT
This specification describes the various characteristics and requirements of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions in ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The spark-ignition engine fuels covered here are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols and ethers, and not fuels that contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such as fuel methanol (M85). This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to the legal requirements, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the establishment of requirements of automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines.
1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions. It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. For the period May 1 through Sept. 15, the maximum vapor pressure limits issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographical area except Alaska and Hawaii. Variation of the antiknock index with seasonal climatic changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1. This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The significance of each of the properties of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.
1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specification are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols and ethers. This specification does not apply to fuels that contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such as Fuel Methanol (M85). The concentrations and types of oxygenates are not specifically limited in this specification. However, depending on oxygenate type, as oxygenate content increases above some threshold level, the likelihood for vehicle problems also increases. The composition of both unleaded and leaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, and technical consideration, but their properties, including volatility, are defined by this specification. In addition, the composition of unleaded fuel is subject to the rules, regulations, and Clean Air Act waivers of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, this specification can be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules, regulations, and waivers. Refer to Appendix X3 for discussions of EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphorous contents, deposit control additive certification, and use of oxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPA for the latest versions of the rules and additional requirements.
1.4 This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its characteristics are described in the research report on reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to the legal requirements found in this research report, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements found in this specification.
1.5 T...
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Designation: D4814 – 10b
Standard Specification for
1
Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* regulations,andwaivers.RefertoAppendixX3fordiscussions
of EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphorous
1.1 This specification covers the establishment of require-
contents, deposit control additive certification, and use of
ments of automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped with
oxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPA
spark-ignition engines.
for the latest versions of the rules and additional requirements.
1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of
1.4 This specification does not address the emission char-
automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating
acteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Refor-
conditions.Itprovidesforavariationofthevolatilityandwater
mulated spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to
tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal
lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its character-
climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. For the
istics are described in the research report on reformulated
period May 1 through Sept. 15, the maximum vapor pressure
2
spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to the legal
limits issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
requirements found in this research report, reformulated spark-
(EPA) are specified for each geographical area except Alaska
ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements
and Hawaii. Variation of the antiknock index with seasonal
found in this specification.
climatic changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1.
1.5 Thisspecificationrepresentsadescriptionofautomotive
Thisspecificationneithernecessarilyincludesalltypesoffuels
fuel as of the date of publication. The specification is under
that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily
continuous review, which can result in revisions based on
excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain
changes in fuel, automotive requirements, or test methods, or a
operating conditions or in certain equipment. The significance
combination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore,
of each of the properties of this specification is shown in
should refer to the latest edition.
Appendix X1.
1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specifi-
NOTE 1—If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Specification
cation are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as D4814, contact ASTM International Headquarters.
alcohols and ethers. This specification does not apply to fuels
1.6 Tests applicable to gasoline are not necessarily appli-
that contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such as
cable to its blends with oxygenates. Consequently, the type of
Fuel Methanol (M85). The concentrations and types of oxy-
fuel under consideration must first be identified in order to
genates are not specifically limited in this specification. How-
select applicable tests. Test Method D4815 provides a proce-
ever, depending on oxygenate type, as oxygenate content
dure for determining oxygenate concentration in mass percent.
increasesabovesomethresholdlevel,thelikelihoodforvehicle
Test Method D4815 also includes procedures for calculating
problemsalsoincreases.Thecompositionofbothunleadedand
mass oxygen content and oxygenate concentration in volume
leaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, and technical
percent.Appendix X4 provides a procedure for calculating the
consideration, but their properties, including volatility, are
mass oxygen content of a fuel using measured oxygenate type,
defined by this specification. In addition, the composition of
oxygenate concentration in volume percent, and measured
unleaded fuel is subject to the rules, regulations, and CleanAir
density or relative density of the fuel.
Act waivers of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1.7 The following applies to all specified limits in this
(EPA). With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, this
standard: For purposes of determining conformance with these
specification can be more or less restrictive than the EPArules,
specifications, an observed value or a calculated value shall be
rounded “to the nearest unit” in the right-most significant digit
used in expressing the specification limit, in accordance with
1
the rounding method of Practice E29. For
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4814–10a Designation: D4814 – 10b
Standard Specification for
1
Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers the establishment of requirements of automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped with
spark-ignition engines.
1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions.
It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes
at the locality where the fuel is used. For the period May 1 through Sept. 15, the maximum vapor pressure limits issued by the
U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA) are specified for each geographical area exceptAlaska and Hawaii. Variation of the
antiknock index with seasonal climatic changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1. This specification neither necessarily
includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform
unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The significance of each of the properties of this
specification is shown in Appendix X1.
1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specification are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols
and ethers. This specification does not apply to fuels that contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such as Fuel Methanol
(M85). The concentrations and types of oxygenates are not specifically limited in this specification. However, depending on
oxygenatetype,asoxygenatecontentincreasesabovesomethresholdlevel,thelikelihoodforvehicleproblemsalsoincreases.The
composition of both unleaded and leaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, and technical consideration, but their properties,
including volatility, are defined by this specification. In addition, the composition of unleaded fuel is subject to the rules,
regulations, and Clean Air Act waivers of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). With regard to fuel properties,
including volatility, this specification can be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules, regulations, and waivers. Refer to
Appendix X3 for discussions of EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphorous contents, deposit control additive
certification, and use of oxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPA for the latest versions of the rules and
additional requirements.
1.4 This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Reformulated
spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its characteristics are
2
described in the research report on reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to the legal requirements found
in this research report, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements found in this
specification.
1.5 This specification represents a description of automotive fuel as of the date of publication. The specification is under
continuous review, which can result in revisions based on changes in fuel, automotive requirements, or test methods, or a
combination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore, should refer to the latest edition.
NOTE 1—If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Specification D4814, contact ASTM International Headquarters.
1.6 Testsapplicabletogasolinearenotnecessarilyapplicabletoitsblendswithoxygenates.Consequently,thetypeoffuelunder
consideration must first be identified in order to select applicable tests. Test Method D4815 provides a procedure for determining
oxygenate concentration in mass percent. Test Method D4815 also includes procedures for calculating mass oxygen content and
oxygenate concentration in volume percent.Appendix X4 provides a procedure for calculating the mass oxygen content of a fuel
using measured oxygenate type, oxygenate concentration in volume percent, and measured density or relative density of the fuel.
1.7 The following applies to all specified limits in this st
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