ASTM D5450/D5450M-93
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Transverse Tensile Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
Standard Test Method for Transverse Tensile Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the transverse tensile properties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop wound (90°) cylinders in axial tension for determination of transverse tensile properties.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 5450/D 5450M – 93
Standard Test Method for
Transverse Tensile Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer
Matrix Composite Cylinders
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5450/D 5450M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 5449/D 5449M Test Method for Transverse Compressive
Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite
1.1 This test method determines the transverse tensile prop-
Cylinders
erties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop
E 6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-
wound (90°) cylinders in axial tension for determination of
ing
transverse tensile properties.
E 111 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus,
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
and Chord Modulus
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
E 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate a
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in
Measure of Quality for a Lot or Process
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
E 132 Test Method for Poisson’s Ratio at Room Tempera-
must be used independently of the other. Combining values
ture
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
standard.
ASTM Test Methods
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E 251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
2. Referenced Documents E 1012 Practice for Verification of Specimen Alignment
Under Tensile Loading
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain
D 792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
Gages
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
3. Terminology
D 2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D 3878 defines terms relat-
Resins
ing to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology
D 2734 Test Method for Void Content of Reinforced Plas-
D 883 defines terms relating to plastics. Terminology E 6
tics
defines terms relating to mechanical testing. Terminology
D 3171 Test Method for Fiber Content of Resin-Matrix
4 E 456 and Practice E 177 define terms relating to statistics. In
Composites by Matrix Digestion
the event of a conflict between terms, Terminology D 3878
D 3878 Terminology of High-Modulus Reinforcing Fibers
4 shall have precedence over other standards.
and Their Composites
3.2 Descriptions of Terms:
D 5229/D 5229M Test Methods for Moisture Absorption
3.2.1 hoop wound, n—a winding of a cylindrical component
Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Ma-
where the filaments are circumferentially oriented.
trix Composite Materials
3.2.2 specimen, n—a single part cut from a winding. Each
D 5448/D 5448M Test Method for Inplane Shear Properties
of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
1 7
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-30 on High If the term represents a physical quantity, its analytical dimensions are stated
Modulus Fibers and Their Compositesand is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
immediately following the term (or letter symbol) in fundamental dimension form,
mittee D30.04on Lamina and Laminate Test Methods. using the following ASTM standard symbology for fundamental dimensions, shown
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 1993. Published October 1993. within square brackets: [M] for mass, [L] for length, [T] for time, [u] for
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01. thermodynamic temperature, and [nd] for non-dimensional quantities. Use of these
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02. symbols is restricted to analytical dimensions when used with square brackets, as the
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.03. symbols may have other definitions when used without the brackets.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 5450/D 5450M
winding may yield several specimens. requirements. The alignment should always be checked as
−2 −1
3.2.3 transverse tensile elastic modulus, E [MT L ], discussed in 12.2.
n—the tensile elastic modulus of a unidirectional material in
7. Apparatus
the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.
ut
7.1 Micrometers, suitable ball type for reading to within
3.2.4 transverse tensile strain at failure, e [nd], n—the
0.025 6 0.010 mm [0.001 6 0.0004 in.] of the specimen inner
value of strain, perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers in a
and outer diameters. Flat anvil type micrometer or calipers of
unidirectional material, at failure when a tensile load is applied
similar resolution may be used for the overall specimen length
in the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.
ut
−2 −1 and the gage length (the free length between the fixtures).
3.2.5 transverse tensile strength, s ,[MT L ], n—the
7.2 Tension Fixture—The tension fixture consists of a steel
strength of a unidirectional material when a tensile load is
outer shell, insert, load rod, and spherical washer. An assembly
applied in the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.
drawing for these components and the test fixture is seen in
3.2.6 winding, n—an entire part completed by one winding
Fig. 1.
operation and then cured.
7.2.1 Outer Shell—The outer shell (metric units Fig. 2,
4. Summary of Test Method
english units Fig. 3) is circular with a concentric circular
hollow in one face, a grove along the diameter of the other
4.1 A thin walled hoop wound cylinder nominally 100 mm
face, and a center hole through the thickness. Along the
[4 in.] in diameter and 140 mm [5.5 in.] in length is bonded
diameter perpendicular to the grove, three pairs of small
into two end fixtures. The specimen/fixture assembly is
eccentric holes are placed at three radial distances. The two
mounted in the testing machine and monotonically loaded in
outer pairs of holes are threaded. Four additional threaded
tension while recording load. The transverse tensile strength
holes are placed at the same radial distance as the innermost
can be determined from the maximum load carried prior to
pair of holes, at ninety degree intervals starting forty-five
failure. If the cylinder strain is monitored with strain gages,
degrees from the diameter that passes through the center grove.
then the stress-strain response of the material can be deter-
7.2.2 Insert—The fixture insert is circular with a center hole
mined. From the stress-strain response the transverse tensile
through the thickness (metric units Fig. 4, english units Fig. 5).
strain at failure, transverse tensile modulus of elasticity, and
Two sets of holes are placed along a concentric centerline.
Poisson’s ratio can be derived.
These holes align with the innermost set of holes in the outer
5. Significance and Use
shell. The set of four holes at ninety degree intervals are
5.1 This test method is used to produce transverse tensile counterbored. The insert is fastened inside the hollow of the
outer shell to form the concentric grove used to put the
property data for material specifications, research and devel-
opment, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. specimen in the fixture (Fig. 1).
7.2.3 Load Rod and Spherical Washers—Two spherical
Factors which influence the transverse tensile response and
should, therefore, be reported are: material, methods of mate- washers for self alignment are placed over a 0.750-UNC-
2A 3 6.0 inch load rod. The load rod is then slid through the
rial preparation, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning,
environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, center hole of the outer shell and insert assembly as illustrated
speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume fraction. in Fig. 1.
Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from 7.2.4 The outer shell and insert for the tension fixture are the
this test method include: same outer shell and insert used for the fixtures in Test
ut
Methods D 5448/D 5448M and D 5449/D 5449M.
5.1.1 Transverse Tensile Strength, s ,
ut
7.3 Testing Machine, comprised of the following:
5.1.2 Transverse Tensile Strain at Failure, e ,
7.3.1 Fixed Member—A fixed or essentially stationary
5.1.3 Transverse Tensile Modulus of Elasticity, E , and
member to which one end of the tension specimen/fixture
5.1.4 Poisson’s Ratio, y .
6. Interference
6.1 Material and Specimen Preparation—Poor material
fabrication practices, lack of control of fiber alignment, and
damage induced by improper coupon machining are known
causes of high material data scatter in composites.
6.2 Bonding Specimens to Test Fixtures—A high percentage
of failures in or near the bond between the test specimen and
the test fixtures, especially when combined with high material
data scatter, is an indicator of specimen bonding problems.
Specimen to fixture bonding is discussed in 11.5.
6.3 System Alignment—Excessive bending may cause pre-
mature failure, as well as highly inaccurate modulus of
elasticity determination. Every effort should be made to elimi-
nate excess bending from the test system. Bending may occur
due to misaligned grips, misaligned specimens in the test
fixtures, or from departures of the specimen from tolerance FIG. 1 Assembly Drawing for Tension Fixture and Specimen
D 5450/D 5450M
FIG. 4 The Insert of the Tensile Fixture in Metric Units
FIG. 2 The Outer Shell of the Tension Fixture in Metric Units
FIG. 5 The Insert of the Tensile Fixture in English Units
dinal deformation of the system contributed by these parts is
minimized.
FIG. 3 The Outer Shell of the Tension Fixture in English Units
7.4 Strain-Indicating Device—Load versus strain data shall
be determined by means of bonded resistance strain gages.
Each strain gage shall be 6.3 mm [0.25 in.] in length. The
assembly, shown in Fig. 1, can be attached.
specimen shall be instrumented to measure strain in both the
7.3.2 Movable Member—A movable member to which the
axial and circumferential directions to determine Poisson’s
opposite end of the tension specimen/fixture assembly, shown
ratio. Strain gage rosettes (0°/45°/90°) shall be used to correct
in Fig. 1, can be attached.
for gage misalignment. Gage calibration certification shall
7.3.3 Drive Mechanism, for imparting to the movable mem-
comply with Test Method E 251. Some guidelines on the use of
ber a uniform controlled velocity with respect to the fixed
strain gages on composites are as follows. A general reference
member, this velocity to be regulated as specified in 11.6.
on the subject is Tuttle and Brinson.
7.3.4 Load Indicator—A suitable load-indicating mecha-
7.4.1 Surface Preparation—The surface preparation of
nism capable of showing the total tensile load carried by the
fiber-reinforced composites, discussed in Practice E 1237, can
test specimen. This mechanism shall be essentially free of
penetrate the matrix material and cause damage to the rein-
inertia-lag at the specified rate of testing and shall indicate the
forcing fibers, resulting in improper coupon failures. Reinforc-
load within an accuracy of 61 % of the actual value, or better.
ing fibers should not be exposed or damaged during the surface
The accuracy of the testing machine shall be verified in
accordance with Practice E 4.
7.3.5 Construction Materials—The fixed member, movable
Tuttle, M. E., and Brinson, H. F., “Resistance-Foil Strain-Gage Technology as
member, drive mechanism, and fixtures shall be constructed of
Applied to Composite Materials,” Experimental Mechanics, Vol 24, No. 1, March
such materials and in such proportions that the total longitu- 1984; pp. 54–64; errata noted in Vol 26, No. 2, Jan. 1986, pp. 153–154.
D 5450/D 5450M
preparation process. The strain gage manufacturer should be
consulted regarding surface preparation guidelines and recom-
mended bonding agents for composites, pending the develop-
ment of a set of standard practices for strain gage installation
surface preparation of fiber-reinforced composite materials.
7.4.2 Gage Resistance—Consideration should be given to
the selection of gages having larger resistance to reduce
heating effects on low-conductivity materials. Resistances of
350V or higher are preferred. Additional considerations should
be given to the use of the minimum possible gage excitation
voltage consistent with the desired accuracy (1 to 2 volts is
recommended) to further reduce the power consumed by the
gage. Heating of the coupon by the gage may affect the
NOTE 1—Tube may be fabricated on a tapered mandrel with maximum
taper of 0.0005 in./in. (0.0005 mm/mm) on the diameter.
performance of the material directly, or it may affect the
NOTE 2—Actual measure of inner diameter will depend on specimen
indicated strain due to a difference between the gage tempera-
placement along tapered mandrel during fabrication.
ture compensation factor and the coefficient of thermal expan-
FIG. 6 Test Specimen Shown with Strain Gage Configuration
sion of the coupon material.
7.4.3 Temperature Considerations—Consideration of some
8.3 Winding—All specimens shall be hoop wound (approxi-
form of temperature compensation is recommended, even
mately 90°) with a single tow and enough layers to meet the
when testing at standard laboratory atmosphere. Temperature
thickness criterion previously described.
compensation is required when testing in nonambient tempera-
ture environments.
9. Calibration
7.4.4 Transverse Sensitivity—Consideration should be
9.1 The accuracy of all measuring equipment shall have
given to the transverse sensitivity of the selected strain gage.
certified calibrations that are current at the time the equipment
The strain gage manufacturer should be consulted for recom-
is used.
mendations on transverse sensitivity corrections and effects on
...
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